Production of Bio-ethanol from Solid Waste Paper Using Biological Activation

Biomass energy is renewable energy source that comes from the material of plants and animals. Forms of 10 biomass energy are bio-ethanol, bio methanol, and biodiesel. Bio-ethanol is one of the most important 11 alternative energy sources that substitute the fossil fuels. The focus of this research is to produce bio- 12 ethanol from waste office paper. Five laboratory experiments were conducted to produce bio-ethanol from 13 wastepaper. The wastepaper was dried in oven and cut in to pieces. Then it passed through dilute acid 14 hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation process respectively. High amount of ethanol was observed at 20 15 ml/g (liquid to solid ratio) and at the time of 2hr. Cost and economic analysis for ethanol production from 16 wastepaper was performed. Results from the analysis indicated a paper to ethanol plant was feasible from 17 the economic point of view with rate of return (RR) 38.61% and the payback period of 2.2 years. 18


Introduction 20
Energy is the prosperity that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on or to the object. It can be 21 classified in to renewable and non-renewable energy resource (Solomon, B. D., et al., 2007). Non -renewable energy 22 is any energy resource that cannot be replaced during the time of a human life span (Stokes H. 2005). It takes Non-renewable energy resources are nuclear energy and fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas). Renewable energy is the 26 term used to cover those energy flows that occur naturally and repeatedly in the environment and can be harnessed

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Bioethanol is one of the most important alternative renewable energy source that substitute the fossil fuels due to its 32 potential to reduce negative environmental impacts such as air pollution and greenhouse gas emission (Hopkins,

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Wastepaper consists of a considerable share of municipal and industrial waste even though recycling efforts have 41 been strengthened in recent years by legal provisions like the Packaging directive. However, the recycling rate of 42 wastepaper is low and the recycled wastepaper has a low grade paper product because of shorted fiber length (Gaur,43 K. 2006, Hamelinck, C., van Hooijdonk, G. and Faaij, A. 2003).

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Since the shortening of paper fibers decreases the quality of paper, the maximum ratio of paper-to-paper recycling is 45 said to be 65% (Ikeda, Y., Park, E. Y., &Naoyuki, O. 2006, Wayman. .M and Parekh. S. R. 1990). This means that a 46 certain fraction of paper would always be sent to disposal. Still, wastepaper is considered as one of the prospective 47 and renewable biomass materials to produce bioethanol (Karuppiah, R., Peschel, A., Martin, M., Grossmann, I. and 48 Zullo, L. 2007, Kim SH. 2004). The reasons for this include (Lark N, Xia Y, Qin C-G, Gong CS, Tsao GT. 1997).

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Waste papers are relatively abundant, They are economically competitive with other biomass feed stocks as they are 50 relatively low costs, They contain relatively high levels of carbohydrates that are potential convertible to bioethanol,

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They are likely to be easily digestible without aggressive physical or chemical pre-treatments, Utilization of waste 52 papers for bio-ethanol production may offer a useful and valuable alternative route to managing these papers in

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Furthermore, Paper recycling technology itself has limitations, for example, effective deinking technology is needed 55 to produce high quality paper products and recycling to paper is very difficult for wastepaper that has been mixed 56 with other organic' waste (kitchen/garden waste etc.) (

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The carbohydrate polymers in lignocellulosic materials need to be converted to simple sugars before fermentation,

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After that, the pH of the obtained product was adjusted at 4.5-5.5 by adding sodium hydroxide solution 5M.

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Before addition of any microorganism to the diluted hydrolyzed sample, pH of these samples had to be adjusted.

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Otherwise the microorganism will die in hyper acidic or basic state. A pH of around 4.5 -5.5 was maintained. The If the pH went below 4.5 -5.5, sodium hydroxide solution was added drop wise to the flask with constant stirring 100 until the pH reaches to a range of 4.5 -5.5. When the pH went beyond 4.5 -5.5, concentrated sulfuric was added 101 drop wise to maintain the pH in the range.

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About 5 ml fermented sample was taken and pinch of potassium dichromate and a few drops of H 2 SO 4 were added.

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Color change from orange to green indicated the presence of bio-ethanol. The focus of this research is to produce bio-ethanol from waste office paper by acid hydrolysis and subsequent 121 fermentation. The Table below shows the value of hydrolysis parameter and the corresponding amount of ethanol of 122 this research.
123 Table 2. Values of Hydrolysis Parameters and the corresponding result of the research.

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High amount of ethanol was observed at 20 Liquid to solid ratio (ml/g) and at the time of 2hr. By varying time and 126 taking constant liquid to solid ratio (ml/g) the obtained amount of bio-ethanol is described in the Table below. 127 The graphical representation of the obtained results is shown in the Figure  The results showed that maximum ethanol amount is achieved at 120 min. Therefore, time taken is 120 min for 132 further study. The three experiments were carried out by varying the Liquid to solid ratio (ml/g) and with constant 133 time.
134 Table 4. Amount of bioethanol at constant time (120 min)

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The graphical representation of the obtained results is shown in the Figure below. The data revel that there was substantial decreases in the amount of bio ethanol when waste office paper was treated 139 with 10 and 30 ml/g. While when treated at 20 ml/g high amount of bio ethanol was obtained.

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High bio ethanol amount was obtained at 20ml/g for 120 min which is 4ml/10g. So, this condition became 147 preferable for the production of bio ethanol from waste paper.

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BioethanolCharacterization 149  and then refined and maintained as a control instrument as production continues. When any changes occur in the 156 process the material balances need to be determined again.

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The increasing cost of energy has caused the industries to examine means of reducing energy consumption in 158 processing. Energy balances are used in the examination of the various stages of a process, over the whole process 159 and even extending over the total production system from the raw material to the finished product. The energy  The term that is added in a chemical process is known as generation and the term that is subtracted in a chemical 175 process is known as consumption.

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If there is some sort of chemical reaction entire the general equation for material balances,

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If there is no chemical reaction the process is at steady state (when there is no change) which means there is no 179 generation and consumption. This implies accumulation is zero.

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Accumulations are time rates of change of the amount of the entities within the boundary. For example, in the 181 absence of sources and sinks, an accumulation occurs when the input and output rates are different.

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Except in nuclear processes, mass is neither generated nor consumed; but if a chemical reaction takes place a 184 particular chemical species may be formed or consumed in the process. 189 Assume Production capacity of 3,000,000 gal/yr of ethanol with plant operation of 300 days/yr.

I. Distillation
➢ If there is no chemical reaction the steady-state balance reduces to

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As with mass, energy can be considered to be separately conserved in all but nuclear processes.

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The conservation of energy, however, differs from that of mass in that energy can be generated (or consumed) in a 251 chemical process.

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As for material a general equation can be written for the conservation of energy: 254 Accumulation = Energy in + generationconsumption -Energy out

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An energy balance can be written for any process step. Chemical reaction will evolve energy (exothermic) or 256 consume energy (endothermic). For steady-state processes the accumulation of both mass and energy will be zero.

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It is convenient and useful, to take the terms U and PV together; defining the term enthalpy, usually symbol H, as: In chemical processes, the kinetic and potential energy terms are usually small compared with the heat and work Dryer For many processes the work term will be zero, or negligibly small, and equation 2 reduces to the simple heat 267 balance equation:

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Where heat is generated in the system; for example, in a chemical reactor: Where: Q s = heat generated in the system 272 Q p = process heat added to the system to maintain required system temperature.

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If heat is evolved (exothermic processes) Q s is taken as positive, and if heat is absorbed (endothermic processes) it is The bio-ethanol production from solid waste paper was successful. The best conditions for acid hydrolysis of 10 g of 318 raw material were 200 mL of 5% sulfuric acid and 120 min of reaction time at 121 ºC. After fermentation with

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 0.4 mL of bio-ethanol/g was obtained. Finally, some properties were measured 320 according the standards and the obtained bio-ethanol conforms to the set limit. Based on the obtained results, it can 321 be concluded that waste paper is a suitable raw material for bio-ethanol production. It was found that a paper to 322 ethanol plant was feasible from the economic point of view. It makes a significant annual multi-million birr profit,

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with payback time being less than three years. Therefore, Ethanol production from wastepaper is doubtlessly an 324 attractive business from economic and environmental point of view. This technology can be used as an alternative 325 solution for sustainable waste management and material / energy recovery.

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design fieldwork, data collection, data analysis and interpretation using and writing the manuscript. Both the authors 333 read and approved the final manuscript.

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Not applicable to this manuscript.

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Availability of data and materials

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We declare that the data and materials used in this manuscript can be made available as per the editorial policy of 338 the journal.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

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Not applicable to this manuscript.

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Not applicable to this manuscript.