The serum iron levels of a neonate born from mothers with chronic illnesses were 5.85 mcg/dl lower than neonate born from mothers free from chronic illnesses. This finding agrees with research outputs from Mexico [21]. This is due to the effects of maternal chronic diseases on fetal perfusions which finally decreases the amount of iron transferred from the mother to the fetus [22].
The serum iron levels of neonates born from urban mothers were 5.71mcg/dl higher than the rural mothers. This is due to the reasons that low maternal and health service utilization of pregnant mothers in the rural areas which significantly decreases the iron concentration of the neonates [23].
Per a year increase in the age of the mother, the serum iron level of the neonate decreases by 0.41 mcg/dl. This finding agrees with finding from Israel [24]. This is due to the negative effects of old age pregnancy on the fetal hematopoiesis [25].
The serum iron levels of a neonate born from mothers with no history of stillbirth were 65.98 mcg/dl higher than neonates born from mothers with a history of stillbirth. This is due to the effects of stillbirth on the iron store of the mothers that affects the concentration for the infants [26].
Ante-partum hemorrhage decreases the serum zinc level of the neonate by 0.04 mcg/ml. This is the direct association between maternal zinc deficiency and low fetal zinc levels because Antepartum hemorrhage depletes the zinc concentration of the mothers [27, 28].
The serum zinc level of a neonate increase by 0.01 mcg/ml per one year increase in the gestational age. This finding was in line with the research results from China [29]. This is due to the reason that adequate amount of zinc will not be transferred during preterm delivery [30].
The serum zinc level of a neonate born from mothers with a history of stillbirth was 0.22 mcg/ml lower than neonate born from mothers with no history of stillbirth. This is due to the effects of stillbirth on the serum micronutrient levels of the mothers which finally decreases the transfer of zinc to the subsequent fetus [31].
Antepartum hemorrhage decreases the birth weight of a neonate by 0.23 kilogram. This finding agrees with finding from Pakistan [32]. This is due to the reason that bleeding during pregnancy decreases the transfer of the essential nutrient to the fetus [33].
The birth weight of a neonate born from urban mothers was 0.2 kg less than the rural residence. This finding agrees with findings from South Sudan [34]. This is due to the good social support of pregnant women during pregnancy in the rural areas [35].
A one-week increase in the gestational age increases the birth weight of a neonate by 0.06 kg. This finding agrees with USA finding [36]. This is due to the fact that preterm births did not get enough quantity of nutrients necessary to achieve the normal birth weight [37].
The birth weight increase by 0.01 kg per one year increase in the age of the mother. This finding disagree with a 2016 fining [38]. This is due to the reason that the awareness of mothers will be increased as their age increases due to the repeated exposure which finally makes them to take enough quantity and quality of nutrient necessary for their fetus growth [6].
The birth weight of a neonate born from mothers with no history of stillbirth was 0.63 kg higher than neonate born from mother with a history of stillbirth. This finding agrees with research output from USA [39]. This is due to the high gravidity effects on the birth weight of the neonates, like the mother became anemic which decreases the fetal nutrition supply [40].
Infectious disease episodes were 14% lower for infants born from no history of stillbirth mothers as compared to infants born from mothers with a history of stillbirth. This is due to the effects of stillbirth on the immunity of subsequent infants [41].
An infant born from mothers with a history of abortion had 14% higher infection rate as compared to infants born from mothers with no history of abortion. Diarrheal diseases and pneumonia were the common infectious diseases observed among infants born from previous history of abortion. This is due to the effects of abortion on the immune status of the mother which makes poor transfer of passive immunity from the mother to the fetus [42].
Infectious disease episode decreases by 14% per one kilogram increase in the birth weight of the newborn. This finding agrees with findings from Benin [43]. This is due to reason that low birth weight has poor cellular and humoral immunity to protect themselves from the infections[44].
One unit increase in the breastfeeding frequency decreases the infectious disease episode by 10%. This finding was in line with previous research results [45–47]. This is due to the fact that breast milk is one form of immunity with no side effects and infants with complementary feedings had high rate of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections [48–50].
The main limitation of this study was failure to identify the long-term effects of stillbirth and abortion to the subsequent children.