A total of 64 plant species from 38 families were identified as botanicals used in the management of the various ailments affecting animals in the study areas (Tables 1). The families of the identified plants are arranged in alphabetical order. The Asteraceae family has the highest number of plants represented by seven plants, followed by Euphorbiacea and Solanaceae (four plants each) families respectively. The familes Asclepiadaceae and Caesalpinaceae are made up of three plants each while other families one species each) were found to be used medicinally by the local communities. The dominance of Asteraceae might be due to suitable habitat, favorable environmental conditions for the growth of the species and more interactions of local communities that have been from generation to generations in the study area. Therefore the traditional use of the plants have been established and well recognized by the local inhabitants. The diseases/symptoms that have been treated by extracts from the identified plants ranges from Diarrhea, dysentery, retained placenta, ectoparasites/mange, cough, Common cold, Gastroenteritis, wounds for ruminants while Newcastle diseases, Fowl plague, Infected wounds, Chronic respiratory diseases, Coccidiosis, among others were found peculiar to birds in the study area. The plant parts used depend on the plant under consideration and severity of ailments. However, the results also showed that the leaves of the plants are the most frequently used (79.5%), followed by the seeds (16.3%) and the stem bark (4.11% ). The reason why the leaves are the most frequently used might be because it contains more bioactive ingredients such as secondary metabolites, essential oils and phytochemicals, this contributes to the high effectiveness leaves have over other parts of the plants (kayode et al 2018 [19]; Amjad et al., 2015;[20] Furthermore, it could also be due to the convenience in harvesting for the preparation of herbal medicine [3, 21, 22, 9]. The use of roots and stems were observed to be annihilative, destructive and detrimental to the survival of plants as observed by various researchers [9, 22, 23, 24]. Moreover, it is not easy to collect the roots of wood and deep rooted plants [25].
Herbal preparation and administration
The methods of preparing these medicinal plants vary between decoction (38%), infusion, extract, powdered, and juice 23%, 17%, 8% respectively. They are highly reputed and valued by traditional healers in the study area for its curative and palliative effects in the treatments of diseases generally (Umair et al., 2017 [26]; Tugume et al., 2016 [27]; Hutchings, 1996) [28]. Decoction is a very simple and it is an easy way of preparation of herbal medicine with more health benefit [28]. In decoction, the efficacy of herbal remedies increases due to the maximum extraction of health-beneficial secondary metabolites and other bioactive ingredients which accelerated on heating [30]. Also, previous researchers asserted the presence of the varieties of secondary metabolites, pharmacological and organoleptic properties in plants [26, 27, 31, 26, 32]. The majority of the botanicals implicated in the treatment of the ailments are used in combination with other parts of different plants (Table 2). This has been corroborated with the findings of [33, 3, 34, 35] that plants have synergy when combined during preparation, thereby making them more effective as mixtures. The taste of herbal medicine can be discouraging, however, it can be adjusted by adding honey or sugar to make it more pleasant [36, 37]. Additionally, Poultice, rubbing and paste were other common methods as reported in previous studies [26, 17, 4]. In oral mode of administration, plant materials were mainly ingested as decoction or in powdered form with water, milk or honey. Oral intake of herbal medicine is usually effective for the treatment of internal diseases while for external diseases such as skin infections, joint dislocation, cage fatigue, hemorrhoid and various pains were treated by topical application of the drugs [38]. Contrarily, the convectional system of medicine, according to [39] and [40], was observed that they lack standardization and quality control in the administration of traditional medicine.
However, without scientific proofs from the traditional healers and local people, the rationales for the choice of some of these plants have been attributed to some inherent properties, potential and effectiveness of these plants. These plants have been used traditionally over a period of times, they have been tested and proved and been considered being purgative, anti-dysenteric, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, carminative, demulcent, diaphoretic, emollient, styptic or astringent, refrigerant, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator in folk use. For instance plants used in treating wounds could be due to the presence of tannin content that imparting astringent activity which helps to recuperate diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, gastroenteritis, wounds etc in animals. Plants containing tannins are astringent, able to draw together or constrict body tissues and are effective in stopping the flow of blood or other secretions. Tannins strengthen veins by repairing the connective tissues surrounding veins and decrease capillary fragility [41]. The anti-inflammatory activities and various other healing properties exerted by plants may also be due to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins present in these plants [42, 43, 44, 45, 46]
Relative frequency of citation (RFC)
Relative frequency of citation (RFC) indicates the traditional importance of each of the plant species with respect to informant who reported the uses of the species as asserted by [15, 4]. The RFC value of the reported species ranged between 0.06 for Parkia biglobosa and 0.97 for Ficus exasperata (Table 3). The highest RFC was calculated for Ficus thoningii (0.97), Momordica charantia (0.94), Ficus exasperate (0.93), Allium cepa (0.90), Flugea virosa (0.91), Aframomum melagueta (0.80) and Chromolaena odorata (0.73) respectively. The high value revealed that the inhabitants of the study area have a close association with the plants species and they are frequently using them to treat various diseases. The high RFC of Ficus thoningii indicates that this species is commonly utilized by local communities to treat various health disorders. This could lead to overexploitation of this species in the study area. The high exploitation may lead to threat and extinction if not conserved and adequately managed immediately. Therefore the understanding of RFC data contributes significantly to the importance of plant species within an area, the conservation of the species with maximum RFC and for biological, pharmacological and phytochemical screening of such species is imperative.
Use Value
The use value (UV) index was used to measure the ethnomedicinal uses associated with documented medicinal plant species and is ranged from 0.09 for Zingeber officinale and 0.01 Lantana camara (Table 3). The highest UV was reported for Zingeber officinale (0.95), followed by Momordica charanta (0.89), Thitornia diversifolia (0.89), Ficus exasperate (0.87), Allium cepa (0.87). The high usage of the reported species indicates a strong association and dependence of local communities on surround flora, especially for the treatment of various diseases and as food and livelihoods [47, 48] Moreover, the plant species which are used excessively are assumed to be biologically more active; therefore these should be subjected to phytochemical and pharmacological screening to increase sustainable utilization and conservation of plant resources [49, 4].
Fidelity level (FL)
FL identifies the most preferred plant species used by traditional healers to cure various diseases and also indicates the proportion of informants reporting the use of specific plant species. The FL level of the reported species was ranged from Flugea virosa (97.33), Allium cepa (90), Ficus thonigii (97), Ficus exasperate (93), Flugea virosa (91), Aframomum meleguata (80), Nicotiana tabacum (76), Chromolaena odorata (73), Jathropha multifida (69) respectively. However, the lowest fidelity level of the plant species ranged from Lantana camara having the lowest fidelity level (0.4%), to Parkia biglobosa (6%), Vitelaxia paradosa (7%), Senna occidentale (9.3), Psidium guajava and Pergularia daemia (10%) each while Calotropics procera (11%) respectively. Plant species having high FL values are extensively believed to be most preferred ones and they are mostly used in the area compare to those with less FL values as earlier reported by [4]). These species are used to cure different ailments since ancient times in combination with other plants or ingredients and could be considered as a model plants for pharmacological screening. Despite the fact that modern health facilities are accessible, effective though expensive in the study area, local communities are still rely on medicinal plants and they possessed significant traditional knowledge on plant resources utilization.
Informant consensus factor (ICF)
The various diseases reported from the study areas were classified into 6 categories to develop the consensus of informants on medicinal plants following WHO, s international categorization of ailment [50]. I t was observed that, informant consensus factor (ICF) values ranged from 0.34 to 0.90 where the highest level of 0.90 and 0.88 are for gastrointestinal disorder and skin infection diseases (Table 4). Prevalence of these diseases are mainly caused by poor hygiene conditions, inadequate care and supply of drinking water and consumption of contaminated food [4, 51]. Aframomum meleguata, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Aspila Africana, Boerhavia difusa, Carrica papaya, Caccia occidentale, Gossypium arboretum, Momordica charantia and Zingeber officinale were among the most frequently utilized plant species to treat digestive system while Adansonia digitata, Agerantum conizoides, Amaranthus spinosus, Annona senegalensis, Aspilia Africana, Azadiracter indica, Chromolaena odorata, Datura stramomium, Ficus exasperate, Sida corymbosa, Vitex doniana and Vitelaxia paradosa were used to treat skin infections. These diseases were observed prevalence in the study area; this could be because it was rural areas where extensive and free range methods of animal keeping are dominant. This may lead to outbreak of pathogenic attacks that may lead to chronic skin diseases and infection [52]. Many of the plants identified have been reportedly found growing in the study area. This observation tends to explain the reasons why plants medicine had been describe to be readily available, economical and effective with little or no side effects [23, 41]. The earlier assertion that the preference for plant medicine by the indigenous tribal groups in Nigeria are further enhanced by the extremely poor modern medical infrastructures in the rural areas, urban slums and current economic recession in the country that made the cost of modern medicine soar beyond the reach of most citizens. Similarly, the availability of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, vitamins, essential oil, alkaloids, saponins and phenols supported the effectiveness of plant based medicines [53, 54, 55, 25, 56, 24]. Additionally, inhabitants of the study areas have traditional knowledge which they have built over a long period of time due to their interaction with these plants species [57, 58, 59].
Some of the plants identified to manage respiratory tract infections varied from Aframomum meleguata, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Calotropic procera, Capscicum frutesence, Chromolaena odorata, Citrus aurantifolia, Lagenaria siceraria, Musa parasidiaca among others. Respiratory tract and throat diseases ranked third highest ICF value and it was found to be 0.6. Various factors such as changes in climatic conditions, poor hygiene conditions, a high proportion of cold, moistures, germs, may cause abnormalities to respiratory tracts [60, 4]
Conclusion The use of plants in treating ailment is prevalent in the study area because of its less cost and effectiveness. The mode of administration and the variation in dosages suggested the scientifically importance of concentration of herbal treatment in treating diseases. The preparation of the herbs as decoction and infusion suggested the adequate extraction of the active ingredients from the plants, thus make it effective. However, the scientific validation of the dosage and the concentration of the herbal medicine are imperative to justify its usage scientifically.
Table:1. List of plants used in treating animal diseases in Ekiti State Northern Senatorial District of Nigeria.
S/N | Name of plants | Family name | Part used | Disease treated |
1. | 1. Adansonia digitata (Linn.) | Bombaceae | Leaves/fruits | Wounds/fowlpox |
2 | 2. Aframomum meleguata | Zingiberaceae | seeds | Gastroenteritis, cold and CRD |
3 | 3. Ageratum conyzoides (L.) | Asteraceae | Leaves | Wounds |
4 | 4. Allium cepa (L.) | Alliaceae | Leaves/bulbs | Worm, CRD and CRD |
5 | 5. Allium sativum (L.) | Alliaceae | Leaves | Cold, gastroenteritis and CRD |
6. | 6. Alstonia boonei (Pers) | Apocynaceae | Leaves and stem bark | Fever |
7 | 7.Amaranthus spinosus (L) | Amarantheceae | Leaves/bulbs | Coccidiosis, Diarrhea, ectoparasites/Mange |
8 | 8. Anacardium occidentale (L.) | Anacardiaceae | Leaves and stem | Diarrhea |
9. | 9.Anona senagalensis (L.) | Annonaceae | Leaves | Wounds, Fever |
10. | 10. Aspilia africana (Pers.) | Asteraceae | Leaves | Wounds, Gastroenterites |
11 | 11. Azardiracta indica (A.Juss.) | Meliaceae | Leaves/fruits/ stem | Fever, wounds, Fowlpox, Coccidiosis |
12. | 12. Boerhavia difusa | Nyctaginaceae | Leaves | Worms, gastroenteritis |
13 | 13. Bridelia ferruginea (L.) | Euphorbiaceae | Leaves/stem/bark | Diarrhea/fever |
14. | 14. Calotropis procera (R.Br.) | Asclepiadaceae | Leaves | Cough, cold |
15 | 15. Capsicum frutescens (L.) | Solanaceae | Fruit | Cold/fever |
16 | 16. Caccia occidentale (L.) | Caesalpinaceae | Leaves | Worms, Gastroenterites |
17 | 17. Chromolaena odorata (L.) | Asteraceae | Leaves | Wounds, Fever, Coccicdiosis |
18 | 18. Cissampelos owariensis (P.Beav.) | Menispermaceae | Leaves | Diarrhea/Worms/Wounds |
19. | 19. Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) | Rutaceae | Leaves/fruits | Cough/CRD |
20. | 20. Datura stramomium (L.) | Solanaceae | Leaves/fruits | Gastroenterites/ Wounds |
21. | 21. Elaeis guinensis (Jacq) | Arecaceae | Leaves/fruits | Wounds/poison/ Fowlpox |
22. | 22. Ficus exasperate (L.) | Moraceae | Leaves/latex | Ectoparasites/Mange/Fever |
23 | 23. Ficus thoningii (L.) | Moraceae | Leaves | Retention of placenta |
24. | 24. Flugea virosa(L.) | Euphorbiaceae | Leaves | Retention of placenta |
25. | 25. Gliricidia sepium(Jacq) | Fabaceae | Leaves | Gastroenterites |
26. | 26.Gossypiumarboretum(Jacq) | Malvaceae | Leaves and seeds | Gastroenterites |
27. | 27.Guieria senegalensis(L.) | Combretaceae | Leaves | Retention of placenta |
28. | 28. Helitricum indicum(L.) | Boranginaceae | Leaves and stem | Retention of placenta |
29 | 29. Hymenocadia acida(L.) | Hymenocardiaceae | Leaves | Retention of placenta |
30. | 30. Jatropha gossypifolia (L.) | Euphorbiaceae | Leaves/latex | Wounds/Fowlpox |
31. | 31. Jatropha multifida (L.) | Euphorbiaceae | Leaves | Cough |
32. | 32. Khaya senegalensis (Desr) | Meliaceae | Leaves | Ectoparasites/Mange/Fever |
33 | 33. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) | Cucurbitaceae | Leaves | Worms/Newcastle |
34. | 34. Lantana camera (L.) | Verbenaceae | Leaves | Fever/Fowlpox |
35. | 35. Momordica charantia (L.) | Cucurbitaceae | Leaves | Gastroenterites/Fowlpox |
36 | 36. Moringa oleifera (Lam) | Rubaceae | Leaves | Newcastle/ Worms |
37 | 37. Musa parasidiaca (L.) | Musaceae | Leaves/stem | Cough/ CRD |
38 | 38. Nicotiana tabacum (L.) | Solanaceae | Leaves | Fever/ Ectoparasite/Mange |
39 | 39.Ocimum bascilicum (Sims) | Lamiaceae | Leaves | Worm/ Diarrhea |
40 | 40. Parkia biglobosa (Aubereville) | Mimosaceae | Leaves/stem | Wounds/Fowlpox/ Weakness |
41 | 41. Pergularia daemia (Forsk) | Asclepaidaceae | Leaves | Newcastle/ Gastroenterites/CRD |
42 | 42. Parquetina nigrensis (Afz) | Asclepiadaceae | Leaves | Cocidiosis/ Diarrhea |
43 | 43. Psidium guajava(L.) | Myraceae | Leaves | fever |
44 | 44.Rauwolfia occidentale(Afz) | Apocynaceae | Leaves | Fever |
45 | 45. Lantana camera (L.) | Verbenaceae | Leaves | Fever |
46 | 47. Senna alata(L.) | Ceasalpiniaceae | Leaves | Diarrhea |
47 | | | | |
48 | 48. Senna occidentals (L.) | Ceasalpinaceae | Leaves | Wounds |
49 | 49. Sida corymbosa(L.) | Malvaceae | Leaves | Wounds |
50 | 50. Solanum nodiflorum (Jacq) | Solanaceae | Leaves/fruits | Diarrhea, Worms |
51 | 51. Spondia mombin(L.) | Asteraceae | Leaves | Coccidiosis Worms |
52 | 52.Talinum triangulare (Jacq) | Portulaceae | Leaves | Fever |
53 | 53. Tephrosia vogeli (Hook) | Portulaceae | Leaves | Newcastle/ Cough |
54 | 54.Terminalia schimperiana (L.) | Combretaceae | Leaves | Coccidiosis Wounds |
55 | 55.Thitornia diversifolia(L.) | Asteraceae | Leaves | Weakness/Fever |
56 | 56. Tridax procumbens(L.) | Asteraceae | Leaves | Wounds, Anaemia |
57 | 57.Triumfetta cordifolia(A. Rich) | Tiliaceae | Leaves | Fever/weakness |
58 | 58. Venonia amygdalina (Del) | Asteraceae | Leaves | Fever/Diarrhea |
59 | 59. Vitex doniana (Sweet) | Verbenaceae | Leaves | Cough/Wounds/ |
60 | 60. Vitelaxia paradosa | Sapotaceae | Leaves | Wounds/Fowlpox/Coccidiosis |
61 | 61. Zea mays (L.) | Poaceae | Seeds Fever | Fever/Fowlpox |
62 | 62. Zingiber officinale (Rosc) 63. Carica papaya | Zingiberaceae Caricaceae | Seeds Seeds/Fruits/Leaves | Gastroenterites/Bloat Fever, Gastroenterites |
Table 2
List of plants identified use for the treatment of Animal diseases in the study areas
S/N | Family Name | Scientific Name | Local Name | Habit | Part Used | Preparation | Application | Disease treated |
1 | Alliaceae | Allium cepa, (L) | Alubasa nla | H | LF | EX | Internal Internal | Worm CRD |
| | Allium sativum (L) | Ayu | H | B | EX | Internal Internal Internal | Cold, Gastroenteritis CRD |
2 | Apocynaceae | Alstonia boonei (Pers) | Igi Ahun | T | LF; SB | EX DE | Internal | Fever |
| | Rawolfia occidentale (Afz) | Asofeyeje | T | LF | PD | Internal | Fever |
3 | Arecaceae | Elaies guinensis (Jacq) | Igi ope | T | F | PA | Internal Internal External | Worm, Poison, Fowl pox |
4 | Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus spinosus (L) | Tete elegun | H | LF SD | PA PA | Internal Internal Internal | Coccidiosis, Diarrhea, Gastroenteritis, Mange |
5 | Anacardiacea | Anacadium occidentale (L) | Kaju | S | FR AP | JU DE | Internal Internal | Diarrhea; Fever |
6 | Annonacea | Annona senegalensis (L) | Igi Abo | T | LF, SD | EX EX | External Internal | Wounds, Fever |
7 | Asclediaceae | Calotropis procera (R.Br) | Bomubomu | H | LF; SD | EX DE | Internal | Cough Cold |
8 | Asteraceae | Agerantum conizoides (L), | Imi esu | H | LF | VG | External | Wounds |
| | Aspilia Africana (Pers), | yunrinyun | H | LF | EX | External Internal | Wounds, Gastroenterites |
| | Chromolaena odorata | Igi Akintola | H | LF | EX DE DE | External Internal Internal | Wounds, Fever, Coccidiosis |
| | Spondia mombin (L); | Igi Ekikan | T | LF | EX DE CH | Internal Internal Internal | Worms, Coccidiosis, Retained placenta |
| | Thitonia diversifolia (L); | Ewe ododo | H | LF | EX | Internal Internal | Weakness, Fever |
| | Tridax procumbens (L) | Ewe Igbalode | H | LF | IN TE | External Internal | Wounds, Anaemia |
| | Venonia amygdalina | Igi Ewuro | T | LF AP | EX JU | Internal Internal | Fever Diarrhea |
9 | Bombaceae | Adansonia digitata (L) | | T | LF | DE | External Internal | Wounds Fowlpox |
10 | Boranginaceae | Helitricum indicum (L) | Ewe Aparigun | H | LF | CH VG | Internal | Retained placenta |
11 | Caecalpinaceae | Cassia occidentale (L); | Igi Kassia | T | LF | EX | Internal Internal | Worms Gastroenterites |
| | Senna alata (L); | | S | LF | DE | Internal | Diarrhea |
| | Senna occidentale (L) | | S | LF | DE | External | Wounds |
12 | Caricaceae | Carica papaya (L) | Igi ibepe | T | LF, SD | EX PA | Internal | Gastroenterites, Fever |
13 | Combretaceae | Guieria senegalensis (L); | Gedu | T | LF | EX | Internal | Gastroenterites, Weakness of body |
| | Terminalia schimperiana (L) | | T | LF | EX | Internal External | Gastroenterites, Weakness of body |
14 | Cucurbitaceae | Lantana camera (L) | Ewon Adele | T | LF | EX | Internal External | Gastroenterites, Weakness of body |
| | Momordica charantia (L) | Igi ejinrinwewe | H | LF; WP | PQ DE | Internal Internal | Gastroenterites, Diahorea |
15 | Euphorbiaceae | Bridelia feruginea (L) | Igi ira | T | LF, SD | EX DE | Internal Internal | Weakness of body, Diahorea |
| | Flugea virosa (L) | Isawewe ameranbabo | T | LF | CH | Internal Internal | Female sex delivery, Diahorea |
| | Jatropha gossypifolia | Igi lapalapa | H | FL; AP | HR EX | Internal Internal | Pile, Diahorea |
| | Jatropha multifida (L) | Ogege | H | FL; AP | DE IN | Internal | Pile, Diahorea |
16 | Fabaceae | Gliricidia sepium (Jack.) | Agunmaniye | T | LF, AP | DE IN | Internal | Gastroenterites |
17 | Hymenocadiaceae | Hymenocadia acida (L) | Orupa | H | LF | DE | Internal | Retained placenta |
18 | Lamiaceae | Ocimum bascilicum (Sims.) | Igi Efiri | H | LF | EX | Internal Internal | Pile, diahorea |
19 | Malvaceae | Gossypium arboretum (Jacq) | Igi owu | S | LF, SD | EX EX | Internal | Gastroenterites |
| | Sida corymbosa (L) | Iseketu | H | LF | EX | External | Wounds |
20 | Meliaceae | Azadiracta indica (A.Juss) Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) | Igi dongoyaro | T | LF, AP | DE IN | Internal External External External | Fever, Wounds, Fowlpox, Coccidiosis |
21 | Menispameaceae | Cissampelous owariense (P.Beav.) | Ewe jookoje | H | LF | EX | Internal External | Diahorea, Worms Wounds |
22 | Mimocaceae | Parkia biglobosa (Aubereville) | Igi iru | T | LF, SD | EX PA | Internal External External | Weakness, wounds Fowlpox |
23 | Moraceae | Ficus exasperate (L) | Igi sawn paper | T | LF; AP | DE IN | Internal External External | Ectoparasites, Mange, Fever |
| | Ficus thoningii (L) | Igi odan | T | LF | DE | External External External | Ectoparasites, Mange, Retained placenta |
24 | Musaceaea | Musa parasidiaca (L) | Ogede | H | LF, FR | HR CH | Internal External Internal | Cough, CRD |
25 | Myraceae | Psidium guajava (L) | Gurofa | T | FR; LF | EX PD | Internal | Fever |
26 | Nyctaginaceae | Boerhavia difusa (L) | | | LF | EX | Internal Internal | Worms, Gastroenterites |
27 | Poaceae | Saccharium officinarium (L) | Igi ireke | | LF | JU | Internal | Gastroenterites |
| | Zea mays (L) | Agbado | | SD | CH | Internal External | Fever, Fowlpox |
28 | Portulaceae | Tephrosia vogeli (Hook) | Orobeja | | LF | EX | Internal Internal | Cough, Newcastle disease |
29 | Rubaceae | Moringa oleifera (Lam) | | | LF, SD | EX DE | Internal Internal | Newcastle disease; Worms |
30 | Rutaceae | Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) | Osan wewe | | LF, SD | JU | Internal External | Cough, CRD |
31 | Sapotaceae | Vitelaxia paradosa | Emimi | | LF | EX | Internal External Internal | Wounds; Fowlpox; Coccidiosis |
32 | Solanaceae | Capsicum frutescens | Igi ata | | SD | IN | Internal External | Cold, Fever |
| | Datura stramonium (L) | Adodo-mode | | LF SD | EX PA | External Internal | Wounds; Gastroenterites |
| | Nicotiana tabacum (L) | Igi taba | | LF; SD | IN | Internal External Internal | Ectoparasite, Mange, Fever |
| | Solanum nodiflorum (Jacq.) | Ewe Odu | | LF | IN | Internal Internal Internal | Diarrheas, Worms, Coccidiosis |
33 | Steculiaceae | Walteria indica | Ewe eje | | LF | HR | Internal | Coccidiosis |
34 | Tiliaceae | Triumfetta cordifolia (A. Rich) | | | LF | EX | Internal External | Fever Body weakness |
35 | Verbenaceae | Lantana camera (L) | Ewon Adele | | LF | EX | Internal External | Fever, Fowlpox |
| | Vitex doniana (Sweet) | Oriri | | LF | DE | Internal External | Wounds, Cough, Fowlpox |
36 | Zingebaraceae | Aframomum meleguata, () | Atare | | SD | PA | Internal Internal Internal | Gastroenterites, Cold, CRD |
Keys: Habit: H, herbs, S shrubs, T trees, C climber; 2. Part(s) used: LE leaf, FR fruit, RT Root, ST stem, AP aerial Parts, WP whole Plant, FD fronds, SD Seed, FL flower, BA bark, BL bulb, RH rhizome, TW twig, SH shoot, LX latex, LB leaf bud, FP floral parts, 3. Method of preparation: PD powder, DE decoction, EX extract, PA paste, JU juice, PO poultice, IN infusion, HR hot rubbing, CH chewed, VG vegetable, TE tea, ET eaten, CK cooked, HB hot beverage. |
Table 3
Quantitative Analysis of the data of the plants identified in the study areas
S/N | Botanical Name | Rel.PH | Rel. BS | RI | FC | RFC | UV | FL (%) |
1 | Adansonia digitata (L) | 0.50 | 0.54 | 52.0 | 30 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 20 |
2 | Aframomum meleguata | 0.83 | 0.98 | 90.5 | 120 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 80 |
4 | Allium cepa (L.) | 0.86 | 0.91 | 85.5 | 135 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 90 |
5 | Allium sativum (L.) | 0.67 | 0.78 | 72.2 | 98 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 65 |
6 | Alstonia boonei (Pers) | 0.64 | 0.64 | 64 | 84 | 0.56 | 0.48 | 56 |
7 | Amaranthus spinosus (L) | 0.58 | 0.56 | 57 | 64 | 0.43 | 0.23 | 43 |
8 | Anacardium occidentale (L.) | 0.58 | 0.51 | 55 | 64 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 43 |
9 | Anona senagalensis (L.) | 0.58 | 0.54 | 56 | 64 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 43 |
10 | Aspilia africana (Pers.) | 0.61 | 0.78 | 69.5 | 72 | 0.48 | 0.33 | 48 |
11 | Azardiracta indica (A.Juss.) | 0.58 | 0.54 | 56 | 84 | 0.56 | 0.52 | 56 |
12 | Boerhavia difusa | 0.12 | 0.18 | 15 | 9 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 06 |
13 | Bridelia ferruginea (L.) | 0.58 | 0.54 | 56 | 84 | 0.56 | 0.53 | 56 |
14 | Calotropis procera (R.Br.) | 0.23 | 0.35 | 29.0 | 16 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 11 |
15 | Capsicum frutescens (L.) | 0.69 | 0.79 | 74 | 98 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 65 |
16 | Carrica papaya (L) | 0.69 | 0.64 | 66.5 | 98 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 65 |
17 | Caccia occidentale (L.) | 0.50 | 0.47 | 48.5 | 30 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 20 |
18 | Chromolaena odorata (L.) | 0.78 | 0.89 | 83.5 | 110 | 0.73 | 0.53 | 73.30 |
19 | Cissampelos owariensis (P.Beav.) | 0.70 | 0.81 | 75.5 | 99 | 0.67 | 0.19 | 66.00 |
20 | Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) | 0.49 | 0.48 | 48.5 | 28 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 18.70 |
21 | Datura stramomium (L.) | 0.66 | 0.59 | 62.5 | 89 | 0.59 | 0.23 | 59.33 |
22 | Elaeis guinensis (Jacq) | 0.62 | 0.78 | 70 | 78 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 52.00 |
23 | Ficus exasperate (L.) | 0.91 | 0.86 | 88.5 | 140 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 93.33 |
24 | Ficus thoningii (L.) | 0.93 | 0.82 | 87.5 | 146 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 97.33 |
25 | Flugea virosa(L.) | 0.86 | 0.92 | 89 | 136 | 0.91 | 0.67 | 91.33 |
26 | Gliricidia sepium(Jacq) | 0.78 | 0.79 | 78.5 | 110 | 0.73 | 0.61 | 73.33 |
27 | Gossypium arboretum(Jacq) | 0.58 | 0.58 | 58 | 64 | 0.43 | 0.23 | 42.66 |
28 | Guieria senegalensis(L.) | 0.53 | 0.54 | 53.5 | 34 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 22.70 |
29 | Helitricum indicum(L.) | 0.58 | 0.54 | 56 | 67 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 44.66 |
30 | Hymenocadia acida(L.) | 0.61 | 0.71 | 66 | 73 | 0.49 | 0.19 | 48.66 |
31 | Jatropha gossypifolia (L.) | 0.69 | 0.88 | 78.5 | 91 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 60.66 |
32 | Jatropha multifida (L.) | 0.71 | 0.92 | 81.5 | 103 | 0.69 | 0.52 | 68.66 |
33 | Khaya senegalensis (Desr) | 0.55 | 0.43 | 49 | 62 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 41.33 |
34 | Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) | 0.62 | 0.67 | 64.5 | 74 | 0.49 | 0.19 | 49.33 |
35 | Lantana camera (L.) | 0.10 | 0.11 | 10.5 | 6 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 4.00 |
36 | Momordica charantia (L.) | 0.65 | 0.78 | 71.5 | 92 | 0.94 | 0.89 | 61.33 |
37 | Moringa oleifera (Lam) | 0.67 | 0.71 | 69 | 94 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 62.66 |
38 | Musa parasidiaca (L) | 0.56 | 0.54 | 1.15 | 39 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 26.00 |
39 | Nicotiana tabacum (L.) | 0.79 | 0.92 | 85.5 | 114 | 0.76 | 0.59 | 76.00 |
40 | Ocimum bascilicum (Sims) | 0.55 | 0.45 | 50 | 62 | 0.41 | 0.80 | 41.33 |
41 | Parkia biglobosa (Aubereville) | 0.12 | 0.09 | 10.5 | 9 | 0.06 | 0.43 | 6.00 |
42 | Pergularia daemia (Forsk) | 0.17 | 0.08 | 12.5 | 15 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 10.00 |
43 | Parquetina nigrensis (Afz) | 0.53 | 0.54 | 53.5 | 60 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 40.00 |
44 | Psidium guajava(L.) | 0.17 | 0.13 | 15 | 15 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 10.00 |
45 | Rauwolfia occidentale(Afz) | 0.54 | 0.29 | 41.5 | 39 | 0.26 | 0.06 | 26.00 |
46 | Lantana camera (L.) | 0.62 | 0.78 | 70 | 43 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 28.67 |
47 | Saccharium officinarium (L.) | 0.62 | 0.71 | 66.5 | 43 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 28.67 |
48 | Senna alata(L.) | 0.48 | 0.34 | 41 | 28 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 18.67 |
49 | Senna occidentals (L.) | 0.16 | 0.13 | 14.5 | 14 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 9.33 |
50 | Sida corymbosa(L.) | 0.64 | 0.65 | 64.5 | 48 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 32 |
51 | Solanum nodiflorum (Jacq) | 0.18 | 0.14 | 16 | 16 | 0.11 | 0.33 | 11 |
52 | Spondia mombin(L.) | 0.67 | 0.78 | 72.5 | 94 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 63 |
53 | Talinum triangulare (Jacq) | 0.60 | 0.78 | 69 | 60 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 40 |
54 | Tephrosia vogeli (Hook) | 0.48 | 0.26 | 37 | 28 | 0.19 | 0.45 | 19 |
55 | Terminalia schimperiana (L.) | 0.51 | 0.34 | 42.5 | 32 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 21 |
56 | Thitornia diversifolia(L.) | 0.68 | 0.57 | 62.5 | 95 | 0.63 | 0.89 | 63 |
57 | Tridax procumbens(L.) | 0.52 | 0.54 | 53 | 34 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 23 |
58 | Triumfetta cordifolia(A. Rich) | 0.48 | 0.36 | 42 | 28 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 19 |
59 | Venonia amygdalina (Del) | 0.60 | 0.78 | 69 | 80 | 0.55 | 0.66 | 55 |
60 | Vitex doniana (Sweet) | 0.11 | 0.09 | 10 | 10 | 0.67 | 0.19 | 67 |
61 | Vitelaxia paradosa | 0.11 | 0.08 | 9.5 | 11 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 7 |
62 | Walteria indica | 0.48 | 0.55 | 51.5 | 28 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 19 |
63 | Zea mays (L.) | 0.60 | 0.78 | 39 | 80 | 0.55 | 0.45 | 55 |
64 | Zingiber officinale (Rosc) | 0.61 | 0.88 | 74.5 | 82 | 0.55 | 0.95 | 55 |
Rel. PH relative number of pharmacological properties attributed to a single plant, Rel. BS relative number of body systems treated by a single species, RI relative importance, FC frequency of citation, RFC relative frequency of citation, UV use value, FL fidelity level |
Table 4
Informant Consensus factors of the Respondents in the study area
S/N | Group of Diseases | Name of the associated diseases | Informant Consensus Factors |
1 | Skin diseases/ Mange | Ectoparasites, Mange, Wounds | 0.90 |
2 | Digestive system diseases | Diahoera, Dysentary, | 0.80 |
3 | Respiratory diseases | Cough, throat | 0.60 |
4 | Circulatory/ Reproductive diseases | Urinary diseases, Retained placenta | 0.50 |
5 | Fevea | Weakness and Pain | 0.45 |
6 | Muscular/Joint diseases | Dislocation of joints, weakness of legs or cage fatigue | 0.34 |