See the published version of this preprint at BMC Psychiatry.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
A new preprint design is coming!
We have improved readability, clarity, accessibility, and opportunities for engagement.
Research article
Eva.O. Melin
Lund University, Medical Faculty, Clinical Sciences,Department of Medicine, Lund
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-2650
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background
Low levels of the soluble tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and depression are linked to cardiovascular disease. Galectin-3, inadequate glycemic control and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels were previously linked to depression in these patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The main aim was to explore whether sTWEAK was associated with depression. A secondary aim was to explore diabetes related variables associated with low sTWEAK.
Methods
Cross-sectional design. T1DM patients (n = 283, men 56%, age18-59 years) were consecutively recruited from one specialist diabetes clinic. Depression was defined as Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression sub scale ≥ 8 points. Blood samples, anthropometrics and blood pressure were collected, supplemented with data from electronic health records. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure sTWEAK and galectin-3. Low sTWEAK was defined as < 7.2 ng/ml and high galectin-3 as ≥ 2.6 ng/ml. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, calibrated and validated for goodness of fit. We adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, galectin-3, metabolic variables, serum-creatinine, smoking, physical inactivity, medication, and cardiovascular complications.
Results
For 29 depressed versus 254 non-depressed patients the prevalence rates were for low sTWEAK: 93% and 68% (p = 0.003) and for high galectin-3: 34% and 13% (p = 0.005) respectively. HDL-cholesterol levels were lower for the depressed (p = 0.015). Patients with low sTWEAK versus high sTWEAK had lower usage of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) (6% versus 17%, p = 0.005).
Low sTWEAK (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 9.0, p = 0.006), high galectin-3 (AOR 6.3, p = 0.001), HDL-cholesterol (per mmol/l) (AOR 0.1, p = 0.006), use of antidepressants (AOR 8.4, p < 0.001), and age (per year) (AOR 1.05, p = 0.027) were associated with depression.
CSII (AOR 0.3, p = 0.003) and depression (AOR 7.1, p = 0.009) were associated with low sTWEAK.
Conclusions
Lower levels of sTWEAK and HDL-cholesterol and higher levels of galectin-3 were independently associated with depression in T1DM. These factors might all contribute to the increased risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality previously demonstrated in patients with depression. CSII (inversely) and depression were independently associated with low sTWEAK levels.
Keywords
Cardiovascular complications, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, depression, galectin-3, HbA1c, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, inflammation, soluble tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus
Figure 1
Loading...
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Psychiatry.
Version 2
Posted 03 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 21 Nov, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 17 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Review #2 received
Received 26 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 07 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 13 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 28 Jan, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 13 Jan, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 13 Jan, 2020
Editor invited
On 23 Dec, 2019
Editor assigned
On 18 Dec, 2019
First submitted
On 17 Dec, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 17 Dec, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Psychiatry
Learn more about our company.
A new preprint design is coming!
We have improved readability, clarity, accessibility, and opportunities for engagement.
See the published version of this preprint at BMC Psychiatry.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Eva.O. Melin
Lund University, Medical Faculty, Clinical Sciences,Department of Medicine, Lund
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-2650
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Psychiatry.
Version 2
Posted 03 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 21 Nov, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 17 Nov, 2020
No comments provided
Review #2 received
Received 26 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 07 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 13 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 28 Jan, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 13 Jan, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 13 Jan, 2020
Editor invited
On 23 Dec, 2019
Editor assigned
On 18 Dec, 2019
First submitted
On 17 Dec, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 17 Dec, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Psychiatry
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Psychiatry.
Background
Low levels of the soluble tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and depression are linked to cardiovascular disease. Galectin-3, inadequate glycemic control and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels were previously linked to depression in these patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The main aim was to explore whether sTWEAK was associated with depression. A secondary aim was to explore diabetes related variables associated with low sTWEAK.
Methods
Cross-sectional design. T1DM patients (n = 283, men 56%, age18-59 years) were consecutively recruited from one specialist diabetes clinic. Depression was defined as Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression sub scale ≥ 8 points. Blood samples, anthropometrics and blood pressure were collected, supplemented with data from electronic health records. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure sTWEAK and galectin-3. Low sTWEAK was defined as < 7.2 ng/ml and high galectin-3 as ≥ 2.6 ng/ml. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, calibrated and validated for goodness of fit. We adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, galectin-3, metabolic variables, serum-creatinine, smoking, physical inactivity, medication, and cardiovascular complications.
Results
For 29 depressed versus 254 non-depressed patients the prevalence rates were for low sTWEAK: 93% and 68% (p = 0.003) and for high galectin-3: 34% and 13% (p = 0.005) respectively. HDL-cholesterol levels were lower for the depressed (p = 0.015). Patients with low sTWEAK versus high sTWEAK had lower usage of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) (6% versus 17%, p = 0.005).
Low sTWEAK (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 9.0, p = 0.006), high galectin-3 (AOR 6.3, p = 0.001), HDL-cholesterol (per mmol/l) (AOR 0.1, p = 0.006), use of antidepressants (AOR 8.4, p < 0.001), and age (per year) (AOR 1.05, p = 0.027) were associated with depression.
CSII (AOR 0.3, p = 0.003) and depression (AOR 7.1, p = 0.009) were associated with low sTWEAK.
Conclusions
Lower levels of sTWEAK and HDL-cholesterol and higher levels of galectin-3 were independently associated with depression in T1DM. These factors might all contribute to the increased risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality previously demonstrated in patients with depression. CSII (inversely) and depression were independently associated with low sTWEAK levels.
Figure 1
Loading...