1.Schelling, E., et al., Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad. Preventive veterinary medicine, 2003. 61(4): p. 279–293.
2.Corbel, M. J., Brucellosis: an overview. Emerging infectious diseases, 1997. 3(2): p. 213.
3.Moreno, E., A. Cloeckaert, and I. Moriyón, Brucella evolution and taxonomy. Veterinary microbiology, 2002. 90(1): p. 209–227.
4.Pal, M., Zoonoses. 2nd Ed., Satyam Publishers, Jaipur, India. Pp. 98–99. Publishers, Jaipur, India, 2007. Pp. 98–99.
5.McDermott, J., D. Grace, and J. Zinsstag, Economics of brucellosis impact and control in low-income countries. Rev Sci Tech, 2013. 32(1): p. 249–61.
6.Andriopoulos, P., Tsironi, M., Deftereos, S., Aessopos, A. & Assimakopoulos, G., Acute brucellosis: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of 144 cases. International journal of infectious diseases,, 2007: p. 52–57.
7.Kunda, J., et al., Health-seeking behaviour of human brucellosis cases in rural Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 2007. 7(1): p. 315.
8.Chugh, T., Emerging and re-emerging bacterial diseases in India. Journal of biosciences,, 2007(33(4),): p. 549–555..
9.Pappas, G., et al., The new global map of human brucellosis. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2006. 6(2): p. 91–99.
10.Grace, D. Z., J. M., Economics of brucellosis impact and control in low-income countries. 2013.
11.Domenech, j., Brucellose dedromadaire en Ethiope. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet., 1977: p. 141–142.
12.Meyer, C., Report on veterinary activities. Institute of Agricultural Research, Ethiopia. FAO Report No. AG: DP,, 19980.
13.Asfaw, Y., Molla, B., Zessin, K.-H. & Tegegne, A., A cross-sectional study of bovine brucellosis and test performance in intra-and peri-urban production systems in and around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 1998.
14.Eshetu, Y., et al., Seroprevalence study of brucellosis on dairy cattle in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal health and Production in Africa, 2005.
15.Ibrahim, N., et al., Sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis and its risk factors in Jimma zone of Oromia Region, South-western Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2010. 42(1): p. 35.
16.Kebede, T., G. Ejeta, and G. Ameni, Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in smallholder farms in central Ethiopia (Wuchale-Jida district). Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 2008. 159(1): p. 3.
17.Asmare, K., et al., Seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and in high risk animal health professionals in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 2007. 11(2): p. 59–68.
18.Hailemelekot, M., et al., Seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and occupationally related humans in selected sites of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, 2007. 11: p. 85–100.
19.Tolosa, T., D. Bezabih, and F. Regassa, Study on Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis and Abortion and associated risk factor. Bulletin of Animal health and Production in Africa, 2010. 58(3).
20.Tesfaye, G., et al., Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis in Addis Ababa dairy farms. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2011. 43(5): p. 1001–1005.
21.Berhe, G., K. Belihu, and Y. Asfaw, Seroepidemiological investigation of bovine brucellosis in the extensive cattle production system of Tigray region of Ethiopia. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine, 2007. 5(2): p. 65.
22.Dinka, H. and R. Chala, Seroprevalence study of bovine brucellosis in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of East Showa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 2009. 6(5): p. 508–12.
23.Asmare, K., et al., Brucellosis in extensive management system of Zebu cattle in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2010. 5(3): p. 257–263.
24.Degefa, T., A. Duressa, and R. Duguma, Brucellosis and some reproductive problems of indigenous Arsi cattle in selected Arsi zones of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 2011. 7(1): p. 45–53.
25.MOLF, C.-M.a., Zoonotic Disease Prioritization for Inter-sectoral Engagement in EthiopiaAddis Ababa, Ethiopia September 29–30, 2015. 2015.
26.Swai, E. S. and L. Schoonman, Human brucellosis: seroprevalence and risk factors related to high risk occupational groups in Tanga Municipality, Tanzania. Zoonoses and Public Health, 2009. 56(4): p. 183–187.
27.Garcia-Yoldi, D., C. Marín, and I. Lopez-Goni, Restriction site polymorphisms in the genes encoding new members of group 3 outer membrane protein family of Brucella spp. FEMS microbiology letters, 2005. 245(1): p. 79–84.
28.John, K., et al., Quantifying risk factors for human brucellosis in rural northern Tanzania. PloS one, 2010. 5(4): p. e9968.
29.Shirima, G., et al., The role of livestock keeping in human brucellosis trends in livestock keeping communities in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 2010. 12(3): p. 203–207.
30.Ameni, G. and A. Erkihun, Bovine tuberculosis on small-scale dairy farms in Adama Town, central Ethiopia, and farmer awareness of the disease. Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties, 2007. 26(3): p. 711–720.
31.Bishop, Bosman, and Herr, Bovine brucellosis; In Infectious diseases of livestock with special reference to Southern Africa,. Oxford University Press, UK, London,,, 1994. Vol 2.: p. 1053–1066 pp.
32.Seleem, M. N., S. M. Boyle, and N. Sriranganathan, Brucellosis: a re-emerging zoonosis. Veterinary microbiology, 2010. 140(3–4): p. 392–398.
33.Laing, J., W. Morgan, and W. Wagner, Brucellosis In: Fertility and infertility in veterinary practice. English book language book society, Bailliere, Tindall, 1988: p. 189–220.
34.Smits, H. L., Control and prevention of brucellosis in small ruminants: time for action. Veterinary Record, 2012. 170(4): p. 97–98.
35.Kunda, J., J. Fitzpatrick, and R. Kazwala, French nP, Shirima G. MacMillan a, et al. health-seeking behavior of human brucellosis cases in rural tanzania. BMC Public health, 2007. 7: p. 315.
36.Holt, H. R., Brucella spp. infection in large ruminants in an endemic area of Egypt: cross-sectional study investigating seroprevalence, risk factors and livestock owner’s knowledge, attitudes and practices. BMC public health 2011. 11.1 p. 341.
37.Metaferia, F., et al., A review to improve estimation of livestock contribution to the national GDP. 2011.
38.Behnke, R., The contribution of livestock to the economies of IGAD member states: study findings, application of the methodology in Ethiopia and recommendations for further work. 2010.
39.CAS, Report on livestock and livestock characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings), Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency, agricultural sample survey.. 2016. ii(2): p. 9–23..
40.Lawrence, T., et al., A comparison of the USDA ossification-based maturity system to a system based on dentition. Journal of animal science, 2001. 79(7): p. 1683–1690.
41.Dohoo, VETER1NA.RY EP1DEMl OLOGl C RESEARCH. AVC Inc., University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada, CIA 4P3, 2009. SF780.9.V472003.
42.Orjuela, et al., Salud y productividad en bovinos de la costa norte de Colombia. World Anim. Rev,, 1991. 69(4),: p. 7–14.
43.Alemayehu, Brucellosis: a case report.. Ethiopian medical journal,, 1981. 19(1),: p. pp 21–24.
44.Animut, et al., Febrile illnesses of different etiology among outpatients in four health centers in Northwestern Ethiopia. Jpn J Infect Dis,, 2009. 62(2), pp p. pp 107–10.
45.Regassa, et al., Human brucellosis in traditional pastoral communities in Ethiopia. International Journal of Tropical Medicine,, 2009. 4(2),. p. pp 59–64.
46.Fekete, et al., Amplification fragment length polymorphism in Brucella strains by use of polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primers. Journal of Bacteriology,, 1992. 174(23),: p. pp 7778–7783.
47.Nielsen, K., et al., Comparison of serological tests for the detection of ovine and caprine antibody to Brucella melitensis. Rev. Sci. Tech, 2004. 23(3): p. 979–987.
48.OIE, A., Manual of the diadnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals, 5th Ed. Office International des Epizooties.. Manual of the diadnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals,, 2004. 5th Ed.,: p. 409–438.
49.Alton, G. G., et al., Laboratory techniques in brucellosis. 1975.
50.Bounaadja, L., et al., Real-time PCR for identification of Brucella spp.: a comparative study of IS711, bcsp31 and per target genes. Veterinary microbiology, 2009. 137(1–2): p. 156–164.
51.(OIE), O. I.d.E., Bovine brucellosis in terrestrial manual.http://www.oie.int/., 2009b.
52.Mekonnen, H., S. Kalayou, and M. Kyule, Serological survey of bovine brucellosis in barka and arado breeds (Bos indicus) of Western Tigray, Ethiopia. Preventive veterinary medicine, 2010. 94(1–2): p. 28–35.
53.Yayeh, T., A survey of bovine brucellosis in selected areas of North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. DVM Thesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, 2003.
54.Tibesso, G., N. Ibrahim, and T. Tolosa, Sero-prevalence of bovine and human brucellosis in Adami Tulu, central Ethiopia. World Appl Sci J, 2014. 31(5): p. 776–80.
55.Megersa, B., et al., Cattle brucellosis in traditional livestock husbandry practice in Southern and Eastern Ethiopia, and its zoonotic implication. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2011. 53(1): p. 24.
56.Makita, K., et al., Herd prevalence of bovine brucellosis and analysis of risk factors in cattle in urban and peri-urban areas of the Kampala economic zone, Uganda. BMC veterinary research, 2011. 7(1): p. 60.
57.Gomo, C., et al., Survey of brucellosis at the wildlife–livestock interface on the Zimbabwean side of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2012. 44(1): p. 77–85.
58.Boukary, A. R., et al., Seroprevalence and potential risk factors for Brucella spp. infection in traditional cattle, sheep and goats reared in urban, periurban and rural areas of Niger. PloS one, 2013. 8(12): p. e83175.
59.Asfaw, M., Isolation and Seroprevalency of Brucella: From Dairy Cattle in and Around Asella and Bishoftu Towens, Ethiopia MSc, 2014, Thesis Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu.
60.Yohannes, M., et al., Bovine Brucellosis: Serological survey in Guto-Gida District, East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 2012. 8(2): p. 139–143.
61.Al-Majali, A.M., et al., Seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine brucellosis in Jordan. Journal of Veterinary Science, 2009. 10(1): p. 61–65.
62.Muma, J., et al., Risk factors for brucellosis in indigenous cattle reared in livestock–wildlife interface areas of Zambia. Preventive veterinary medicine, 2007. 80(4): p. 306–317.
63.Dean, A. S., et al., Global burden of human brucellosis: a systematic review of disease frequency. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2012. 6(10): p. e1865.
64.Jergefa, T., et al., Epidemiological study of bovine brucellosis in three agro-ecological areas of central Oromiya, Ethiopia. Revue scientifique et technique, 2009. 28(3): p. 933.
65.Dirar, B. G., G. W. Nasinyama, and B. D. Gelalcha, Seroprevalence and risk factors for brucellosis in cattle in selected districts of Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2015. 47(8): p. 1615–1619.
66.Zubairu, A., M. Ardo, and H. Mai, Seroprevalence of ruminant brucellosis in three selected local government areas of Taraba state. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2014. 12(1): p. 51–56.
67.Radostits, et al., A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses. WB Saunders, London,, 2000. 1329–1337.
68.Yilkal, et al., The epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in intra and peri-urban dairy production systems in and around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.. Tropical Animal Health and Production,, 1998. 46: p. (217–224).
69.Magona, et al., Seroprevalence and potential risk of bovine brucellosis in zerograzing and pastoral dairy systems in Uganda. Tropical Animal Health and Production,, 2009. 41(8),: p. pp 1765.
70.Radostitis, et al., Veterinary medicine.. A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats,, 2007. 10: p. (795–798).
71.Tolosa, T., Seroprevalence study of bovine brucellosis and its public health significance in selected sites of Jimma Zone, Western Ethiopia. Msc Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Debre Zeit., 2004.
72.Kubuafor, D., B. Awumbila, and B. Akanmori, Seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and humans in the Akwapim-South district of Ghana: public health implications. Acta Tropica, 2000. 76(1): p. 45–48.
73.Hellmann, E., C. Staak, and M. Baumann, Bovine brucellosis among two different cattle populations in Bahr el Ghazal Province of Southern Sudan. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, 1984. 35(2): p. 123–126.
74.Maiga, S., et al. Sero-epidemiological investigation of bovine Brucellosis in the dairying belt of Bamako, Mali. in Proceedings of 18th International Conference, Bamako. 1996.
75.Bekele, A., et al., Bovine brucellosis in ranches and farms in South-eastern Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal health and Production in Africa, 2000. 48(1): p. 13–17.
76.McDermott, J. J. and S. Arimi, Brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology, control and impact. Veterinary microbiology, 2002. 90(1–4): p. 111–134.
77.Hirsh, D. and Y. Zee, Veterinary Microbiology. USA, Black well science. Inc. Pp, 1999: p. 115–249.
78.Mugizi, D. R., et al., Prevalence of and factors associated with Brucella sero-positivity in cattle in urban and peri-urban Gulu and Soroti towns of Uganda. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2015: p. 14–0452.
79.Berhe, G., K. Belihu, and Y. Asfaw, Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus infection in the crossbred dairy cattle in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal health and Production in Africa, 2007. 55(3): p. 128–137.
80.Tolosa, T., F. Regassa, and K. Belihu, Seroprevalence study of bovine brucellosis in extensive management system in selected sites of Jimma Zone, Western Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa,, 2008.1): p. 56.
81.Emmanuel, Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Bovine Brucellosis in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan. Sch J Agric Vet Sci,, 2016. 3(7): p. (454–462.).
82.Mussie, et al., Seroprevalence study of bovine brucellosis in Bahir Dar Milk shed, Northwestern Amhara Region.. Ethiop. Vet. J.,, 2007b. 11(1): p. 42–49.
83.Dinka and Chala, Seroprevalence study of bovine brucellosis in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of East Showa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science,, 2009(6): p. 508–12.
84.Berhe, G., K. Belihu, and Y. Asfaw, Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus infection in the crossbred dairy cattle in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia.. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa,, 2007b. 55(3): p. 128–137.
85.Lithg-Pereira, Rojo-Vazquez, and Mainar-Jaime, Case-control study of risk factors for high within-flock small-ruminant brucellosis prevalence in a brucellosis low-prevalence area. Epidemiology & Infection,, 2004. 132(2): p. 201–210.
86.Ewalt, D. R. and B. J. Bricker, Validation of the Abbreviated BrucellaAMOS PCR as a Rapid Screening Method for Differentiation ofBrucella abortus Field Strain Isolates and the Vaccine Strains, 19 and RB51.. Journal of clinical microbiology, 2000. 38(8): p. 3085–3086.
87.Haileselassie, M., et al., Effect of Brucella infection on reproduction conditions of female breeding cattle and its public health significance in Western Tigray, northern Ethiopia.. Veterinary medicine international, 2010.
88.Handa, R., et al., Brucellosis in north India: results of a prospective study.. The Journal of communicable diseases, 1998. 30(2): p. 85–87.
89.Tolosa, T., et al., Brucellosis among patients with fever of unknown origin in Jimma University Hospital, Southwestern Ethiopia.. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences,, 2007b. 17(1): p. 59–63.
90.Yirgu, T., Sero prevalence study of bovine brucellosis at Abernosa.. FVM, AAU, Debre Zeit, DVM Thesis., 1991.
91.Genene, R., et al., Human brucellosis in traditional pastoral communities in Ethiopia International Journal of Tropical Medicine,, 2009. 4(2): p. 59–64.
92.Ndyabahinduka, D. and I. Chu, Brucellosis in Uganda.. International journal of zoonoses,, 1984. 11(1): p. 59–64.
93.Schelling, E., et al., Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2003. 61(4): p. 279–293.
94.Memish, Z. and M. Mah, Brucellosis in laboratory workers at a Saudi Arabian hospital.. American journal of infection control, 2001. 29(1): p. 48–52.
95.Kumar, A., et al., Human anthrax in India: urgent need for effective prevention.. The Journal of communicable diseases, 2000. 32(4): p. 240–246.
96.Mukhtar, F. and F. Kokab, Brucella serology in abattoir workers. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad,, 2008. 20(3): p. 57–61.
97.Treanor, J. J., et al., Vaccination strategies for managing brucellosis in Yellow stone bison Vaccine,. 2010. 28: p. F64-F72.
98.Gidel, R., J. Albert, Le, G. M., and M. Retif, Epidemiology of human and animal brucellosis in Western Africa.The results of six studies in the Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, and Nigeria.. Developments in biological standardization,, 1976. 31: p. 187–200.
99.Niwael, M., Epidemiological study of brucellosis in humans and animals in Babati and Hanang districts of Tanzania.. Master of Veterinary Medicine thesis, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania., 2001.
100.Unger, M., Assessment of the impact of zoonotic infections (bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis) in selected regions of The Gambia, Senegal, Guinea, and Guinea Bissau.. DFID [Department for International Development, United Kingdom., 2004.
101.Shirima, G., et al., The role of livestock keeping in human brucellosis trends in livestock keeping communities in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research,, 2010. 12(3): p. 203–207.
102.Weinhäupl, I., et al., Investigations on the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis in dairy cattle in Dar es Salaam region and in zebu cattle in Lugoba area, Tanzania. Tropical Animal Health and Production,, 2000. 32(3): p. 147–154.
103.Shirima, G. M., The epidemiology of brucellosis in animals and humans in Arusha and Manyara regions in Tanzania.. University of Glasgow., 2005.
104.James, L. W. S., Studies on human brucellosis in the Mikumi selous ecosystem, Morogoro, Tanzania. okoine University of Agriculture., 2013.
105.Ramos, T. R. R., et al., Epidemiological aspects of an infection by Brucella abortus in risk occupational groups in the microregion of Araguaina, Tocantins.. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases,, 2008. 12(2): p. 133–138.
106.Gracey, J. F., Meat hygiene: Baillière Tindall book. 1986.
107.Kumar, A., et al., Human anthrax in India: urgent need for effective prevention.. The Journal of communicable diseases,, 2000. 32(4): p. 240–246.
108.Cooper, C. W., Risk factors in transmission of brucellosis from animals to humans in Saudi Arabia. ransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,, 1992. 86(2): p. 206–209.
109.Mohd, M., Brucellosis in the Gezira area, Central Sudan. The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,, 1989. 92(2): p. 86–88.
110.Mfinanga, S. G., et al., Tribal differences in perception of tuberculosis: a possible role in tuberculosis control in Arusha, Tanzania. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease,, 2003. 10(7): p. 933–941.
111.Tesfaye, G., et al., Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis in Addis Ababa dairy farms. Tropical animal health and production,, 2011. 43(5): p. 1001–1005.
112.Haileselassie, M., et al., Effect of Brucella infection on reproduction conditions of female breeding cattle and its public health significance in Western Tigray, northern Ethiopia.. Veterinary medicine international, 2011.