The New Probiotic Lactobacillus Plantarum Strain Isolated from Traditional Dairy Showed The Synergistic Effect on Aflatoxin B1 Detoxification Along with Nanochitosan Particles


 Background: Reduction of aflatoxin toxins in food products is of great importance. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of new Lactobacillus plantarum strain isolated from dairy products as well as chitosan nanoparticles were studied on reducing of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) toxicity in vitro.Methods: After collection and preparation yogurt, cheese, milk and whey products, lactic acid bacteria (LABs) were isolated and identified using biochemical and molecular methods. To measure probiotic activity, pH, bile and salt tolerance tests were used. Then, the antimicrobial activity of LABs against gastrointestinal pathogens was studied. Next, the cheese-separated strain (C1) was selected as the superior strain and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. Then, the effect of C1 isolate and chitosan nanoparticles on reducing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the medium was studied by measuring AFB1 using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: The results of biochemical evaluations indicated the separation of different strains of Lactobacillus plantarum. Antimicrobial activity test showed extensive antimicrobial activity of C1 isolate. The results showed that this strain has good probiotic activities. This strain was shown to be resistant to the antibiotics erythromycin, fusidic acid, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, ofloxacin and vancomycin. C1 strain together with chitosan nanoparticles had the ability to reduce AFB1 in the medium and when both were used simultaneously, and synergistic effect in reducing AFB1 from the medium was seen.Conclusion: In general, it was concluded that the new C1 L. plantarum strains together with chitosan nanoparticles could have synergistic effects in reducing AFB1 toxin in food products.


Introduction
A atoxins as the strongest mycotoxins (Man et al., 2017) are secondary metabolites produced by the fungal species including Aspergillus nomius, Aspergillus avus, Aspergillus parasiticus (Gizachew et al., 2019). There are four type of a atoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) that are carcinogenic to both humans and animals, among them, B1 is the most potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic a atoxin (Ostry et al., 2017). A atoxin B1 (AFB1) is very common in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (Hamid et al., 2013).
Strategies to reduce a atoxin contamination are based on the use of chemicals, which pose a risk of environmental pollution (Mohammed et al., 2018). Therefore, in recent years, other alternative methods have been considered, which include the use of microorganisms and plant essential oils in controlling the growth of a atoxin-producing fungi (Gomez et al., 2018, Intanoo et al., 2018. The use of lactic acid bacteria (LABs) is the one of the strategies of a atoxin removal from products. Numerous researchers have shown that some species of lactic acid bacteria and Bi dobacteria isolated from dairy can be effective in reducing a atoxin contaminations (Istiqomah et al., 2017, Ibitoye et al., 2020. Chitosan is a copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine, which is produced by the N-deacetylation of chitin and is a colorless, odorless substance whose good properties include non-toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility (Wei et al., 2020). In recent years, the application of chitosan nanoparticles has attracted much attention due to its antimicrobial activity in the food and pharmaceutical industries (Perinelli et al., 2018). The antimicrobial properties of chitosan nanoparticles have been attributed to the interaction of the positively charged chitosan free group with the cell wall anions of microorganisms that alter cell wall permeability (Ma et al., 2017). It has also been reported that chitosan nanoparticles can cause resistance to microbial infections by increasing the accumulation of macrophages and activating them and inducing cytokines secretion (Rashki et al., 2020). The use of chitosan nanoparticles in microbial control is an environmentally friendly approach that reduces fungal infections.
Therefore, due to environmental and health concerns of fungicides usage thay can indirectly affect human health, so it is necessary to study approaches to reduce the mycotoxins in food products. Therefore, the present study was aimed to isolate probiotic Lactobacillus bacteria from traditional Iranian dairy products for investigating their a atoxin B1 detoxi cation potentials and study their synergistic effects with chitosan nanoparticles in removing a atoxin B1 in vitro. Isolated probiotic bacteria along with chitosan nanoparticles can be added to livestock and poultry feed as a binder toxin.

Materials And Methods
Sample collection Ten Yogurt, ve cheese, eight milk and ve whey products of Iranian traditional dairy from Shiraz villages products were used to separate lactic acid bacteria and random sampling was performed according to the method (Hoque et al., 2010). We isolate 24 strains, among them 6 strains were selected for further study.

Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from samples
Separation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the samples was performed according to recentenly reported method by Vanniyasingam et al. (2019). Brie y, 1gr samples was taken and they were serially diluted to 10 -5 and spread on de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium after homogenization. MRS medium contains 0.4% yeast extract 2.0% glucose 0.5% sodium acetate trihydrate and 0.1% polysorbate 80. The petri dishes were then placed at 37 °C for two days in anaerobic conditions (5% CO2) , after which LAB colonies were removed from the medium and streaked on MRS agar medium to increase purity. Then, the produced LAB colonies were kept at -20 °C in broth containing 18% glycerol for further studies.

Identi cation of bacteria
To identify bacteria, Gram staining, morphology, Indole test for observation of SH2 production and tryptophan decomposition, catalase, CO2 gas production, staining of spores with malachite green dye, fermentation of different carbohydrates, and Simmon Citrate differential tests were used (Temmerman et al., 2004).
Activation of selected bacteria MRS broth was used to incubate the isolated lactic acid bacteria at 30 ° C for 18 hours. After 18 hours, the number of bacteria was examined and they were cultured in brain-heart infusion agar slants (Oxoid, CM 1136) and stored at 4 ° C (Yang and Chang, 2010).

Evaluation of probiotic activites of isolated lactic acid bacteria pH tolerance test
To perform this test, The selected LAB isolate was cultured in MRS broth culture medium with different pHs from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 (pH adjusted by HCl and 5% NaOH) and incubated at 37 °C for 72 hrs in anaerobic conditions (5% CO2). Then samples were taken separately from each pH and cultured on MRS agar (37 ° C, 24 h) and the survival of the isolates was con rmed by colonies growth. Also the growth of LAB was measured with a spectrophotometer at wave length of 620 nm (Gotcheva et al., 2002).

Bile tolerance test
The selected LAB isolate was cultured in MRS broth supplemented with 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 % oxgall (pH 6) and incubated at 37° C for 72 hrs in anaerobic conditions (5% CO2). The survival of each sample was con rmed by culturing and growing them on MRS agar (37 ° C, 24 h), moreover the growth of LAB was monitored using spectrophotometer. (Gotcheva et al., 2002).

Salt (NaCl) tolerance test
The selected LAB isolate was cultured in MRS broth supplemented with 2.5, 4.5, 6.5 and 8.5% NaCl and incubated at 37 ° C for 72 hrs in anaerobic conditions (5% CO2). After that The survival of the isolates was con rmed by culture and colonies growth on MRS agar (37 ° C, 24 h) and the growth of LAB was measured with a spectrophotometer. (Gotcheva et al., 2002) Molecular identi cation Bacterial Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) was isolated by DENAzist Bacterial DNA isolation kit (Denazist Asia,Co, Mashhad,Iran) following manufacture instructors. Brie y, 1mL of bacterial culture medium was centrifuged at 18928 g for 2 min and the supernatant was separated. Nanodrops were used to measure the quantity and quality of extracted DNA (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA). Speci c primers for ampli cation of 16S ribosomal RNA (16SrRNA) fragments included F-5 'ATTCATAGTCTAGTTGGAGGT3' and R-5'-CCTGAACTGAGAGAATATTTGA-3. Bacterial genome DNA ampli cation was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The temperature program used included the initial temperature of 94 ° C for 3 min for denaturation, which followed by 32 cycles included the 1min denaturation phase at 94 ° C, 1min the annealing phase at 58 °C and 1 minutes extension phase at 72 °C. PCR products were run on 1.5% gel electrophoresis.

Antimicrobial activity of LAB against bacterial patogens
The selected lactobacillus isolate was cultured in MRS medium and incubated at 37 °C for 48 hrs. They were centrifuged at 1792 g for 10 min and the supernatant was ltered by a 0.22 micron lter. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of LABs, agar well diffusion method was used against bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract such as Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (SH), Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Proteus vulgaris TG 155. MRS culture of C1 strain was centrifuged for 7 min at 7000 g and then supernatant passed through a 0.22 μm lter. MRS medium containing the studied pathogens was prepared at a nal concentration of 10 6 CFU ml -1 . Wells with a diameter of 5 mm were drilled on the surface of agar and lled with 100 μl of supernatant. The plates were placed at 5 °C for 2 hrs and then incubated for 2 days at 37 °C. Absence or presence of inhibitory zones was recorded (

Preparation of the standard AFB1
A atoxin B1 (code:A6636) purchased from (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc, Munich, Germany) was dissolved in benzene-acetonitrile organic solvent according to manufacture instructions. Phosphate buffer was used to dilute the sample. To remove the organic solvent, water bath was used at 80 °C for 15 minutes (Fazeli et al., 2009). After that, HPLC was performed to evaluate the quality and quantity of AFB1.

Extraction of AFB1 from Aspergillus avus
First, A. avus (PTCC 5018) purchased from (Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Co, Tehran, Iran) was cultured in Potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium in several asks and incubated at 26 °C for two weeks. In order to extract a atoxin from PDB medium, the contents of each ask were rst mixed uniformly. The contents of the asks were then passed through a Whatman 42 paper lter (with a porosity of 2 to 3 µm). For every 100 ml of ltered solution, 40 ml of chloroform solvent was added and the resulting mixture was stirred in a decanter funnel for 20 min. After 24 hrs, the lower phase containing chloroform solvent and a atoxin was isolated. The solvent was separated by a rotary apparatus at 45°C under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in 10 ml of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) purity methanol solvent (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and passed through a 0.22 µm nozzle lter. The concentrated sample was stored in a freezer at -20 °C. Then (HPLC) was performed for qualitative identi cation and quantitative measurement of AFB1 (Mekawey, 2018).

Determination of a atoxin B1 by HPLC
The reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure used for the analysis of AFB1 residues in the samplesof the supernatant uids was as described by Fazeli et al. (2009). The HPLC system (model 2695, Waters Alliance, Milford, MA) was tted with a dual-series pump solvent delivery system. A model 474 programmable uorescence detector (Waters Alliance) and an ODS Sphere 5 C-18 column (4.6 mm by 25 cm by 5 μm) tted a guard column. Water-acetonitrile-methanol (6:2:3 [vol/vol/ vol]) was used as the mobile phase, with a ow rate of 1.000 ± 0.005 ml min -1 . The assay was carried out at room temperature with an injection volume of 40 μl. The detection wavelengths for excitation and emission were set at 345 and 435 nm, respectively. The retention time of AFB1 was approximately 8 min (Fazeli et al., 2009).
In vitro study of the effect of LAB and nanochitosan on AFB1 Measurement of free and LAB attached a atoxin B1 C1 strain was cultured in MRS broth and after a maximum growth of 48 hours (a volume of the culture broth corresponding to approximately 4.5×10 9 CFU ml -1 ), the tubes containing the bacteria were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 1008 g. C1 precipitate was washed 3 times each time with 5 ml of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and added to 5 ml of standard and extracted a atoxin B1 solution in separate vials. The concentration of standard a atoxin B1 was 5 μg kg -1 and the concentration of extracted a atoxin B1 was 0.5 μg kg -1 . Then they were incubated for 48 hrs at 37 ° C. The supernatant (200µL) were collected at different time intervals (0, 24 and 48 hrs), then each centrifuged for 15 minutes at 1792 g. Free a atoxin was isolated for measurement. The samples were screened with the The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) a atoxin B1 kit (ELISA kit, ZellBio, Co, Berlin, Germany) and the optimal sample was analyzed by HPLC, and nally the amount of a atoxin attached to the bacteria was calculated. Then the collected supernatant samples resuspended in remaining samples to continue incubation for studing the incubation time effects.
Measurement of nanochitosan-attached a atoxin B1 Nanochitosan (particle size 40 nm, medium molecular weight 75%, deacetylated) was purchased from (Nano pooyesh yekta corporation.Tehran, Iran) The chitosan nanoparticles (the concentrations 1.5 -2.5 -4.5 mg ml -1 ) was dissolved in 1% acetic acid solution (pH 5.5) and incubated for 24 hrs. After preparation, different dilutions of nanoparticles (diluted in the concentrations 0.15 , 0.25 , 0.45 mg ml -1 ) were added to 5 ml of standard and extracted a atoxin B1 solution (respectively with concentrations 1 μg kg -1 and 0.1 μg kg -1 ) in separate vials. Then they were incubated for 48 hrs at 37°C. The samples were then collected at time intervals of 0, 24 and 48hrs and then the samples were centrifuged at 1792 g for 15 min to measure free a atoxin. Samples were screened with ELISA a atoxin B1 kit and the optimal sample was analyzed by HPLC.
To evaluate the effect of pH, the optimum concentration of chitosan nanoparticles (obtained in the previous step) was incubated in 5 ml of standard and extracted a atoxin B1 solution (respectively with concentrations 1 μg kg -1 and 0.1 μg kg -1 ) at pHs 5.5, 7 and 8 in separate vials at 37 °C for 24 hrs. Then the sample was centrifuged at 1792 g for 15 min to measure the amount of a atoxin B1 bound to HPLC chitosan nanoparticles and the percentage of adsorption e ciency was calculated.
Measurement of the synergistic effect of LAB and chitosan nanoparticles in reducing the toxicity effectiveness of a atoxin B1 LAB was cultured in MRS broth medium and incubated for 48 hrs (4.5×10 9 CFU ml -1 ). Then the medium centrifuged for 15 min at 1008 g. Bacterial precipitate was added to 5 ml of standard and extracted a atoxin B1 solution after washing three times with 5 ml of PBS. The concentration of standard a atoxin B1 was 1 μg kg -1 and the concentration of extracted a atoxin B1 was 0.1 μg kg -1 .
Also, chitosan nanoparticles after the same preparation as the prior step (with the optimal concentration obtained in the previous step) were added to the solution and incubated for 24 hrs (the optimal time obtained in the previous step) at 37 °C. Then centrifuged for 15 min at 1792 g and nally the percentage of a atoxin bound to bacteria and chitosan nanoparticles was calculated by HPLC.

Statistical analysis
All in vitro assays were conducted in triplicate and data were expressed as means ± SD. Experiments related to AFB1 detoxi cation were performed based on a completely randomized design in factorial format. SPSS software version 26 was used for data analysis. Tukey's Multiple Range Test was used to compare the means. P <0.05 was considered as a signi cant level.

Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from dairy products
In the present study, 6 bacterial cultures were isolated from milk, yogurt, cheese and curd after one day of incubation at 37°C. Three isolates were isolated from milk (M1, M2 and M3), and three isolate from yogurt (Y1), cheese (C1) and whey (W1) (Figure 1).

Biochemical Evaluations
Bacteria were examined for Gram staining, morphology, catalase, oxidase, spore, urease, nitrate reduction, sul de indole motility (SIM) and citrate tests. All bacteria were gram-positive, catalase negative, oxidase negative, negative spores, urease negative, nitrate reduction negative, SIM negative, citrate negative and non-motile. Bacteria grew in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, so all bacteria were facultative anaerobes. These results are consistent with the general speci cations of LABs and the results of biochemical evaluation of 6 isolates separated from different dairy products are given in Table 1.

Investigation Of Probiotic Activities Of Selected Lab
The growth results of Lactobacillus selected strains separated from different dairy products indicated that C1 strain has a high tolerance against a wide spectrum of pH, so that from pH 2 to pH 9, this strain grew, indicating high tolerance to the acidic condition of the small intestine and the probiotic properties of this strain ( Figure 2).
Among the strains, the C1 strain showed the best resistance to the different concentrations of bile and NaCl. The results of the present study showed that C1 strain survived well in different bile concentrations from 0.1-1.2% during the 48-hour incubation period. The initial growth of the C1 isolate was slow for up to 6 hrs, but the exponential growth of the strain began 6 hrs after cultivation and continued for 48 hrs. The growth rate of strain C1 was then reduced, indicating the bile-tolerant of this strain ( Figure   3a).
In the present study, NaCl tolerance test of the selected strains was conducted and the results showed good survival of C1 isolate at high concentration of NaCl. However, when the salt concentration increased the other strains growth were severely retarded ( Figure  3b).
The growth of isolated strains on MRS agar after exposure to the test conditions showed survive of lactic acid bacteria, also Presence of cell growth was con rmed in strain C1.

Molecular Identi cation
Gel electrophoresis The selected LAB isolate (C1) was identi ed by PCR technique as Lactobacillus plantarum (Figure 4a). The blast of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain C1 in the NCBI database indicated 100% similarity with Lactobacillus plantarum strain ZT-LpI.34.

The Phylogenetic Tree
The results of blasting the 16S rRNA gene sequence of C1 isolate with 6 other strains in NCBI database indicated 100% identity of selected C1 strain with ZT-LpI.34 strain (Figure 4b).
The phylogenetic tree was drawn with the Mega 7 program.

Antimicrobial Activity
The identi ed LABs isolates were studied against gastrointestinal pathogens including Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris and the results showed that LABs isolated from different dairy products have variable antimicrobial activities. Isolate C1 showed antimicrobial activity on all pathogens, however, other strains showed antimicrobial activity against some pathogens and M3 strain showed the lowest antimicrobial activity ( Table 2). The isolated strains were tested against a wide range of antibiotics and the results showed that C1 strain was resistant to the erythromycin, fusidic acid, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, o oxacin and vancomycin antibiotics, but was sensitive to the cephalothin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin, tetracycline and novobiocin antibiotics (Table 3, Figure 5). Table 3  The isolated LABs antibiotic resistance   Isolates  ERI  FUS  GEN  KAN  NA  CEP  CLI  NEO  OFX  CLO  CLOXA  VAN  TET

Detoxifying Of A atoxin B1 By Lab And Nanochitosan
The results of the present study indicated a positive effect of the selected Lactobacillus strain on the reduction of both standard and extracted AFB1 in the medium. The rate of AFB1 adsorption was high and the highest binding of standard and extracted AFB1 to the bacterial strain was observed within 24 hours (Figure 6a, b). Standard and extracted AFB1 contents reduced by 44% and 39.17%, respectively, by selected Lactobacillus strain.
A decrease in the standard and extracted AFB1 content of the medium was observed with the application of chitosan nanoparticles at different concentrations. The maximum reduction of standard and extraced AFB1 was observed at a concentration of 0.25 and 2.5 mg l −1 over 24 hrs, respectively (reduction of 17% and 25.59% in the content of standard and extracted AFB1, respectively) (Figure 6c,d). Also, the best effect was observed at pH 7.
An important nding in the present study was that when the selected Lactobacillus strain was used in combination with nanochitosan, a sharp decrease in the content of both standard and extracted AFB1 ( 69%) was observed. In other words, synergistic effects in reducing AFB1 content were observed when using the selected Lactobacillus strain with nanochitosan ( Figure  6e, f).

Discussion
Today, food contamination with various types of toxin-producing fungi is one of the serious problems of the international community (Fakruddin et al., 2015). Among them, Aspergillus avus is one of the most important toxicogenic molds, which has received a lot of attention due to its ability to cause allergic conidiums and a atoxin B1 (Alshannaq et al., 2018). AFB1 accumulates in various part of body including liver, lung, kidney, immune, reproductive, nervous and digestive systems and can have carcinogenic effects (Fouad et al., 2019).
LABs have general Gram-positive, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative, optional anaerobic, and immobilized properties (Leroy and De Vuyst, 2004) that are identical to the biochemical properties observed in the present study. In the present study, using biochemical approaches, the isolated strains were identi ed as Lactobacillus sp. Also, the molecular approach and ampli cation of 16S rRNA gene was used to identify the strains and the results showed that the species is Lactobacillus plantarum. Molecular approach can be very important in identifying accurately bacterial strains.
One of the most important characteristics of Lactobacillus sp. as a probiotic is its antimicrobial properties (Alishahi et al., 2018), and in the present study, the antimicrobial properties of Lactobacillus strains isolated from various dairy products were studied against gastrointestinal pathogens including Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris and the results showed that the strain isolated from cheese (C1) had broad spectrum antimicrobial activities and reduced the \tilde growth of all four pathogens. The antimicrobial properties of Lactobacillus sp. have been reported in other studies (Prabhurajeshwar and Chandrakanth, 2019). These antimicrobial activities include the production of bacteriocins (antimicrobial agents) and the production of compounds that inhibit bacterial growth, modulate intestinal pH, strengthen the immune system, block bacterial binding sites, compete for food uptake, and produce organic acids (Hassan et al., 2020). The bacteriocins isolated from Lactobacillus are low molecular weight proteins (2-10 kDa) that are also resistant to heat, acidic conditions and cold (Silva et al., 2018).Bacteriocins exert their inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria by different mechanisms, including retardation of DNA synthesis (Mohammadi et al., 2018). Resistances to bile salts, NaCl and pH are common methods of investigating probiotic activity (Ahmad et al., 2018). Bile is secreted from the human liver, so the resistance of probiotics to bile is one of their important characteristics. Therefore, an important criterion in measuring probiotic activity is bile salt tolerance (Xu et al., 2020). In the current study, the C1 isolate showed good resistance to oxgall bile salts and bacterial growth continued at different concentrations of bile salts. This can be attributed to the ability of the C1 isolate to reduce the detergent effects of bile salts. The results of the current research are in line with other researches in this eld (Chauhan and Daru, 2016); Azat et al. 2016) reported the survival rate at pH 3 as a suitable criterion for pH resistance of probiotic strains (Azat et al., 2016). Isolate C1 continued to grow over a wide range of pH, indicating probiotic effects. This has been shown in another study that Lactobacillus strains are able to survive even at pH 1 (Maragkoudakis et al., 2010). Therefore, isolate C1 was considered pH resistant in the present study. This can be attributed to the ability of C1 isolate to maintain intracellular pH and better function of cellular proteins and enzymes. NaCl is an important inhibitor of bacteria and LABs are highly sensitive to this substance, therefore, their salt resistance is one of the important evaluations in measuring probiotic activity. In current study, high salt concentration (6.5%) retarded the growth of C1 isolate but the bacteria could continue to grow at 4.5% NaCl. These results indicate appropriate probiotic activity of C1 isolate.
To evaluate the safety of probiotics, LAB antibiotic susceptibility test was performed and the results showed that C1 isolate was sensitive to cephalothin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin, tetracycline and novobiocin antibiotics. Resistance to a different range of antibiotics in probiotics has been reported in other studies (Shobharani and Agrawal, 2011, Tambekar and Bhutada, 2010), which can be attributed to differences in the source of LABs isolation and differences in strains.
In recent years, the use of microorganisms including Lactobacillus sp. to detoxify AFB1 has attracted a lot of attention (Kumara et al., 2020, Chlebicz and Śliżewska, 2020). In the present study, it was shown that the C1 isolate was able to bind to AFB1 and was able to reduce both standard and extracted from Aspergillus avus AFB1. Lactobacillus species have been shown to be able to bind to AFB1 via hydrophobic bonding due to the presence of speci c compounds such as peptidoglycans and polysaccharides in the cell wall (Tajik and Sayadi, 2020). However, there are differences in a atoxin reduction among different strains of this genus that can be attributed to different combinations of teichoic acid and peptidoglycan content in them (Hernandez-Mendoza et al., 2009). In the present study, binding of AFB1 to C1 strain of Lactobacillus plantarum was occurred rapidly over a period of 12 hrs, which is in line with the ndings of (Gratz et al. 2005) reported that binding of AFB1 to Lactobacillus sp. is a fast process (Gratz et al., 2005). Rapid binding of AFB1 to Lactobacillus species has been shown in other studies (Kumara et al., 2019).
In the present study, the positive effect of chitosan nanoparticles in reducing AFB1 was shown and a concentration of 2.5 mg ml −1 was chosen as the optimal concentration of nanoparticles. It seems that positively charged chitosan nanoparticles can react with AFB1 and reduce its concentration in the medium. The antifungal effects of chitosan nanoparticles have been reported in other studies and it has been shown that chitosan nanoparticles have a strong a nity for attachment to fungal cell walls (Gomez et al., 2018). The present study is the rst study to investigate the effects of chitosan nanoparticles on the reduction of AFB1 toxin and the results indicate the appropriate effect of chitosan nanoparticles on the reduction of AFB1.
In the present study, for the rst time, the effect of the combination of chitosan nanoparticles with C1 isolate on reducing the AFB1 concentration was studied and the results showed the synergistic effects of the combination of the two in reducing the concentration of AFB1 in the medium. It seems that C1 isolate due to the presence of peptidoglycans and oligosaccharides in the cell wall and chitosan nanoparticles due to having a positive charge increased the adsorption of AFB1 to their surface and therefore, greatly reduced the concentration of AFB1 in the medium. However, more research is needed in this area.
Reduction of AFB1 toxin, due to the harmful effects on health, in food products is so important. In this study, it was concluded that C1 isolate was able to adsorb AFB1 from the medium and the simultaneous application of C1 isolate with chitosan nanoparticles led to a sharp decrease in the concentration of AFB1 in the environment. It seems that chitosan nanoparticles together with C1 isolate have synergistic effects in reducing AFB1 toxin from the medium. Figure 1 The lactic acids bacteria (LAB) isolated from milk (A, B, C), cheese, (D), whey (E) and yoghurt (F) Figure 2 The effects of low (a) and high (b) pH on the growth of selected Lactobacillus isolates The effects of bile salt (a) and NaCl (b) on selected Lactobacillus isolate (C1) growth The evaluation of sensitivity of C1 isolate to the cephalothin (CEP), clindamycin (CD), chloramphenicol (C), cloxacillin (CLOXA), tetracycline (TE) and novobiocin (NB) antibiotics