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Research article
Hiroyuki Kamei
Meijo Daigaku Yakugakubu Yakugaku Kenkyuka
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3778-2352
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background
Stigma associated with mental disorders is rooted among many pharmacists, and represents a major barrier to patient support in community-based psychiatry. In the current study, we firstly developed an assessment scale that is specifically designed to assess the level of stigma that pharmacists may have toward patients with schizophrenia, and then examined the effects of reducing stigma with an educational program that focuses on communication with schizophrenic patients using a newly developed Stigma Scale towards Schizophrenia for Community Pharmacists (SSCP).
Methods
SSCP was developed by exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation based on responses from 822 randomly selected community pharmacists. Furthermore, a randomized controlled trial was conducted for 115 community pharmacists to clarify the effects of reducing the stigma of schizophrenia using an educational program for them with a focus on communication with patients with schizophrenia. Participants were individually allocated to two groups: a lecture group (56; only attending a lecture on schizophrenia) or communication group (59; communicating with patients and attending the lecture). The stigma assessment using SSCP was conducted immediately before and after the educational intervention.
Results
A total of 4 factors and 27 items were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis as SSCP.
Cronbach’s α of SSCP was 0.89; specifically, Cronbach’s α for social distance at work (factor I), recognition of patients with schizophrenia (factor II), self-disclosure (factor III), and social distance in daily life (factor IV) were 0.88, 0.76, 0.62, and 0.62, respectively. Educational program-related changes of the median (interquartile range) total SSCP score from baseline were −9.0 (−16.0 – −5.0) in the communication group and −3.0 (−7.0 – 1.0) in the lecture group, reflecting a significant reduction of stigma levels in the communication group. On examining the SSCP subscales, scores for factor I and factor II significantly improved. The educational program was more effective for pharmacists aged 20-39 years or with negligible experience of communicating with schizophrenic patients at work and/or in private life.
Conclusions
SSCP and the educational program for community pharmacists that focuses on communication with patients were useful for assessing and reducing, respectively, the stigma attached by these pharmacists to schizophrenia.
CONSORT extension for abstract
Not applicable
Trial registration
Not applicable
Keywords
Pharmacist, Attitude, Contact-based educational programs, Stigma scale, Schizophrenia
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Psychiatry.
Version 1
Posted 19 Nov, 2020
No community comments so far
Review #2 received
Received 15 Jan, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 13 Jan, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 28 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 27 Dec, 2020
Editor assigned
On 15 Nov, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 15 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 15 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Nov, 2020
First submitted
On 11 Oct, 2020
Metrics
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PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Psychiatry
Learn more about our company.
A new preprint design is coming!
We have improved readability, clarity, accessibility, and opportunities for engagement.
See the published version of this preprint at BMC Psychiatry.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Hiroyuki Kamei
Meijo Daigaku Yakugakubu Yakugaku Kenkyuka
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3778-2352
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Psychiatry.
Version 1
Posted 19 Nov, 2020
No community comments so far
Review #2 received
Received 15 Jan, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 13 Jan, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 28 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 27 Dec, 2020
Editor assigned
On 15 Nov, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 15 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 15 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Nov, 2020
First submitted
On 11 Oct, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Psychiatry
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Psychiatry.
Background
Stigma associated with mental disorders is rooted among many pharmacists, and represents a major barrier to patient support in community-based psychiatry. In the current study, we firstly developed an assessment scale that is specifically designed to assess the level of stigma that pharmacists may have toward patients with schizophrenia, and then examined the effects of reducing stigma with an educational program that focuses on communication with schizophrenic patients using a newly developed Stigma Scale towards Schizophrenia for Community Pharmacists (SSCP).
Methods
SSCP was developed by exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation based on responses from 822 randomly selected community pharmacists. Furthermore, a randomized controlled trial was conducted for 115 community pharmacists to clarify the effects of reducing the stigma of schizophrenia using an educational program for them with a focus on communication with patients with schizophrenia. Participants were individually allocated to two groups: a lecture group (56; only attending a lecture on schizophrenia) or communication group (59; communicating with patients and attending the lecture). The stigma assessment using SSCP was conducted immediately before and after the educational intervention.
Results
A total of 4 factors and 27 items were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis as SSCP.
Cronbach’s α of SSCP was 0.89; specifically, Cronbach’s α for social distance at work (factor I), recognition of patients with schizophrenia (factor II), self-disclosure (factor III), and social distance in daily life (factor IV) were 0.88, 0.76, 0.62, and 0.62, respectively. Educational program-related changes of the median (interquartile range) total SSCP score from baseline were −9.0 (−16.0 – −5.0) in the communication group and −3.0 (−7.0 – 1.0) in the lecture group, reflecting a significant reduction of stigma levels in the communication group. On examining the SSCP subscales, scores for factor I and factor II significantly improved. The educational program was more effective for pharmacists aged 20-39 years or with negligible experience of communicating with schizophrenic patients at work and/or in private life.
Conclusions
SSCP and the educational program for community pharmacists that focuses on communication with patients were useful for assessing and reducing, respectively, the stigma attached by these pharmacists to schizophrenia.
CONSORT extension for abstract
Not applicable
Trial registration
Not applicable
Figure 1
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