Functional Aspect of Social Relationships
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Social support
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Roberts et al.,1994 (USA)
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Social support (SSQ)
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Psychological status (SCL-90-R) & (distress GSI)
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Desirability
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1) Single patients who had support from friend demonstrated lower depression (r=-0.44), anxiety (r=-0.38), and overall severity of psychological distress (r=-0.41) (all p <0.05).
2) Married patients who had support from spouse demonstrated lower depression (r=-0.27) as well as overall severity of psychological distress (r=-0.27) (both p<0.01).
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Neuling et al., 1988 (Australia)
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Social support
(MDSS)
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Anxiety
(STAI)
Depression
(Wakefield Self-Assessment Depression Inventory)
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Not reported
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In hospital,
1) Anxiety was related to amount of support received from friends [F(1,49)=5.84;p<0.05] and satisfaction with support from family members [F(1,50)=4.54, p<0.05].
2) Depression was related to the amount of support from friends [F(1,49)=6.50, p<0.05] and satisfaction with family support [F(1,50)=5.58, p<0.05].
1-month post operation,
Anxiety was related to the amount of support received from friends [F(1,37)=6.77, p<0.05)
3-month post operation,
1) Anxiety was not related to the amount of support but was related to satisfaction with support from family [F(1,34)=9.72, p<0.005]
2) Depression was related to satisfaction with support from family [F(1,34)=5.60, p<0.05]
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Koopman et al., 1998 (USA)
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Social support
(Yale Social Support Index & single item measure)
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Mood disturbance
(POMS)
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Not reported
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Patients’ mood disturbances were positively associated with aversive social support.
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Lee et al., 2004, (Korea)
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Social Support (SSS)
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Mood disturbance (Linear Analogue Self-Assessment Scale)
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Not reported
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Patients with low social support reported higher mood disturbance (r=-0.25, p= 0.004).
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Maly et al., 2005, (USA)
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Emotional &Instrumental support (items developed based on qualitative interview)
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Depression (CES-D)
Anxiety (STAI-S)
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Socio-demographics, cancer stage, treatment type, comorbidity
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1) Patients demonstrated lower depressive when they had partners who helped around the house (β =-0.16, p=0.048).
2) In white women (patients), they showed more anxiety when they had other family members or friends who helped with bathing or dressing (β = 0.20, p=0.028)
3) In non-white women (patients), their anxiety became lower when they had children who listened to concerns or worries (β =-0.30, p=0.044) and helped around the house (β =-0.25, p=0.046).
4) In non-white women (patients), their depression became lower when they had children who helped around the house (β =-0.30, p=0.02).
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Palesh et al., 2006, (USA)
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Social support (UCLA Social Support Inventory)
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Mood disturbance
(POMS)
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Not reported
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No relationship was found between mood disturbances and satisfaction with social support
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Porter et al., 2006, (USA)
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Social support satisfaction (SSQ)
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Negative mood (POMS-SF)
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Not reported
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Patients demonstrated less negative mood state when their satisfaction with social support increased (β =-0.087, t=-2.041).
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Friedman et al., 2006, (USA)
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Social support (SSQ)
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Mood disturbances (TMD and POMS-SF)
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Not reported
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No association was found between mood disturbances and social support
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Kim & Morrow, 2007 (USA)
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Family support (FES)
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Anxiety
(STAI)
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Emetic score
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Higher family support predicted lower patients’ anxiety level (β =-0.36, p<0.001).
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Nausheen & Kamal, 2007 (Pakistan)
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Familial social support (FSSS)
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Depression
(SSDS)
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Not reported
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1) Patients showed less depression when they had strong familiar support (r=-0.85, p<0.001)
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Von Ah & Kang, 2008 (USA)
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Emotional and aid support (NSSQ)
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Mood disturbance (POMS-SF)
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Not reported
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1) Emotional support was associated with mood disturbance before (r=-.34, p<.01), after (r=-.47, p<.001) adjuvant therapy.
2) Aid support was associated with mood disturbances during (r=-.38, p<.001) adjuvant therapy.
3) Prior to adjuvant therapy, aid support had indirect effect on mood disturbance whereas emotional support has both indirect (ß=-0.42, p<.05) and direct effect (ß=-0.53) on mood disturbances
4) During adjuvant therapy, aid support has indirect effect of mood disturbance
5) After adjuvant therapy, emotional support has both direct (ß=-0.39, p<0.01) and indirect effects on mood disturbances.
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Gellaitry et al., 2010, (UK)
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Social Support (Significant Others Scale)
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Psychological well-being (POMS)
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Baseline measures
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In intervention group, patients demonstrated less depression when they were satisfied with emotional support (p<0.05)
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Gorman et al., 2010, (USA)
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Social support
(MOS-SSS)
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Depressive symptoms
(CES-D)
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Demographic and clinical characteristics, randomized assignment
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Patients with greater social support showed lower depressive symptoms (p<0.0001)
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Hasson-Ohayon et al., 2010, (Israel)
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Agent of Support and Type of Support
(CPASS)
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Psychological distress (BSI)
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Not reported
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1) Patients demonstrated lower depression when they had support from spouse (r=-0.16, p<0.05), family (r=-0.28, p<0.01), and friends (r=-0.24, p<0.01).
20 Patients demonstrated lower anxiety when they had support from family (r=-0.22, p<0.01).
3) Higher family support predicted lower patient’s psychological distress (β =-0.32, p<0.005).
4) Higher family support predicted lower depression and anxiety (β =-0.20, p<0.0057; β =-0.19, p<0.052).
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Kim et al., 2010, (USA)
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Social support (developed from previous studies using six items)
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Emotional well-being (FACT-B)
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Age, education level, race, living status, cancer stage
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1) Patients with strong social support reported good emotional well-being (r=.34, p<.001)
2) Social support influenced emotional well-being (ß=0.23, p<.001)
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Talley et al., 2010, (USA)
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Partner social support
(Items developed by Alferi et al, 2001)
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Depression
(CES-D)
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Age, income co-morbid illness, co-residence, distance from radiation treatment center, level of physical symptoms
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Patients showed lower levels of depression when they had greater partner emotional support (β =-0.23, p<0.05).
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Cohen et al., 2010, (Israel)
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Perceived social support
(self-report 10-item)
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Emotional distress (BSI-18)
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Demographics
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Perceived social support predicted the variance of emotional distress (β =-0.30, p<0.01)
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Hill et al., 2011, (UK)
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Perceived emotional support (MOS-SSS)
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MD (Major depression)
GAD (Generalized anxiety disorder)
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History of psychiatric disorder
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1) During one year after cancer diagnosis, low social support predicted onset of MD (OR=2.20, 95%CI=1.12-4.33, p<0.05)and GAD (OR=2.51, 95%CI=1.05-5.97, p<0.03)
2) Low social support predicted the risk of onset of both MD (OR=3.43, 95% CI=1.32-8.87, p=0.01) and GAD (OR=4.00, 95% CI=1.42-11.30, p=0.01)
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Lee et al., 2011, (Korea)
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Perceived Social Support (MOS-SSS)
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Depressive Mood (SDS)
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Demographics, menopausal status, BMI, exercise, drinking status.
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Worsen emotional support (p<0.001), informational (p=0.04) were associated with deteriorated depressive mood.
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Liu et al., 2011, (China)
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Social support (social support rating scale)
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Anxiety and depression (HADS)
Psychological stress (Psychological stress scale)
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Not reported
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1) Patients’ psychological stress were associated with social support (subjective and objective) and its utility (all p<0.05)
2) Both anxiety (r=-0.196, p<0.01; r=-0.128, p<0.05) and depression (r=-0.141, p<0.01; r=-0.168, p<0.01) were associated with objective support and its utility.
3) Depression was associated with subjective social support (r=-0.315, p<0.01).
4) Subjective social support (β =-0.108, p<0.05) and its utility (β = 0.329, p<0.05) were predictors of anxiety.
5) Objective social support (β =-0.249, p<0.05) was a predictor of depression
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Boinon et al., 2012, (France)
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Perceived social support (Cancer-specific questionnaire of social support)
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Depressive symptom (BDI-SF)
Negative affect (PANAS)
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Demographics, time since surgery, social sharing variables
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Patients with higher perceived negative support demonstrated higher depressive symptoms and negative affect (ß=0.24, p<0.05; ß=0,26, p<0.01)
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Jones et al., 2012, (Canada)
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Social support (MSPSS)
Unsupportive social interactions (USII)
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Health anxiety (MIHT)
Anxiety and depression (HADS)
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Demographics, cancer-related variables, general anxiety and depression
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1) Patients had a tendency to worry about their health (health anxiety-affective dimension) when they had unsupportive social interactions (r=0.36, p<0.001)
2) Patient’s health anxiety-affective dimension was predicted by unsupportive interactions (β = 0.21, p<0.05) and social support (β =-0.20, p<0.05).
3) Patients reported higher anxiety when they had lower perceived social support (r=-0.32, p<0.001) and unsupportive social interactions (r=0.41, p<0.001)
4) Patients reported higher depression when they had lower perceived social support (r=-0.33, p<0.001) and unsupportive social interactions (r=0.44, p<0.001)
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Mallinckordt et al., 2012,, (USA)
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Social support (SPS-M)
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Psychological distress (BSI)
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Not reported
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1) Patients demonstrated less psychological distress when they had higher social support (T1:r=-0.26, p<0.01; T2: r=-0.44,p<0.01).
2) A significant association was found between social support and psychological distress at both T1 and T2 (all p<0.01)
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Popoola & Adewuya, 2012 (Nigeria)
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Perceived social support (indicating on Likert scale)
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Depression (MINI)
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Not reported
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1) Depression was associated with perceived social support (p=0.001).
2) Perceived poor social support was a significant predictor of depression (β = 1.078, p=0.014)
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Aguado Loi et al., 2013, (USA)
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Social support group attendance (Demographic questionnaire)
Satisfaction with social support (Demographic questionnaire)
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Depression (PHQ-9)
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Not reported
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1) Increased depression was associated with satisfaction with family/peer support (β =-0.42, p<0.01).
2) The amount of support from family and friends was associated with depressive symptoms (β =-0.36, p<0.01).
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So et al., 2013, (China)
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Social support (MOS-SSS)
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Anxiety and Depression (HADS)
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None
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Patients showed lower levels of depression (β =-0.37, p<0.05) and anxiety (β =-0.28, p<0.05) when they had greater social support
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Waters et al., 2013, (USA)
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Perceived social support (MOS-SSS)
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Emotional well-being
(RAND 36-Item Health Survey)
Worry (FACT-B)
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Demographics, depression history and trait anxiety,
cancer stage, types of surgical and adjuvant treatments
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1) Patients showed higher worrying about cancer progression when they had lower social support (r=0.16, p<0.05).
2) Patients with higher social support reported better emotional well-being (Wilks’ Λ = l0.86, F[24,1,320]=2.9, p<.0001)
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Yi & Kim, 2013, (Korea)
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Social support (PRQ-II)
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Depressive symptom (CES-D)
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Not reported
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Patients with low social support reported higher depression (r=-.585, p<.0001).
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Boinon et al., 2014, (France)
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Perceived social support
(SSQ6)
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Psychological distress
(Impact of Event Scale)
Depressive symptoms
(Beck Depression Inventory)
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Not reported
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1) A higher level of depressive symptoms
at T2 (after adjuvant therapy) was associated with lower quantity of support
(r =-.20, p<0.05), instrumental support (r =-0.26, p<0.01), and informational support at T1(before adjuvant therapy) (r =-0.20, p<0.05)
2) Patients who perceived a higher instrumental support at T1 reported a lower level of depressive symptoms (β =-0.27, p<0.05) at T2
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Hasson-Ohayon et al., 2014, (Israel)
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Social support (CPASS)
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Psychological distress (BSI)
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None
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1) A significant association was found between social support and depression in younger patient group (β =-0.32, p=0.016).
2) No significant association was found between social support and depression in older patient group.
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Hughes et al., 2014, (USA)
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Social support (ESSI)
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Depression (CES-D)
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Demographics, comorbidities, cancer stage, time since treatment
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Patients with lower social support at T1(prior to cancer treatments) experienced higher level of depressive symptoms from T1 to T2 (6 months after the completion of cancer treatments) (β =-.47, t(137) =-2.97, p=0.004) than patients with more social support.
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Schleife et al., 2014, (Germany)
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Social support (VAS)
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Anxiety and Depression (HADS)
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Not reported
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1) Patients receiving social support showed less depression (r=-0.43, p<0.01) as well as anxiety (r=-0.36, p<0.01).
2) Higher social support decreased mental distress (β =-0.37, p<0.01).
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Wang et al., 2014, (China)
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Social support
(SSRS)
Perceived social support (PSSS)
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Depression
(CES-D)
Anxiety
(STAI)
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Not reported
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Patients with strong perceived social support (β =-0.29, p<0.01; β =-0.23, p<0.01) and objective social support (β =-0.12, p<0.05; β =-0.14, p<0.05) reported lower depression as well as anxiety
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Borstelmann et al., 2015, (USA)
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Perceived social support
(MOS-SSS)
Marital subscale of Perceive partner support
(CARES)
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Anxiety (HADS)
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Not reported
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1) Unsupported/partnered patients had higher anxiety (p<0.0001)
2) Patients with lower social support (OR=0.96, 95% CI=0.95–0.97) and unsupported/partnered (OR=2.09, 95% CI=1.34–3.24) reported higher anxiety
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Ozkaraman et al., 2015, (Turkey)
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Social support (CPSSS)
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Social image anxiety (SIAS)
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Not reported
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1) Patients demonstrated higher anxiety about body image when they received support from the spouse and/or children, but it was lower among women who had support only from friends (KW=16.20; p=0.02)
2) Higher anxiety was associated with decreasing reliance support (r=-0.35, p<0.001)
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Alfonsson et al., 2016, (Sweden)
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Lack of social support (Self-report Questionnaire)
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Anxiety and Depression (HADS)
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Not reported
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1) Lack of social support at T1 (shortly after diagnosis) predicted anxiety at T1 (p<0.001).
2) Lack of social support at T1 and T2 predicted anxiety at T2 (3 years after diagnosis) (p=0.027; p=0.020).
3) Lack of social support at T1 predicted depression at T1 (p=0.004).
4) Lack of social support at T1 and T2 predicted depression at T2 (p=0.01; p=0.002).
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Malicka et al., 2016, (Poland)
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Social support (BSSS)
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Anxiety (STAI)
Depression (BDI)
|
Not reported
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No association was found between social support and anxiety as well as depression.
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Berhili et al., 2017, (Morocco)
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Family support (ask direct question about family assistance)
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Anxiety and depression (HADS)
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Demographics, taking analgesic and/or anxiolytic treatment, current treatment type
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Patients demonstrated psychological distress when they had lack of social family support (p<0.001)
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Fong et al., 2017, (Canada)
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Social Support (MOS-SSS)
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Depressive symptoms (CES-D)
Stress (Perceived Stress Scale)
Positive and Negative Affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule)
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Demographics, cancer stage
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1) Decline in social support quality predicted increase in depression (p=0.003), negative affect (p=0.05), and stress (β =-0.22, p=0.01).
2) Decreases in social support quantity (β =-0.20) predicted increases in stress.
3) No association was found between social support quantity and negative and positive affect.
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Moon et al., 2017, (USA)
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Receiving emotional/instrumental support (counting the total number of message containing emotional/instrumental support expression)
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Depression
(CES-D)
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Demographics, total volume of message
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1) Patients who received emotional support by cancer survivors demonstrated greater reduction of depression (β =-0.32, p<0.001).
2) No association was found between receiving emotional support provided by other new patients and the reduction in depression.
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Schellekens et al., 2017, (Canada)
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Social support (MOS-SSS)
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Mood disturbances (POMS)
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Not reported
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In MBCR group, patients with increased social support reported changes in their mood disturbances (β =-0.24, p=0.004)
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Su et al., 2017, (Taiwan)
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Family support (APGAR)
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Psychiatric diagnosis
(MINI)
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Not reported
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Higher family support was associated with lower risk for major depressive disorder (β = 0.87, p<0.05).
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Thompson et al., 2017, (USA)
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Social support
(MOS-SSS)
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Depressive symptoms
(CES-D)
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Randomization assignment, levels of general health, depressive symptoms at baseline
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1) Patients with lower initial levels of social support demonstrated more severe depressive symptoms (β = 0.33, p<0.001)
2) Patients with lower baseline social support (β =-0.20, p<0.05) as well as greater decline in social support (β =-0.40, p<0.05) over time demonstrated more depressive symptoms over time
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Tomita et al., 2017, (Japan)
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Social support (MOS-SSS)
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Depressive symptoms (CES-D)
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Not reported
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Higher perceived social support decreased depressive symptoms
(β =-0.25)
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Bright & Stanton, 2018, (USA)
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Social support (ISEL-12)
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Depression (CES-D)
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Demographics, medical factors, number of children
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Greater social support at baseline was associated with lower depressive symptoms at 1month after hormone therapy (β =-0.41, p<0.001)
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Schmidt et al., 2018, (Germany)
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Perceived social support (MSPSS)
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Affective fatigue (FAQ)
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Socio-demographics, clinical characteristics
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Patients with poor social support (p=0.001) demonstrated increased affective fatigue
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Escalera et al., 2019, (USA)
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Social support (MOS-SSS)
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Psychological distress (BSI-18)
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Demographics, time since diagnosis, adjuvant breast cancer treatment, cancer stage, history of depression
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1) Patients demonstrated fewer depressive symptoms when they had emotional/informational support (β =-0.17, p=0.01), tangle support (β =-0.12, p=0.03), positive social interaction (β =-0.13, p=0.03)
2) Tangible support (β =-0.16, p=0.006), affectionate support (β =-0.21, p=0.001), and positive social interaction (β =-0.14, p=0.02) were negatively associated with anxiety symptoms
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Wondimagegnehu et al., 2019, (Ethiopia)
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Social support (MSPSS)
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Depression (PHQ-9)
|
Not reported
|
Depressed patients were found to have lower social support than non-depressed women (p=0.027)
|
Janowski et al., 2020, (Poland)
|
Social support (Disease-related Social Support Scale)
|
Depression (BDI)
|
Not reported
|
1) Women with greater social support demonstrated lower depression than those with lower social support (t=4.08, p<0.001)
2) Spiritual support was a significant predictor of depressive symptoms (R2=0.27, β =-0.52, t=-5.01, p<0.001).
|
Social support and /or social constraints
|
Schmidt & Andrykowski
2004, (USA)
|
Social support
(DUKE-SSQ)
Social constraints (SCS)
|
Anxiety and Depression (HADS)
|
Not reported
|
1) Patients with greater social support demonstrated lower depression (β =-0.23, p<0.001)
2) Patients with greater social constraints demonstrated greater depression as well as anxiety (β = 0.31, p<0.001; β = 0.34, p<0.001)
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Wong et al., 2018, (USA)
|
Social constraints (Social constraints scale)
Social support (Chinese version of MOS-SSS)
|
Depressive symptoms
(CES-D)
|
Demographic, medical variables, cancer stage
|
1) The indirect effect of social constraints on depressive symptoms through social support was significant (β = 0.11, p<0.01)
2) The direct effect of social support on depressive symptoms was significant (β =-0.28, p<0.01)
|
Lally et al., 2019, (USA)
|
Social constraints
|
Depressive symptoms (CES-D)
|
No covariates
|
1) Patients who perceived social constraints from family/friends and spouse/partner reported higher depressive symptoms
2) Patients who experienced increased on family/friends social constraints reported no changes in their depressive symptoms (p=0.049)
3) Patients who experienced decreased family/friends social constraints reported decreased depressive symptoms (p=0.049)
|
Social support and family functioning (family conflict and family stress)
|
Lueboonthavatchai, 2007, (Thailand)
|
Social support (SSQ)
Family functioning
(Family relationship and functioning questionnaire)
|
Anxiety and depression (HADS)
|
Not reported
|
1) Patients’ anxiety and depression were associated with social support (p<0.001) and family relationship and functioning (p<0.001).
2) Poor family relationship and functioning was a predictor of anxiety and depression (p<0.05).
|
Mantani et al., 2007, (Japan)
|
Family functioning (FAD)
|
Anxiety
(Zung self-rating anxiety scale)
Depression
(Zung self-rating depression scale)
|
Not reported
|
Patients demonstrated higher depression when they perceived inappropriate affective responsiveness among family members (β = 0.59, p<0.01).
|
Ashing-Giwa et al., 2013, (USA)
|
Social support (MOS-social support survey)
Family stress (five-items from Life Stress Scale)
|
Depressive symptom (CES-D)
|
Not reported
|
Patients with low social support (r=-.37, p<.01) as well as family stress (r=.522, p=<.01) reported more depressive symptoms
|
Segrin et al., 2018, (USA)
|
Family conflict (Family Assessment Device)
|
Anxiety (PROMIS-Anxiety short form)
Depressive symptoms
(CES-D)
|
Not reported
|
1) Patients demonstrated higher depressive symptoms when family conflict was high (β = 0.17, p<0.01)
2) Patients demonstrated higher anxiety when their family conflict was high (β = 0.11, p<0.05)
|
Quality of relationships
|
Giese-Davis & Hermanson,
2000, (USA)
|
Quality of couple’s relationship (FRI): cohesion, expression, conflict
|
Mood disturbance (POMS)
|
Income
|
Patients demonstrated lower mood disturbance when they rated the relationship (w/partners) greater in cohesion-expression (β =-0.42, p<0.01) as well as greater in conflict (β =-0.40, p<0.001)
|
Manne et al., 2007, (USA)
|
Relationship satisfaction (DAS)
|
Psychological distress (Mental Health Inventory)
|
Sociodemographic, ECOG, surgery type, functional impairment, time since diagnosis, length of relationship
|
Greater patient relationship satisfaction was associated with decreased patients’ psychological distress (β =-0.07, p<0.0001)
|
Segrin et al., 2007, (USA)
|
Relationship satisfaction
(RAS)
|
Anxiety (PANAS, SF-12, ICS, and GSDS)
Depression (CES-D)
|
Not reported
|
1) No association was found between patients’ anxiety and her reported relationship quality
2) Higher anxiety was found in patients when their partners reported dissatisfied relationship quality (T1:r=-0.20, p<0.05; T2:r=-0.28, p<0.01; T3:r=-0.27, p<0.05)
|
Al-Zaben et al., 2015,
(Saudi Arabia)
|
Marital quality (SPS&QMI)
|
Anxiety and Depression (HADS)
|
Not reported
|
No significant association was found of anxiety/depression with the quality of the marital relationship
|
Structural Aspect of Social Relationships
|
Simpson et al., 2002, (Canada)
|
Social Integration (ISSSI)
|
Mental Health (SCL&SCID)
Depression (BDI)
|
Age, group membership, GAF, BDI, and GSI scores, baseline social support score
|
1) Women who had psychiatric illness assessed by SCID had lower social support (p<0.001).
2) Social integration was not a predictor of the present of psychiatric illness.
3) Social integration (adequacy of close relationships) was a predictor of depression at 1-year post intervention (β =-0.23, p<0.01).
4) Social integration (adequacy of more distant supports) was a predictor of global severity of depression at 1 year post-intervention (β =-0.36, p<0.001).
|
Both Aspects of Social Relationships
|
Brothers & Andersen, 2009, (USA)
|
Perceived social support (PSS-F)
Social network index (SNI)
Presence of significant other/romantic partner
|
Depression (CES-D)
|
Physical functioning
|
1) Depression was not associated with perceived social support
2) Patients’ depression at both initial and follow-up was associated with the presence of support person (r=-0.25, p<0.05; r=-0.44, p<0.05)
3) The presence of significant others (β =-0.26, p<0.01) was a significant predictor of depression at follow-up.
|
Gagliardi et al., 2009, (Italy)
|
Social network (Social Network List)
Social support (1 to 4 Likert-type scale)
|
Anxiety
(ASQ)
Depression
(CDQ)
|
Not reported
|
1) Patients demonstrated lower anxiety (r=-0.43, p<0.01) and depression (r=-0.35, p<0.05) when they had strong informational support from kins
2) Patients demonstrated lower anxiety when they had strong emotional support (r=-0.356, p<0.05) from kins
3) No association was found between social network and patients’ anxiety and depression
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Puigpinos-Riera et al., 2018, (Spain)
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Social network (SNI)
Social support (MOS-SS)
Co-habitation at home
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Anxiety and depression (HADS)
|
Not reported
|
1) High risks of depression and anxiety were associated with social isolation (p=0.00; p=0.00) and low social support (p=0.00; p=0.00)
2) Living alone was associated with anxiety (p=0.011).
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Wang et al., 2019, (USA)
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Social support (MOS-SSS)
Social network index (count a total number of people who talk at least once every two weeks)
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Depression and anxiety
(PROMIS-short form)
|
Demographics, the level of acculturation (only for Chinese women), and clinical variables
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1) Patients showed more depression and anxiety when they had less social support (all p<0.05)
2) No association was found between social network and patients’ anxiety and depression
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