1 Weiss SR, Navas-Martin S. Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2005;69(4):635-664. doi:10.1128/MMBR.69.4.635-664.2005. PubMed PMID: 16339739.
2 Wevers BA, van der Hoek L. Recently discovered human coronaviruses. Clin Lab Med. 2009 Dec;29(4):715-24. doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2009.07.007. PubMed PMID: 19892230.
3 Zhang H, Kang Z, Gong H, et al. Digestive system is a potential route of COVID-19: an analysis of single-cell coexpression pattern of key proteins in viral entry process. Gut. 2020;69(6):1010-1018. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953.
4 LeBlanc JJ, Gubbay JB, Li Y, et al. Real-time PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection in Canadian laboratories. J Clin Virol. 2020;128:104433. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104433. PubMed PMID: 32405254.
5 Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Jonsson H, et al. Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Icelandic Population. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(24):2302-2315. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2006100. PubMed PMID: 32289214.
6 Papoutsis, A., Borody, T., Dolai, Hazan, S. et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 from patient fecal samples by whole genome sequencing. Gut Pathog 13, 7 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-021-00398-5.
7 Chen L, Lou J, Bai Y, Wang M. COVID-19 Disease With Positive Fecal and Negative Pharyngeal and Sputum Viral Tests. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115(5):790. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000610. PubMed PMID: 32205644.
8 Braniste V, Al-Asmakh M, Kowal C, et al. The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice [published correction appears in Sci Transl Med. 2014 Dec 10;6(266):266er7. Guan, Ng Lai [corrected to Ng, Lai Guan]]. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(263):263ra158. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3009759. PubMed PMID: 25411471.
9 Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:392. Published 2015 Oct 14. doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00392. PubMed PMID: 26528128.
10 Liao JF, Cheng YF, Li SW, et al. Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 ameliorates 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine-induced tic-like behaviors via its influences on the microbiota-gut-brain-axis. Brain Res Bull. 2019;153:59-73. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.027. PubMed PMID: 31351942.
11 Kantak PA, Bobrow DN, Nyby JG. Obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors in house mice are attenuated by a probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG). Behav Pharmacol. 2014;25(1):71-79. doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000013. PubMed PMID: 24257436.
12 Savignac HM, Kiely B, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Bifidobacteria exert strain-specific effects on stress-related behavior and physiology in BALB/c mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(11):1615-1627. doi:10.1111/nmo.12427. PubMed PMID: 25251188.
13 Cryan, J., Dinan, T. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 13, 701–712 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3346.
14 Nikolov RN, Bearss KE, Lettinga J, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in a sample of children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39(3):405-413. doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0637-8. PubMed PMID: 18791817.
15 Bäckhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science. 2005;307(5717):1915-1920. doi:10.1126/science.1104816. PubMed PMID: 15790844.
16 Desforges M, Le Coupanec A, Dubeau P, et al. Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?. Viruses. 2019;12(1):14. Published 2019 Dec 20. doi:10.3390/v12010014. PubMed PMID: 31861926.
17 Quagliariello A, Del Chierico F, Russo A, et al. Gut Microbiota Profiling and Gut-Brain Crosstalk in Children Affected by Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:675. Published 2018 Apr 6. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00675. PubMed PMID: 29686658.
18 https://www.jpost.com/health-and-wellness/mind-and-spirit/watching-youtube-videos-might-cause-you-to-develop-tics-heres-why-679759 [Accessed 28 September 2021].
19 Wilbur C, Bitnun A, Kronenberg S, et al. PANDAS/PANS in childhood: Controversies and evidence. Paediatr Child Health. 2019;24(2):85-91. doi:10.1093/pch/pxy145. PubMed PMID: 30996598.
20 Chang K, Frankovich J, Cooperstock M, et al. Clinical evaluation of youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS): recommendations from the 2013 PANS Consensus Conference. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(1):3-13. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0084. PubMed PMID: 25325534.
21 Koo J, Lebwohl A. Psycho dermatology: the mind and skin connection. Am Fam Physician. 2001;64(11):1873-1878. PubMed PMID: 11764865.
22 Balato A, Cacciapuoti S, Di Caprio R, et al. Human Microbiome: Composition and Role in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2019;67(1):1-18. doi:10.1007/s00005-018-0528-4. PubMed PMID: 30302512.
23 Galland L. The gut microbiome and the brain. J Med Food. 2014;17(12):1261-1272. doi:10.1089/jmf.2014.7000. PubMed PMID: 25402818.
24 Hanada S, Pirzadeh M, Carver KY, Deng JC. Respiratory Viral Infection-Induced Microbiome Alterations and Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2640. Published 2018 Nov 16. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02640. PubMed PMID: 30505304.
25 Li N, Ma WT, Pang M, Fan QL, Hua JL. The Commensal Microbiota and Viral Infection: A Comprehensive Review. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1551. Published 2019 Jul 4. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01551. PubMed PMID: 31333675.
26 Din AU, Mazhar M, Waseem M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 microbiome dysbiosis linked disorders and possible probiotics role. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;133:110947. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110947. PubMed PMID: 33197765.
27 Iwabuchi N, Xiao JZ, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K. Oral administration of Bifidobacterium longum ameliorates influenza virus infection in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2011;34(8):1352-1355. doi:10.1248/bpb.34.1352. PubMed PMID: 21804232.
28 Yasui H, Kiyoshima J, Hori T, Shida K. Protection against influenza virus infection of mice fed Bifidobacterium breve YIT4064. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1999;6(2):186-192. doi:10.1128/CDLI.6.2.186-192.1999. PubMed PMID: 10066652.
29 Zhang L, Zhou L, Bao L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood-brain barrier accompanied with basement membrane disruption without tight junctions alteration. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):337. Published 2021 Sep 6. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00719-9. PMID: 34489403.
30 Heyman I, Liang H, Hedderly T. COVID-19 related increase in childhood tics and tic-like attacks. Arch Dis Child. 2021 Mar 6:archdischild-2021-321748. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-321748. PubMed PMID: 33677431.