Characteristics of the religious institution
In the present study total of 385 religious institution sampled and 351 of them had been included to the study. From this 285(81.2%) of them were Orthodox Church. Majority of the religious institutions service 288(82.1%) were church/mosque only and fifty four percent of the participants (n=188) found in rural area. Mean age of the institution were 83.2 years with ±SD of ±119 [Table 1].
Table 1: General characteristic of religious institution, Northern Ethiopia, 2017 (n=351)
Characteristics
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Type of religious institution
|
Orthodox church
|
285
|
81.2
|
Muslim mosque
|
60
|
17.1
|
Catholic church
|
4
|
1.1
|
Protestant church
|
2
|
0.6
|
Service given in the institution
|
Church/Mosque only
|
288
|
82.1
|
Church with holy water
|
63
|
17.9
|
Residence
|
Urban
|
159
|
45.8
|
Rural
|
188
|
54.2
|
Characteristics
|
Mean± SD
|
Age of the institution
|
83.2±119
|
Age of the respondent
|
52.3±15.26
|
Peoples permanently living here
|
11.6±36.65
|
Estimation of the community served here
|
1308±3822
|
Environmental characteristics
Of the institutions, 236(67.2%) had no latrine and the majority of the latrine were pit latrines 80(69.6%). Fifty seven percent of the institutions reasons for not having latrine was cost is too high to build latrine, no materials and no external assistance. Around ninety eight percent of the (n=233, 98.7%) institutions from those who didn’t have latrine the priests and servant defecate openly. At the time of data collection, 82 (23.4%) latrines were functional. Around one third or 41(35.7%) of the latrines were below 15 meter from the drinking water/holy water/. Seventy six percent of the latrine was in a distance of above 12 meter from the priests serve.
Table 2: Environmental conditions of religious institutions, Northern Ethiopia, 2017, (n=351)
Characteristics
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Any type of latrine
|
Yes
|
115
|
32.8
|
No
|
236
|
67.2
|
Type of latrine
|
Pit latrine
|
80
|
69.6
|
Others
|
35
|
30.4
|
Reasons for not having latrine
|
Cost is too high, no materials and no external assistance
|
202
|
85.47
|
Open defecation tradition, habit
|
19
|
8.12
|
Not thought about it and no one to build latrine
|
15
|
6.41
|
Place of defecation
|
Open field
|
233
|
98.7
|
Other
|
3
|
1.3
|
Functional latrine
|
Yes
|
82
|
71.30
|
No
|
33
|
28.70
|
Distance of latrine to the closest drinking water /holy water/
|
Below 15 meter
|
41
|
35.7
|
15-30 meter
|
25
|
21.7
|
Greater than 30 meter
|
49
|
42.6
|
Distance of latrine from the room priests serve
|
Below 6 meter
|
18
|
15.7
|
6-12 meter
|
9
|
7.8
|
Above 12 meter
|
88
|
76.5
|
Number of rooms of the latrine
|
Below 2 rooms
|
59
|
51.3
|
2-4 rooms
|
29
|
25.2
|
Above 4 rooms
|
24
|
23.5
|
Clean latrine
|
Yes
|
55
|
47.8
|
No
|
60
|
52.2
|
Frequency of cleaning latrine
|
Daily
|
42
|
36.5
|
Weekly
|
35
|
30.4
|
Almost never
|
38
|
33.0
|
Presence of hand washing
|
Yes
|
39
|
33.9
|
No
|
76
|
66.1
|
Type of hand washing
|
Tap only and sink
|
18
|
46.2
|
Water pot/container and cup
|
21
|
53.8
|
Latrine condition
|
Need maintenance
|
80
|
69.6
|
No need maintenance
|
35
|
30.4
|
Reasons for not improving/ changing latrine type
|
Financial problem/No support
|
40
|
50.0
|
Personal and space problem
|
40
|
50.0
|
Possible ways encouraging you build a latrine
|
Full subsidy and Contribution from NGOs
|
147
|
62.3
|
Community pressure and/or material and labor assistance
|
89
|
37.7
|
Anyone diseased in this institution
|
Yes
|
42
|
12.0
|
No
|
309
|
88.0
|
Currently any money saved towards having a latrine
|
Yes
|
16
|
6.8
|
No
|
220
|
93.2
|
Institution discussed about building latrine
|
Yes
|
113
|
47.9
|
No
|
123
|
52.1
|
Behavioral characteristics
Regarding the behavioral condition majority 319(90.9%) of the respondents believe that using latrine can prevent disease and nine out of 10 respondents believe that hand washing can prevent disease. Out of the religious institutions that have hand washing facility with latrine 32(82.1%) was using only water for hand washing. Fifty six percent (n=22) of the community or priest served in the institutions wash their hands after toilet. Half 59(51.3%) of the respondents who have latrine serve their latrine properly.
Table 3: Behavioral conditions of religious institutions, northern Ethiopia, 2017
Characteristics
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Do you believe that using latrine can prevent disease
|
Yes
|
319
|
90.9
|
No
|
32
|
9.1
|
Do you believe that hand washing can prevent disease?
|
Yes
|
320
|
91.2
|
No
|
31
|
8.8
|
Materials used in hand washing
|
Only water
|
32
|
82.1
|
water +soap or ash
|
7
|
17.9
|
Wash their hand after toilet (community and priests)
|
Yes
|
22
|
56.4
|
No
|
17
|
43.6
|
Serving the latrine properly
|
Yes
|
59
|
51.3
|
No
|
56
|
48.7
|
Communication related factors
Seventy eight percent (n=275) of the respondent seen, heard or received any messages or materials on sanitation and hygiene. Around one-third of (n=90) respondents had received message on building latrine. One hundred twenty five (45.5%) of the respondents heard or observe the messages from community meetings. Three out of ten 103(29.3%) of the sanitation and hygiene message was delivered by health extension workers. Below half of 153(43.6%) respondents prefer radio or/and Television (TV) for health education.
Table 3: Communication related factors of religious institutions, Northern Ethiopia, 2017
Characteristics
|
Category
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Seen, heard or received any messages or materials on sanitation and hygiene
|
Yes
|
275
|
78.3
|
No
|
76
|
21.7
|
Kinds of sanitation and hygiene messages have you seen, heard or received
|
Build a latrine
|
90
|
32.8
|
Use a latrine/ stop open defecation
|
58
|
21.2
|
Proper solid, liquid waste management
|
15
|
5.5
|
Wash hands with soap
|
65
|
23.7
|
Water and food hygiene
|
46
|
16.8
|
where did you see, hear, receive these messages
|
Posters or leaflets and newspapers or magazines
|
55
|
20.0
|
At community meetings
|
125
|
45.5
|
When visiting a health facility
|
56
|
20.4
|
On Television and/or Radio
|
39
|
14.2
|
From whom did you hear/ receive these messages
|
Village chief
|
82
|
29.8
|
Commune chief/ council
|
29
|
10.5
|
Government agency other
than health
|
35
|
12.7
|
From health extension works
|
103
|
29.3
|
From coordinators of church
|
26
|
7.4
|
Preferred channel of communication or mechanisms to get information
|
Radio or/and TV
|
153
|
43.6
|
House visit
|
90
|
25.6
|
Through Church/mosque
|
63
|
17.9
|
Pictures /posters
|
45
|
12.8
|
Factors associated with availability of latrine
In order to identify significant variables that were associated with the outcome variable, all significant variables with p-value less than 0.25 in bi-variate analysis were fitted into the final model. The model showed that currently any money saved towards having a latrine (AOR: 0.32, 95% CI [0.25, 0.42]), seen, heard or received any messages on sanitation and hygiene (AOR: 0.43, 95% CI [0.38, 0.51]) and place you see, hear, receive these messages (AOR: 2.95, 95% CI [1.11, 5.55]).
Religious institutions that had not saved money for sanitation and hygiene were 68% times less likely to have latrine than institutions that had saved money. Head of religious institutions that had not seen, heard or received any messages on sanitation and hygiene were 57% times less likely to own latrine than those who had seen, heard or received any messages on sanitation and hygiene. Head of religious institutions that had receive message from Posters or leaflets and newspapers or magazines were 2.95 times more likely to own latrine than received message by television and/or radio [Table 5].
Table 5: The main predictors of latrine availability among religious institutions of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, 2018 (n = 351)
Characteristics
|
Latrine Availability, n (%)
|
OR(95%CI )
|
Yes
|
No
|
Crude
|
Adjusted
|
Possible ways encouraging you build a latrine
|
Full subsidy and Contribution from NGOs
|
12(8.16)
|
135(91.84)
|
1.42(0.58-3.45)
|
NS
|
Community pressure and/or material and labor assistance
|
10(11.24)
|
79(88.76)
|
1
|
|
Currently any money saved towards having a latrine
|
Yes
|
9(56.25)
|
7(43.75)
|
1
|
1
|
No
|
57(25.91)
|
163(74.09)
|
0.27(0.09-0.76)
|
0.32(0.25-0.42)
|
Institution discussed about building latrine
|
Yes
|
34(30.09)
|
79(69.91)
|
1
|
NS
|
No
|
30(24.39)
|
93(75.61)
|
0.75(0.42-1.33)
|
|
Seen, heard or received any messages or materials on sanitation and hygiene
|
Yes
|
105(38.18)
|
170(61.82)
|
1
|
1
|
No
|
10(13.16)
|
66(86.84)
|
0.25(0.12-0.49)
|
0.43(0.38-0.51)
|
Kinds of sanitation and hygiene messages have you seen, heard or received
|
Build a latrine
|
26(28.89)
|
64(71.11)
|
1.89(0.90-3.97)
|
|
Use a latrine/ stop open defecation
|
27(46.55)
|
31(53.45)
|
0.88(0.41-1.92)
|
|
Proper solid, liquid waste management
|
8(53.33)
|
7(46.67)
|
0.67(0.21-2.17)
|
|
Wash hands with soap
|
24(36.92)
|
41(63.08)
|
1.31(0.61-2.84)
|
|
Water and food hygiene
|
20(43.48)
|
26(56.52)
|
1
|
NS
|
where did you see, hear, receive these messages
|
Posters or leaflets and newspapers or magazines
|
17(30.91)
|
38(69.09)
|
2.35(1.01-5.50)
|
2.95(1.11-5.55)
|
At community meetings
|
48(38.40)
|
77(61.60)
|
1.69(0.82-3.48)
|
1.95(0.86-3.58)
|
When visiting a health facility
|
14(25.00)
|
42(75.00)
|
3.16(1.32-7.55)
|
3.01(1.31-6.55)
|
On Television and/or Radio
|
20(51.28)
|
19(48.72)
|
1
|
1
|
From whom did you hear/ receive these messages
|
Village chief
|
23(28.05)
|
59(71.95)
|
2.99(1.21-7.43)
|
|
Commune chief/ council
|
13(44.83)
|
16(55.17)
|
1.44(0.49-4.16)
|
|
Government agency other
than health
|
16(45.71)
|
19(54.29)
|
1.39(0.50-3.84)
|
|
From health extension works
|
39(37.86)
|
64(62.14)
|
1.92(0.80-4.56)
|
|
From coordinators of church
|
14(53.85)
|
12(46.15)
|
1
|
NS
|
Age of the institution
|
1.00(1.0-1)
|
NS
|
Age of the respondent
|
1.014(0.99-1.03)
|
NS
|
Peoples permanently living here
|
0.99(0.99-1.00)
|
NS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NB: NS indicates non-significance