Study design and setting
A validation study to translate and validate the CEQ from English to Sinhala language. University Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, North Colombo Teaching Hospital (NCTH), Ragama, Sri Lanka.
Study population
Mothers who have undergone their first labour and childbirth experience in last 24-48 hours will be invited to participate in the study.
Subjects to control ratio of 1:1 will be taken using known-groups validation.
- Subjects- Women who are nulliparous and undergoing operative deliveries (forceps deliveries, vacuum extractions, emergency caesarean sections).
- Controls- Women who are nulliparous and undergoing normal vaginal delivery.
Sample size calculation
CEQ has 22 items in four domains. According to the accepted method of 5 to 10 times the observed variables, subject to variable ratio of 10:1 will be taken 1,11. Therefore, a minimum sample size of 220 with 22 items will be calculated. To achieve a 70% response rate as in original Swedish study, it was decided to recruit 350 women to get a final sample of 220 women. Convenience sampling method will be adopted.
Duration of the study
The study will continue until the relevant numbers are obtained. The duration of the study is approximately 05-06 months based on delivery rate.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
- Pregnant women who are more than 16 years of age and mothers who have undergone their first labour and childbirth experience in last 24-48 hours.
- They should have a singleton live fetus and women who will be laboring at term (including women who will be having a caesarean delivery in their latent phase of labour and also women with failed induction of labour).
Exclusion criteria
- Women who will be having a baby who is not alive anymore or women with their babies are getting admitted to a special unit (e.g. Neonatal Special Care Baby Unit or Intensive Care Unit).
- Those who are not willing to participate will be excluded from the study.
- Those who cannot read or write in Sinhala language will be excluded.
- Women who are undergoing planned elective cesarean deliveries.
- Women who are not educated up to G.C.E. Ordinary Level will also be excluded.
Translation process
The original English language CEQ will be translated into Sinhala language according to the standard validation protocols before its final validation study as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) 12. The linguistic translation process will be carried out involving following basic steps 13. Literal translation (forward translation) and adaptation of the English questionnaire into Sinhala lifestyle and cultural context will be undertaken by two accredited bilingual native Sinhala speakers. One of them will be a woman in reproductive age. After receiving the both Sinhala translations, these will be compered by the research group at Ragama, Sri Lanka. Discussion with obstetricians, labour room staff and patients will also be carried out as to whether the questionnaire measures what it was designed to measure and that clinically meaningful aspects will not be lacking. With their comments, the Sinhala version of questionnaire will be rephrased according to Sri Lankan cultural context and will be compiled them into one Sinhala language version. Back-translation from Sinhala to English will be performed by a single accredited translator who will also be a bilingual native speaker. Then, review of the back-translation will be carried out by the CEQ team at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. The final Sinhala CEQ translation will be produced after modifications, re-translation of necessary items to balance the discrepancies during translation process. Validation study will be carried out using this final translation. During the literal translation, the translators will be given the opportunity to give us options if there are different ways to translate any of the items and/or any difficulties in the translation process.
Study instrument
Sinhala version of the CEQ will be used as the study instrument. The CEQ consists of 22 items referring to the childbirth experience (Table 1). Women’s responses to 19 items in CEQ will be rated on a 4-point Likert scale and remaining 3 items will be evaluated by means of a visual analogue scale (VAS). These VAS scores will then be converted into categorical variables facilitating interpretation and analysis; 0–40 = 1, 41–60 = 2, 61–80 = 3 and 81–100 = 4. Here, negatively worded items will be reversed. All 22 items in CEQ are divided into 4 groups as 4 main domains as mentioned above; “own capacity” (8 items about sense of control, their feelings during birth process and labour pain; 1,2,4,5,6,19,20,21 items), “professional support” (5 items regarding information and the midwifery care they received; 13,14,15,16,17 items), “perceived safety” (6 items about sense of security and memories from their labour and childbirth; 3,7,8,9,18,22 items), and “participation” (3 items about own possibilities to influence maternal position, their movements and pain relief in labour; 10,11,12 items).
Table 1: Main four domains and included items in Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ).
Domain
|
Items
|
Own capacity
Professional support
Perceived safety
Participation
|
Labour and birth went as I had expected I felt strong during labour and birth I felt capable during labour and birth I was tired during labour and birth I felt happy during labour and birth I felt that I handled the situation well As a whole, how painful did you feel childbirth was? As a whole, how much control did you feel you had during childbirth?
My midwife devoted enough time to me My midwife devoted enough time to my partner My midwife kept me informed about what was happening during labour and birth My midwife understood my needs I felt very well cared for by my midwife
I felt scared during labour and birth I have many positive memories from childbirth I have many negative memories from childbirth Some of my memories from childbirth make me feel depressed My impression of the team’s medical skills made me feel secure As a whole, how secure did you feel during childbirth?
I felt I could have a say whether I could be up and about or lie down I felt I could have a say in deciding my birthing position I felt I could have a say in the choice of pain relief
|
Data collection procedure
Eligible women will be identified in the postnatal ward by the principal investigator (MP) and will be invited to participate. They will be given the information sheets and consent forms in Sinhala language. Those who will agreed to join recruited by signing an informed written consent form. Women will be received a clear description of the procedure by the investigator. Initially basic demographic and clinical details will be collected into a data collection sheet.
Two copies of CEQ with two stamped-envelopes will be given to each mother and will be asked to fill each in one moth postnatal and six weeks postnatal. Soon after childbirth, mothers are supposed to have gone through their first labour experience and having relatively fresh memories of their childbirth experience. As well as, mothers have minimum contact with their childbirth caregivers at hospital after four weeks. Therefore chances of giving socially desirable responses will be minimal and minimizing potential bias. Recruited women will be offered the option of completing the CEQ at home and sending it via post and also to ask for clarifications by making a phone call to the investigator. Reminders will be sent after one moth and six weeks as a phone call or a post card. Demographic details and their delivery details will be collected from the clinical notes and interviewing them.
Data analysis
Basic demographic characteristics of the data will be presented using descriptive statistics. These will also be analysed to see any deviations. Continuous variables will be presented as means and standard deviations. Pearson Chi-Square test will be applied to any difference between categorical variables. Mann- Whitney U test will be applied to compare any skewed continuous variables. P value < 0.05 will be considered as statistically significant.
Face validity
Face validity will be done for the Sinhala CEQ version to see the items were well understood and easy to answer to. This will be done by giving questionnaire to 25 primiparous mothers to find any difficult questions and asking their comments on questionnaire items. The CEQ will also be given to a group of labour ward staff members at NCTH (n=10) consisting of three experienced nurse-midwives, three midwives and one medical officer who will also be a female in reproductive age group.
Internal consistency
This will be evaluated using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Usually, Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.7 is considered as a satisfactory level of internal consistency.
Construct validity
Construct validity will be evaluated as follows. The first will be whether the questionnaire was able to differentiate between complicated (operative deliveries) and uncomplicated (normal deliveries) deliveries, and secondly to test questionnaire against the delivery outcome. The method of known-groups validation will be used to measure construct validity. This method can be used to evaluate the ability of the CEQ to distinguish between above known groups within the sample and which were known to differ on known key socio-demographic or clinical variables. The CEQ has shown good construct validity and reliability for assessing childbirth experience between its known groups 1.
A comparison will be done between CEQ subscale scores and overall CEQ score for different key characteristics.
For example,
- Women who had labour onset; spontaneous versus induced
- Women with duration of labour; more than 12 hours versus less than 12 hours
- Women with augmentation of labour; with oxytocin versus without oxytocin
- Women who had a; normal delivery versus operative delivery.
Here the overall CEQ score means average of the 4 individual CEQ subscale scores. It is well-documented that oxytocin augmentation of labour with oxytocin, operative delivery (instrumental or caesarean delivery) and long duration of labour (> 12 hours) known to cause a negative influence on woman’s childbirth experience 14,15,16.
If the subscale scores are not normally distributed, non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test will be applied to compare subscale scores between subgroups.
Test-retest reliability
To assess stability (test-retest reliability) a two-week test-retest analysis of the sample will be done. This agreement will be further assessed by using the weighted Kappa (k) statistic 9. To represent a substantial agreement between the two scores between one month and six weeks questionnaires a value of weighted Kappa between 0.61 – 0.80 will be taken 14.
Maintenance of data
Data will be entered in to a data collection sheet and confidentially stored in an ongoing computer database.
Plan of presentation of results
Findings will be presented at academic symposia and published in indexed peer reviewed journals.
Ethical considerations
Eligible patients will be identified and counseled by investigator at each study setting. Before entry into the study the investigator will explain to a potential patient the aims, methods, reasonably anticipated benefits and potential hazards of the study. Patient information sheets will be distributed to eligible patients and an independent medical doctor would be available for a more detailed explanation. After sufficient information, informed written consent will be obtained. Illiterate patients and those who are not willing to participate will be excluded from the study.
We have also taken written permission from the original authors of CEQ, Dencker A. et.al in The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Ethical aspects of this study was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
Work plan and time lines
Work plan can be outlined according to the following steps:
- Literal translation and adaptation of the questionnaire to the cultural context and lifestyle related to the Sinhala language – Two weeks.
- Discussion with obstetricians, labour room staff and patients as to whether the questionnaire measures and what it was designed to measure and that clinically meaningful aspects are not lacking – One week.
- Back-translation from Sinhala to English – One week.
- 4. Review of the back-translation by the CEQ team at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden – Four to six weeks.
- The final Sinhala CEQ translation will be produced after modifications to the translation- One week.
- Validation study would then be undertaken using this final translation – Six months to one year.