[1] Fakhoury M. Spinal cord injury: overview of experimental approaches used to restore locomotor activity. Rev Neurosci. 2015; 26: 397–405.
[2] Choo AM, Liu J, Dvorak M, Tetzlaff W, Oxland TR. Secondary pathology following contusion, dislocation, and distraction spinal cord injuries. Exp Neurol. 2008; 212: 490–506.
[3] Özdemir ÜS, Nazıroğlu M, Şenol N, Ghazizadeh V. Hypericum perforatum Attenuates Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in the Dorsal Root Ganglion of Rats: Involvement of TRPM2 and TRPV1 Channels. Mol Neurobiol. 2016; 53: 3540–3551.
[4] Silva NA, Sousa N, Reis RL, Salgado AJ. From basics to clinical: a comprehensive review on spinal cord injury. Prog Neurobiol. 2014; 114: 25–57.
[5] Chen X, Chen X, Huang X, Qin C, Fang Y, Liu Y, Zhang G, Pan D, Wang W, Xie M. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition provides multi-target therapeutic effects in rats after spinal cord injury. Mol Neurobiol. 2016; 53: 1565–1578.
[6] Anwar MA, Al Shehabi TS, Eid AH. Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci. 2016; 10: 98.
[7] Zhang MM, Qiao Y, Ang EL, Zhao H. Using natural products for drug discovery: the impact of the genomics era. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2017; 12: 475–487.
[8] Kuźniak E, Kornas A, Kaźmierczak A, Rozpądek P, Nosek M, Kocurek M, Zellnig G, Müller M, Miszalski Z. Photosynthesis-related characteristics of the midrib and the interveinal lamina in leaves of the C3-CAM intermediate plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Ann Bot. 2016; 117: 1141–1151.
[9] Zhang Q, Yang H, An J, Zhang R, Chen B, Hao D. Therapeutic Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Spinal Cord Injury: A Promising Supplementary Treatment in Future. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016; 2016: 8958721.
[10] al-Sereiti MR, Abu-Amer KM, Sen P. Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999; 37: 124–130.
[11] Boonyarikpunchai W, Sukrong S, Towiwat P. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of rosmarinic acid isolated from Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2014; 124: 67–73.
[12] Nabavi SF, Tenore GC, Daglia M, Tundis R, Loizzo MR, Nabavi SM. The cellular protective effects of rosmarinic acid: from bench to bedside. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2015; 12: 98–105.
[13] Rahbardar MG, Amin B, Mehri S, Mirnajafi-Zadeh SJ, Hosseinzadeh H. Rosmarinic acid attenuates development and existing pain in a rat model of neuropathic pain: An evidence of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Phytomedicine. 2018; 40: 59–67.
[14] Bigford GE, Del Rossi G. Supplemental substances derived from foods as adjunctive therapeutic agents for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and disorders. Adv Nutr. 2014; 5: 394–403.
[15] Zhang M, Yan H1, Li S, Yang J. Rosmarinic acid protects rat hippocampal neurons from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via the Akt/JNK3/caspase–3 signaling pathway. Brain Res. 2017; 1657: 9–15.
[16] Cui HY, Zhang XJ, Yang Y, Zhang C, Zhu CH, Miao JY, Chen R. Rosmarinic acid elicits neuroprotection in ischemic stroke via Nrf2 and heme oxygenase 1 signaling. Neural Regen Res. 2018; 13: 2119–2128.
[17] Ghaffari H, Venkataramana M, Jalali Ghassam B, Chandra Nayaka S, Nataraju A, Geetha NP, Prakash HS. Rosmarinic acid mediated neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced neuronal cell damage in N2A cells. Life Sci. 2014; 113: 7–13.
[18] Shang AJ, Yang Y, Wang HY, Tao BZ, Wang J, Wang ZF, Zhou DB. Spinal cord injury effectively ameliorated by neuroprotective effects of rosmarinic acid. Nutr Neurosci. 2017; 20: 172–179.
[19] Kobayashi M, Yamamoto M. Molecular mechanisms activating the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway of antioxidant gene regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005; 7: 385–394.
[20] O’Connell MA, Hayes JD. The Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in health and disease: from the bench to the clinic. Biochem Soc Trans. 2015; 43: 687–689.
[21] Dwivedi S, Rajasekar N, Hanif K, Nath C, Shukla R. Sulforaphane Ameliorates Okadaic Acid-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats by Activating the Nrf2/HO–1 Antioxidant Pathway. Mol Neurobiol. 2016; 53: 5310–5323.
[22] Zhai X, Chen X, Shi J, Shi D, Ye Z, Liu W, Li M, Wang Q, Kang Z, Bi H, Sun X. Lactulose ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by inducing hydrogen by activating Nrf2 expression. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013; 65: 731–741.
[23] Wang L, Yao Y, He R, Meng Y, Li N, Zhang D, Xu J, Chen O, Cui J, Bian J, Zhang Y, Chen G, Deng X. Methane ameliorates spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity mediated by Nrf2 activation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017; 103: 69–86.
[24] Zhang L, Zhang W, Zheng B, Tian N. Sinomenine Attenuates Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation via Nrf2 Pathway. Neurochem Res. 2019; 44: 763–775.
[25] Morito N, Yoh K, Hirayama A, Itoh K, Nose M, Koyama A, Yamamoto M, Takahashi S. Nrf2 deficiency improves autoimmune nephritis caused by the fas mutation lpr. Kidney Int. 2004; 65: 1703–1713.
[26] Qin T, Du R, Huang F, Yin S, Yang J, Qin S, Cao W. Sinomenine activation of Nrf2 signaling prevents hyperactive inflammation and kidney injury in a mouse model of obstructive nephropathy. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016; 92: 90–99.
[27] Bao L, Li J, Zha D, Zhang L, Gao P, Yao T, Wu X. Chlorogenic acid prevents diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation through modulation of the Nrf2/HO–1 and NF-κB pathways. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018; 54: 245–253.
[28] Li Q, Verma IM. NF-kappaB regulation in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002; 2: 725–734.
[29] Liu G, Fan G, Guo G, Kang W, Wang D, Xu B, Zhao J. FK506 Attenuates the Inflammation in Rat Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting the Activation of NF-κB in Microglia Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2017; 37: 843–855.
[30] Basso DM, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC. A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field testing in rats. J Neurotrauma. 1995; 12: 1–21.
[31] Perrin FE, Boniface G, Serguera C, Lonjon N, Serre A, Prieto M, Mallet J, Privat A. Grafted human embryonic progenitors expressing neurogenin–2 stimulate axonal sprouting and improve motor recovery after severe spinal cord injury. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e15914.
[32] Lu L, Chen G, Yang J, Ma Z, Yang Y, Hu Y, Lu Y, Cao Z, Wang Y, Wang X. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells suppress growth and promote the apoptosis of glioma U251 cells through downregulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019; 112: 108625.
[33] Ma ZJ, Wang XX, Su G, Yang JJ, Zhu YJ, Wu YW, Li J, Lu L, Zeng L, Pei HX. Proteomic analysis of apoptosis induction by lariciresinol in human HepG2 cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2016; 256: 209–219.
[34] Tian R, Shi R. Dimercaprol is an acrolein scavenger that mitigates acrolein-mediated PC–12 cells toxicity and reduces acrolein in rat following spinal cord injury. J Neurochem. 2017; 141: 708–720.
[35] Li R, Yin F, Guo YY, Zhao KC, Ruan Q, Qi YM. Knockdown of ANRIL aggravates H2O2-induced injury in PC–12 cells by targeting microRNA–125a. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017; 92: 952–961.
[36] Kumar H, Ropper AE, Lee SH, Han I. Propitious Therapeutic Modulators to Prevent Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Disruption in Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol. 2017; 54: 3578–3590.
[37] Thompson CD, Zurko JC, Hanna BF, Hellenbrand DJ, Hanna A. The therapeutic role of interleukin–10 after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2013; 30: 1311–1324.
[38] Nestler EJ, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ, Eisch AJ, Gold SJ, Monteggia LM. Neurobiology of depression. Neuron. 2002; 34: 13–25.
[39] Yin F, Guo L, Meng CY, Liu YJ, Lu RF, Li P, Zhou YB. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells exerts anti-apoptotic effects in adult rats after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Res. 2014; 1561: 1–10.
[40] Argaw AT, Asp L, Zhang J, Navrazhina K, Pham T, Mariani JN, Mahase S, Dutta DJ, Seto J, Kramer EG, Ferrara N, Sofroniew MV, John GR. Astrocyte-derived VEGF-A drives blood-brain barrier disruption in CNS inflammatory disease. J Clin Invest. 2012; 122: 2454–2468.
[41] Orlandin JR, Ambrósio CE, Lara VM. Glial scar-modulation as therapeutic tool in spinal cord injury in animal models. Acta Cir Bras. 2017; 32: 168–174.
[42] Li Y, Guo Y, Fan Y, Tian H, Li K, Mei X. Melatonin Enhances Autophagy and Reduces Apoptosis to Promote Locomotor Recovery in Spinal Cord Injury via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res. 2019; 44: 2007–2019.
[43] Lin W, Xie J, Xu N, Huang L, Xu A, Li H, Li C, Gao Y, Watanabe M, Liu C, Huang P. Glaucocalyxin A induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt pathway in human bladder cancer cells. Int J Biol Sci. 2018; 14: 418–426.
[44] Pei JP, Fan LH, Nan K, Li J, Dang XQ, Wang KZ. HSYA alleviates secondary neuronal death through attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and neural apoptosis in SD rat spinal cord compression injury. J Neuroinflammation. 2017; 14(1): 97.
[45] Francos-Quijorna I, Santos-Nogueira E, Gronert K, Sullivan AB, Kopp MA, Brommer B, David S, Schwab JM, López-Vales R. Maresin 1 Promotes Inflammatory Resolution, Neuroprotection, and Functional Neurological Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci. 2017; 37: 11731–11743.
[46] Gensel JC, Zhang B. Macrophage activation and its role in repair and pathology after spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 2015; 1619: 1–11.
[47] Li X, Chen S, Mao L, Li D, Xu C, Tian H, Mei X. Zinc Improves Functional Recovery by Regulating the Secretion of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor From Microglia/Macrophages After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Mol Neurosci. 2019; 12: 18.
[48] Lazaro I, Oguiza A, Recio C, Lopez-Sanz L, Bernal S, Egido J, Gomez-Guerrero C. Interplay between HSP90 and Nrf2 pathways in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2017; 29: 51–59.
[49] Salari S, Seibert T, Chen YX, Hu T, Shi C, Zhao X, Cuerrier CM, Raizman JE, O’Brien ER. Extracellular HSP27 acts as a signaling molecule to activate NF-κB in macrophages. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2013; 18: 53–63.
[50] Lei Y, Wang K, Li X, Li Y, Feng X, Zhou J, Zhang Z, Huang C, Zhang T. Cell-surface Translocation of Annexin A2 contributes to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by mediating inflammatory response in mice. Clin Sci (Lond). 2019; pii: CS20180687. doi: 10.1042/CS20180687.
[51] Chen X, Chen C, Hao J, Qin R, Qian B, Yang K, Zhang J, Zhang F. AKR1B1 Upregulation Contributes to Neuroinflammation and Astrocytes Proliferation by Regulating the Energy Metabolism in Rat Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res. 2018; 43: 1491–1499.
[52] Zhang F, Zhong R, Li S, Fu Z, Cheng C, Cai H, Le W. Acute Hypoxia Induced an Imbalanced M1/M2 Activation of Microglia through NF-κB Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice and Wild-Type Littermates. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017; 9: 282.
[53] Sun Y, Yang T, Leak RK, Chen J, Zhang F. Preventive and Protective Roles of Dietary Nrf2 Activators Against Central Nervous System Diseases. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2017; 16: 326–338.
[54] Cui HY, Zhang XJ, Yang Y, Zhang C, Zhu CH, Miao JY, Chen R. Rosmarinic acid elicits neuroprotection in ischemic stroke via Nrf2 and heme oxygenase 1 signaling. Neural Regen Res. 2018; 13: 2119–2128.
[55] Zhang Q, Lenardo MJ, Baltimore. 30 Years of NF-κB: A Blossoming of Relevance to Human Pathobiology. Cell. 2017; 168: 37–57.
[56] Mao J, Yi M, Wang R, Huang Y, Chen M. Protective Effects of Costunolide Against D-Galactosamine and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 1469.
[57] Xu MJ, Zhou Z, Parker R, Gao B. Targeting inflammation for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Pharmacol Ther. 2017; 180: 77–89.
[58] Kang HH, Kim IK, Lee HI, Joo H, Lim JU, Lee J, Lee SH, Moon HS. Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces liver fibrosis in mice with diet-induced obesity via TLR4/MyD88/MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017; 490: 349–355.
[59] Wei Y, Chen J, Hu Y, Lu W, Zhang X, Wang R, Chu K. Rosmarinic Acid Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses through the Inhibition of TLR4 and CD14 Expression and NF-κB and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Inflammation. 2018; 41: 732–740.
[60] Soares MP, Seldon MP, Gregoire IP, Vassilevskaia T, Berberat PO, Yu J, Tsui TY, Bach FH. Heme oxygenase–1 modulates the expression of adhesion molecules associated with endothelial cell activation. J Immunol. 2004; 172: 3553–3563.
[61] Jeong WS, Kim IW, Hu R, Kong AN. Modulatory properties of various natural chemopreventive agents on the activation of NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Pharm Res. 2004; 21: 661–670.
[62] Liu GH, Qu J, Shen X. NF-kappaB/p65 antagonizes Nrf2-ARE pathway by depriving CBP from Nrf2 and facilitating recruitment of HDAC3 to MafK. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008; 1783: 713–727.
[63] Min KJ, Lee JT, Joe EH, Kwon TK. An IκBα phosphorylation inhibitor induces heme oxygenase–1(HO–1) expression through the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-Nrf2-ARE signaling and ROS-PI3K/Akt signaling in an NF-κB-independent mechanism. Cell Signal. 2011; 23: 1505–1513.