1. Rimi NA, Sultana R, Luby SP, Islam MS, Uddin M, Hossain MJ, et al. Infrastructure and contamination of the physical environment in three Bangladeshi hospitals: Putting infection control into context. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 19;9(2):e89085.
2. Gaube S, Tsivrikos D, Dollinger D, Lermer E. How a smiley protects health: A pilot intervention to improve hand hygiene in hospitals by activating injunctive norms through emoticons. PLoS One [Internet]. 2018;13(5):e0197465. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197465
3. Öncü E, Vayısoğlu SK, Lafcı D, Yıldız E. An evaluation of the effectiveness of nursing students’ hand hygiene compliance: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Educ Today. 2018 Jun 1;65:218–24.
4. Collins AS. Preventing Health Care-Associated Infections. Chapter 41 Patient Saf Qual An Evidence-Based Handb Nurses. 2008;2:547–76.
5. Kong HH, Segre JA. Skin microbiome: Looking back to move forward. Vol. 132, Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Nature Publishing Group; 2012. p. 933–9.
6. Sign S, Singh AK. Prevalence of bacteria contaminating the hands of healthcare workers during routine patient care: A hospital-based study. J Acad Clin Microbiol. 2016;1(18):60.
7. Silva VD da, Caetano JÁ, Silva LA da, Freitas MMC, Almeida PC de, Rodrigues JLN. Assessment of hand hygiene of nursing and medical students. Rev da Rede Enferm do Nord. 2017;18(2):257.
8. Allegranzi B, Pittet D. Role of hand hygiene in healthcare-associated infection prevention. J Hosp Infect. 2009;73(4):305–15.
9. Pittet D. F r o m the Risk and Prevention Conference Improving Compliance With Hand Hygiene in Hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21(6):381–6.
10. Vedavati BI, Halesh LH. Bacterial flora on hands of nursing staff as a source of health care associated infections at a tertiary care centre. Indian J Microbiol Res. 2019;6(1):30–4.
11. Joshi S, Joshi A, Park BJ, Aryal UR. Hand washing practice among health care workers in a teaching hospital. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2013;11(23):1–5.
12. Arenas MD, Sánchez-Payá J, Barril G, García-Valdecasas J, Gorriz JL, Soriano A, et al. A multicentric survey of the practice of hand hygiene in haemodialysis units: Factors affecting compliance. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20(6):1164–71.
13. Price M. The left brain knows what the right hand is doing. Am Psychol Assocıatıon. 2009;40(1):60.
14. Nogueras M, Marinsalta N, Roussell M, Notario R. Importance of hand germ contamination in health-care workers as possible carriers of nosocomial infections. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2001;43(3):149–52.
15. Paul R, Das N, Dutta R, Bandyopadhyay R, Banerjee A. Bacterial contamination of the hands of doctors: A study in the medicine and dermatology wards. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2011;77(3):307–13.
16. Sepehri G, Talebizadeh N, Mirzazadeh A, Mir-Shekari TR, Sepehri E. Bacterial contamination and resistance to commonly used antimicrobials of healthcare workers’ mobile-phones in teaching hospitals, Kerman, Iran. Am J Appl Sci. 2009;6(5):693–7.
17. Waters V, Larson E, Wu F, San Gabriel P, Haas J, Cimiotti J, et al. Molecular epidemiology of gram-negative bacilli from infected neonates and health care workers’ hands in neonatal intensive care units. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(12):1682–7.
18. Khodavaisy S, Nabili M, Davari B, Vahedi M. Evaluation of bacterial and fungal contamination in the health care workers’ hands and rings in the intensive care unit. J Prev Med Hyg. 2011;52(4):215–8.
19. Grice EA, Segre JA. The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol [Internet]. 2011;9(4):244-253. Available from: www.nature.com/reviews/micro
20. Kampf G, Kramer A. Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(4):863–93.
21. Eksi F, Bayram A, Mehli M, Akgun S, Balci I. Microbial flora on the hands of healthcare workers. African J Microbiol Res. 2010;4(22):2343–9.
22. Khashei R, Ebrahim Sarie HS, Alfatemi MH, Zomorodian K. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of colonizing microflora on the personnel hands and noses working in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). World Appl Sci J. 2014;30(10):1232–7.
23. Piette A, Verschraegen G. Role of coagulase-negative staphylococci in human disease. Vet Microbiol. 2009 Feb 16;134(1–2):45–54.
24. Widerström M, Monsen T, Karlsson C, Wiström J. Molecular epidemiology of meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in a Swedish county hospital: evidence of intra- and interhospital clonal spread. J Hosp Infect. 2006 Oct 1;64(2):177–83.
25. Lee YL, Cesario T, Lee R, Nothvogel S, Nassar J, Farsad N, et al. Colonization by Staphylococcus species resistant to methicillin or quinolone on hands of medical personnel in a skilled-nursing facility. AJIC Am J Infect Control. 1994 Dec 1;22(6):346–51.
26. Cook HA, Cimiotti JP, Della-Latta P, Saiman L, Larson EL. Antimicriobial resistance patterns of colonizing flora on nurses’ hands in the neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control. 2007 May 1;35(4):231–6.
27. Slight PH, Weber JM, Campos JM, Plotkin SA. Oxacillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcal carriage rates in neonatal intensive care nurses and non-patient care hospital personnel. AJIC Am J Infect Control. 1987 Feb 1;15(1):29–32.
28. Klingenberg C, Glad T, Olsvik, Flægstad T. Rapid PCR detection of the methicillin resistance gene, mecA, on the hands of medical and non-medical personnel and healthy children and on surfaces in a neonatal intensive care unit. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(7):494–7.
29. Le CD, Lehman EB, Nguyen TH, Craig TJ. Hand Hygiene Compliance Study at a Large Central Hospital in Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2019;16(4):607. Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
30. Zottele C, Magnago TSB de S, Dullius AI dos S, Kolankiewicz ACB, Ongaro JD. Hand hygiene compliance of healthcare professionals in an emergency department. Rev da Esc Enferm. 2017;51:1–8.
31. Pittet D, Mourouga P, Perneger T V, Infection T member of the İCP. Compliance with Handwashing in a Teaching Hospital. Ann İnternal Med. 1999;130(2):126–30.
32. Prado MF Do, Oliveira ÂCJ, Nascimento TMB do, Melo WA de, Prado DB do. Strategy to promote hand hygiene in intensive care unit. Ciência, Cuid e Saúde. 2012;11(3):557–64.
33. Pérez ER, Zambrano P, Amado P. Adherencia a las guías de higiene de manos en cuidado intensivo: el caso de una clínica privada. Med UPB. 2012;31(2):127–34.
34. WHO. WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: a summary. Geneva. https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/tools/who_guidelines-handhygiene_summary.pdf. 2009. p. 1–52.
35. CDC. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5116.pdf#page=19. 2002. p. 1–45.
36. Jumaa PA. Hand hygiene: Simple and complex. Vol. 9, International Journal of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier B.V.; 2005. p. 3–14.
37. Barrs AW. Handwashing: Breaking the Chain of Infection. https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/handwashing-breaking-chain-infection. 2000.
38. Ellingson K, Haas JP, Aiello AE, Kusek L, Maragakis LL, Olmsted RN, et al. Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections through Hand Hygiene. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. 2014;35(S2):155–78. Available from: http://www.who.int/gpsc/tools/Five_moments/en/,
39. Mathur P. Hand hygiene: Back to the basics of infection control. Indian J Med Res. 2011;134(11):611–20.
40. McInnes E, Phillips R, Middleton S, Gould D. A qualitative study of senior hospital managers’ views on current and innovative strategies to improve hand hygiene. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):1–12.
41. Bhatta DR, Hamal D, Shrestha R, Subramanya SH, Baral N, Singh RK, et al. Bacterial contamination of frequently touched objects in a tertiary care hospital of Pokhara, Nepal: how safe are our hands? Antimicrob Resist Infect Control [Internet]. 2018;7(1):1-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0385-2
42. Al Momani W, Khatatbeh M, Altaany Z. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens recovered from the hand and mobile phones of university students. Germs [Internet]. 2019;9(1):9. Available from: www.germs.ro