[1] Adhikari NK, Fowler RA, Bhagwanjee S, Rubenfeld GD. Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults. The Lancet. 2010; 376: 1339–1346. doi:10.1016/S0140–6736(10)60446–1
[2] Anderson DJ, Moehring RW, Sloane R, Schmader KE, Weber DJ, Fowler VG, et al. Bloodstream Infections in Community Hospitals in the 21 st Century: A Multicenter Cohort Study. 2014; 9(3): 1–10. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091713
[3] Goto, M. and Al-Hasan, M. N. Overall burden of bloodstream infection and nosocomial bloodstream infection in North America and Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013; 19: 501–509.
[4] Maurer FP, Christner M, Hentschke M, Rohde H. Advances in rapid identification and susceptibility testing of bacteria in the clinical microbiology laboratory: Implications for patient care and antimicrobial stewardship programs. Infectious Disease Reports. 2017; 9(1): 18–27.
[5] Meda M, Clayton J, Varghese R, Rangaiah J, Grundy C, Dashti F, et al. What are the critical steps in processing blood cultures? A prospective audit evaluating current practice of reporting blood cultures in a centralised laboratory serving secondary care hospitals. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2017; 70(4): 361.
[6] Romero-Gómez MP, Gómez-Gil R, Paño-Pardo JR, Mingorance J. Identification and susceptibility testing of microorganism by direct inoculation from positive blood culture bottles by combining MALDI-TOF and Vitek–2 Compact is rapid and effective. J Infect. 2012; 65:513–520. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.08.013.
[7] Buehler SS, Madison B, Snyder SR, et al. Effectiveness of practices to increase timeliness of providing targeted therapy for inpatients with bloodstream infections: a laboratory medicine best practices systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016; 29:59–103.
[8] Caliendo AM, Gilbert DN, Ginocchio CC, et al. Better tests, better care: improved diagnostics for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57 Suppl 3:S139.
[9] Warhurst G, Dunn G, Chadwick P, Blackwood B, McAuley D, Perkins GD, et al. Rapid detection of health-care-associated bloodstream infection in critical care using multipathogen real-time polymerase chain reaction technology: a diagnostic accuracy study and systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2015;19(35).
[10] Timbrook TT, Morton JB, McConeghy KW, et al. The effect of molecular rapid diagnostic testing on clinical outcomes in bloodstream infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:15–23.
[11] Kerremans JJ, Verboom P, Stijnen T, et al. Rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing reduce antibiotic use and accelerate pathogen-directed antibiotic use. J. Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:428–435.
[12] Barnini S, Brucculeri V, Morici P, Ghelardi E, Florio W, Lupetti A. A new rapid method for direct antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria from positive blood cultures. BMC Microbiology. 2016;16(1):185.
[13] Descours G, Desmurs L, Hoang TLT. et al. Evaluation of the Accelerate Pheno system for rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37: 1573–83.
[14] Lutgring JD, Bittencourt C, McElvania TE, Cavuoti D, Hollaway R, Burd EM. Evaluation of the Accelerate Pheno System: Results from Two Academic Medical Centers. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2018; 56(4).
[15] Brazelton de Cardenas JN, Su Y, Rodriguez A, Hewitt C, Tang L, Garner CD, Hayden RT. Evaluation of rapid phenotypic identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in a pediatric oncology center. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 89: 52—7.
[16] Marschal M, Bachmaier J, Autenrieth I, Oberhettinger P, Willmann M, Peter S. Evaluation of the Accelerate Pheno System for fast identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing from positive blood cultures in bloodstream infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(7):2116–26
[17] Pantel A, Monier J, Lavigne JP. Performance of the Accelerate Pheno TM system for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of a panel of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli directly from positive blood cultures. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018; 73(6):1546–1552.
[18] Lahanas S, Stathopoulos G, Chan RC, van Hal SJ. Evaluation of the Alfred 60/AST Device as a Screening Test for Urinary Tract Infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(10):3406–8.
[19] Roberts JA, Paul SK, Akova M. Defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: Are current beta-lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients? Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(8):1072–1083.
[20] Coelho J, Woodford N, Turton J, Livemore DM. Multiresistant Acinetobacter in the UK: how big a threat? J Hosp infect. 2004; 58: 167–169.
[21] European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases EUCAST determination of antimicrobial susceptibility test breakpoints. 2018.
[22] Carroll KC, Glanz BD, Borek AP et al. Evaluation of the BD Phoenix automated microbiology system for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 3506—3509.
[23] Lee C-C, Lee C-H, Hong M-Y, Tang H-J, Ko W-C. Timing of appropriate empirical antimicrobial administration and outcome of adults with community-onset bacteremia. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):119.
[24] Nimmich EB, Bookstaver PB, Kohn J, Justo JA, Hammer KL, Albrecht H, et al. Development of institutional guidelines for management of Gram-negative bloodstream infections: Incorporating local evidence. Hospital Pharmacy. 2017; 52(10).
[25] Cain SE, Kohn J, Bookstaver PB, Albrecht H, Al-Hasan MN. Stratification of the impact of inappropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy for gram-negative bloodstream infections by predicted prognosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:245–50
[26] Jorgensen KH. Selection criteria for an antimicrobial susceptibility testing system. J Clin Microbiol. 1993; 31: 2841–2844.
[27] Jorgensen JH, Ferraro MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 1;49(11):1749–55. doi: 10.1086/647952.