Targetable Alterations in Invasive Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-109612/v1

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Targetable Alterations in Invasive Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-109612/v1

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published 13 Jan, 2021

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Background Invasive pleomorphic lobular carcinoma (PLC) of the breast is a subtype of invasive lobular cancer which compromises approximately 1% of all epithelial breast malignancies and is characterized by higher nuclear pleomorphism and poorer prognosis than classic invasive lobular cancer (ILC). Since PLC is more aggressive than classical ILC, we examined the underlying molecular alterations in this subtype of breast cancer to understand the possible benefit from targeted therapies.

Methods In this study, we investigate the clinical characteristics and molecular alterations in 16 PLC from our institution. Additionally, we examined the clinical and genomic features in 31 PLC from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

Results Overall, our analysis of PLC found that 27% had activating ERBB2 mutations, 20% had ERBB2 amplification, and 47% activating PIK3CA mutations. Among cases from our institution, we found 19% with activating ERBB2 mutations, 25% had ERBB2 amplification, and 38% with activating PIK3CA mutations. In data from TCGA, 32% had activating ERBB2 mutations, 19% had ERBB2 amplification, and 55% had activating PIK3CA mutations. While classic ILC in TCGA had similar percentages of PIK3CA alterations compared to PLC, activating ERBB2 alterations were exceedingly rare, with no activating ERBB2 mutations and only one case with ERBB2 amplification. Interestingly, in further examining TCGA data which included FGFR1 and PTEN, 94% of PLC had alterations in ERBB2, FGFR1, or the PI3K pathway.

Conclusions Our results show a high frequency of ERBB2 and PIK3CA alterations in PLC and suggest all PLC should be tested for potential therapeutic targeting.

Cancer Biology

Oncology

pleomorphic

lobular

ERBB2

PIK3CA

genomics

The second most common histologic subtype of invasive breast cancer is invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) compromising up to 15% of all cases. It is more frequently multifocal and bilateral than other primary breast cancers. In the classical form, ILC is associated with a good prognosis and is typically low grade and estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor positive [1, 2]. It is characterized by non-cohesive cancer cells invading the stroma in a single-file pattern, without mass formation or calcification making detecting by physical examination or mammography more difficult. The lack of cellular cohesion is principally a result of lack of E-cadherin protein expression in ~ 90% of cases [1, 2]. This feature is often employed to diagnose lobular versus ductal lesions histologically through immunohistochemistry.

While classical ILC, generally has a good prognosis, several variants of ILC have been described. Among these is pleomorphic lobular carcinoma (PLC) which was first described by Page and Anderson in 1987 but was not officially recognized by the WHO until 2003 [3, 4]. PLC has been reported to present at a more advanced stage compared to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) or classical ILC and be more likely to recur compared to classical ILC [5, 6]. PLC has been associated with postmenopausal status and older age and accounts for ~ 15% of ILC and < 1% of all breast cancers [7]. Similar to classical ILC, PLC histologically shows discohesive cells in a linear invasive pattern lacking E-cadherin protein expression. In contrast to classical ILC, PLC displays a high degree of cellular pleomorphism, higher mitotic index, eosinophilic cytoplasm, nuclear hyperchromasia, and prominent nucleoli [8]. Molecular characterization suggests PLC shares many of the same molecular alterations as classical ILC and is therefore best characterized as a variant, including similar expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors [9]. Additionally, PLC is reported to more frequently have ERBB2 amplification or TP53 alterations than classical ILC and more typical of high grade IDC [10, 11].

More recently, several small studies have performed sequencing based analysis to further characterize the molecular alterations in PLC and have reported frequent mutations in ERBB2 and PIK3CA [12, 13, 14]. PLC is more aggressive than classical ILC and may benefit from targeted therapies. To gain a better of the underlying molecular alterations in PLC and the potential for therapeutic intervention, we report here on the characterization of 47 invasive lobular breast cancers with pleomorphic features which we believe is the largest series of this subtype.

Case Selection

The records of the pathology department of Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital were searched from 2009 to 2019 for cases of invasive pleomorphic lobular cancer. A total of 16 cases were identified with sufficient tumor volume for subsequent sequencing analysis.

The Cancer Genome Atlas was searched for breast invasive carcinoma cases harboring CDH1 loss of function mutations or deletions with a total of 115 cases identified. Corresponding whole slide images were reviewed by an expert in breast pathology (N.B.). 22 cases were diagnosed as PLC based on infiltrative pattern of classic ILC with abnormal nuclear features as has been previously described [6, 15]. An additional 9 cases were included where the outside pathology report diagnosed infiltrative or invasive pleomorphic lobular cancer or high grade (grade 3) invasive cancer while harboring CDH1 loss.

In-house Mutation Analysis

For each of the 16 cases from Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, 5 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded unstained sections at 5 um were extracted using a QIAmp DNA Micro Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). DNA was sequenced using the Trusight Tumor 15 gene panel on an Illumina MiSeq instrument (Illumina, San Diego, CA).

PLC Data

Data from TCGA was accessed and analyzed using cBioPortal (http://www.cbioportal.org). Data on patient’s age, disease stage, receptor and HER2 status, and relevant genomic hotspots, copy number alterations, and fusions were obtained when available. In-house cases did not have copy number or fusion analysis performed.

Patient and Sample Characteristics

Among PLC cases from TCGA, 52% were age 50–65 at diagnosis and 32% were over 65. Only 10% of these cases were Stage I while 29% were Stage III. The vast majority of cases where receptor status were known were positive for estrogen receptor (88%) and 44% were HER2 positive. The patient age and stage were more heterogeneous in PLC cases from our institution. 31% of patients were younger than 50 and 38% were stage I at diagnosis. Similar distribution in estrogen receptor expression to TCGA were observed with 81% estrogen receptor positive while 25% were HER2 positive (Supplementary Table I).

Overall, 79% of the patients in our study were 50 years or older at diagnosis and 34% of these were older than 65. The PLC stage at diagnosis in our study tended to be advanced with 52% Stage II and 30% Stage III, while 85% were positive for estrogen receptor (Table 1).

Table 1. Clinicopathologic and biomarker status of 47 cases of PLC

Age		Tumor		Node		Stage		Receptor Status
<50	10	<2cm	11	N0	26	Stage I	8	ER+	34
50-65	21	2-5cm	22	N1	8	Stage II	23	ER-	6
>65	16	>5cm	11	N2	3	Stage III	13	PR+	31
		unknown	3	N3	7	unknown	3	PR-	9
				unknown	3			HER2+	11
								HER2-	28
								unknown	7

Molecular Alterations

Of the 31 cases identified as invasive lobular breast cancers with pleomorphic features from TCGA, 24 (77%) harbored inactivating mutations in CDH1 (3 splice site, 5 nonsense, and 16 frameshift mutations). All but one of these showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and the case with an inactivating mutation without LOH had 16% CDH1 mRNA expression. 4 cases had missense mutations in CDH1 and all of these had 37% or less CDH1 mRNA expression. The final 3 cases showed homozygous deletion of the CDH1 gene locus (Table 2).

Table 2. Molecular alterations in 31 cases of PLC from TCGA

ER IHC

PR IHC

HER2

Gene

Alteration

Gene

Alteration

Gene

Alteration

Gene

Alteration

Other Alterations

TCGA-AR-A2LJ

70-79%

70-75%

pos

CDH1

E165Q

ERBB2

AMP

PIK3CA

H1047R

TCGA-A2-A0SY

80-89%

40-49%

pos fish

CDH1

S18fs

ERBB2

AMP

PIK3CA

E545K

TCGA-D8-A27G

>75%

2 ihc fish neg

CDH1

E167fs

ERBB2

AMP/ I767M

PIK3CA

H1047R

TCGA-A8-A0A7

neg

pos

CDH1

E243K

ERBB2

AMP

PIK3CA

E726K

TCGA-A8-A0A6

pos

neg

CDH1

T522_splice

ERBB2

L755S

PIK3CA

G118D

TCGA-A8-A0AB

CDH1

D400fs

ERBB2

L755S

PIK3CA

BRCA2 deep del

TCGA-C8-A274

CDH1

P625fs

ERBB2

I767M

PIK3CA

H1047R

TCGA-AC-A3YI

90-99%

20-29%

neg

CDH1

E763fs

ERBB2

L755S

PIK3CA

FGFR1 amp

TCGA-A2-A0T6

90-99%

neg

CDH1

Y827fs

ERBB2

L755R (L755W, L755M) & R678Q

PIK3CA

TCGA-BH-A0C1

pos

neg

CDH1

P159fs

ERBB2

V777L

PIK3CA

TCGA-C8-A3M7

neg

CDH1

T340fs

ERBB2

S305C

PIK3CA

H1047R

KMT2C Q3151*

TCGA-AO-A128

neg

CDH1

A817V

ERBB2

V797A

PIK3CA

TP53 R342*, KMT2C Q1787Lfs*18 & E495Dfs*42

TCGA-BH-A18P

pos

neg

pos

CDH1

S36fs

ERBB2

L755S

PIK3CA

MAP3K1 P233Qfs*30

TCGA-A8-A07B

pos

pos fish

CDH1

P200fs

PIK3CA

H1047R

TP53 Q165Afs*8

TCGA-E2-A1IJ

CDH1

V678fs

PIK3CA

PTEN

homodel

TCGA-A2-A0EX

pos

neg

CDH1

Q511*

PIK3CA

E545K

FGFR1 amp

TCGA-E2-A2P5

pos

neg fish

CDH1

Q383*

PIK3CA

N345K, G914R

TP53 F341S KMT2C E648Vfs*8

TCGA-AR-A2LL

70-79%

neg fish

CDH1

G278R

PIK3CA

PTEN

C124S

TCGA-E9-A3X8

20-29%

<10% pos (negative in report)

CDH1

515_516ins*

PIK3CA

TCGA-BH-A0E9

pos

neg

CDH1

D756fs

PIK3CA

PTEN

X70_splice

TCGA-EW-A1J5

90-99%

neg

CDH1

F499fs

PIK3CA

E545K, E726K

TCGA-BH-A2L8

70-79%

80-89%

neg

CDH1

R800fs

PIK3CA

G1049R

PTEN

S287*

TCGA-BH-A18F

pos

neg

CDH1

L581fs

PIK3CA

Q546K, H1047R

TCGA-BH-A209

pos

CDH1

R63*

PIK3CA

ZNF791-FGFR1

TCGA-A2-A3KC

90-99%

neg fish

CDH1

T748fs

PIK3CA

H1047R

TCGA-AN-A03Y

pos

neg

CDH1

R63*

PIK3CA

H1047R

TCGA-A8-A09W

CDH1

T646_splice

PIK3CA

RB1 Y606*

TCGA-EW-A3E8

CDH1

I722_splice

PIK3CA

E545K

TCGA-AO-A12G

90-99%

30-39%

neg fish

CDH1

16q22.1 homodel

PIK3CA

PTEN

R47fs

TP53 K139_P142del

TCGA-E2-A1LG

CDH1

16q22.1 homodel

PIK3CA

TP53 I255del KMT2c W1002* FGFR1 amp PIK3R2 amp

TCGA-A2-A25D

CDH1

16q22.1 homodel

PIK3CA

E110del

Within TCGA dataset of PLC, we found 10 (32%) had activating ERBB2 mutations and 6 (19%) had ERBB2 amplification with two cases showing both amplification and an activating ERBB2 mutation. In total, 45% had either ERBB2 amplification and/or activating mutation including 7 cases where the receptor status was unknown. Among the ERBB2 activating mutations, the predominant hotspot was at codon 755 with 50% occurring at this location. The p.L755S missense mutation was observed in 4 of the 5 mutations at this position with one mutation being a p.L755R. Curiously, the TCGA annotation appears to have misclassified this alteration as two separate missense mutations, p.L755W and p.L755M, at the same variant allele frequency when in fact this is a dinucleotide substitution resulting in a single amino acid change. The remainder of the ERBB2 mutations identified also occurred in the protein kinase domain, with the exception of p.S305C which occurs in the extracellular domain.

Additionally, we queried TCGA data set for PIK3CA and PTEN alterations. 17/31 (55%) had hotspot mutations in PIK3CA with p.H1047R being the most common of these being found in 8 cases (47% of PIK3CA mutations). The next most frequent PIK3CA alteration was p.E545K in 4 cases (24%). 3 cases had 2 separate hotspot mutations in PIK3CA, which recent data suggests may be particularly sensitive to inhibition [16]. We correlated PIK3CA mutations with receptor status and found that 8 cases (47%) were ER/PR positive and HER2 negative, 4 cases were ER/PR/HER2 positive (24%), 1 case was ER/PR negative and HER2 positive, 1 case was ER/PR/HER2 negative, and for the cases the receptor status was unknown. 5 cases harbored PTEN alterations and in only 1 of these cases was there a coexistent PIK3CA hotspot mutation. 3 of the PTEN alterations were predicted to be inactivating (1 splice site, 1 non-sense, and 1 frameshift mutation), 1 case showed homozygous deletion of the PTEN locus, and 1 case had the well-characterized catalytically dead PTEN p.C124S that completely ablates PTEN phosphatase activity [17].

Interestingly, classic ILC in TCGA had a similar percentage overall percentage PI3K pathway alterations compared with PLC, with 38/84 cases having an activating PIK3CA alteration and 9/84 a PTEN alteration with one case showing alterations in both PIK3CA and PTEN compared. However, there were no activating ERBB2 mutations and only one case with ERBB2 amplification (1%) in the classic ILC in TCGA (Supplementary Table 2).

In total, 27 out of the 31 cases (87%) from TCGA had what would be considered a driver mutation in ERBB2 or the PIK3CA/PTEN pathway. In further examining these 4 cases without these alterations, the results for HER2 FISH or IHC were unknown for 3 (although TCGA sequencing did not report amplification of ERBB2). Astonishingly, 1 of these cases had a ZNF791-FGFR1 fusion while another case had FGFR1 and PIK3R2 amplifications.

Finally, we catalogued TP53 mutations in PLC TCGA cases and found this gene altered in 5 out of 31 cases (2 in-frame deletions in the DNA binding domain, 1 frameshift mutation in the DNA binding domain, 1 missense mutation in the tetramerization domain, and 1 truncating mutation in the tertamerization domain).

Within our in-house cases of PLC, we found 3 out of 16 (19%) had activating ERBB2 mutations and 4 (25%) had ERBB2 amplification with two cases showing both amplification and an activating ERBB2 mutation. In total, 5 (31%) had either ERBB2 amplification and/or activating mutation. Among the ERBB2 activating mutations, the predominant hotspot was again the p.L755S missense mutation which was seen in 2 of the 3 cases. The other ERBB2 mutation identified, p.E770_A771insAYVM, also occurred in the protein kinase domain (Table 3).

Table 3. Molecular alterations in 16 cases of PLC from our institution

ID	ER IHC	PR IHC	HER2	Gene	Alteration	Gene	Alteration
1	3+	0	1+ neg	PIK3CA	H1047L
2	99% 3+	50% 2-3+	neg	Not detected
3	0	0	pos fish	ERBB2	L755S	TP53	S15Rfs*18
4	0	0	neg	ERBB2	L755S	PIK3CA	P539R
5	99% 3+	99% 3+	neg	Not detected
6	95% 3+	70% 3+	neg	PIK3CA	H1047R
7	95% 3+	90% 3+	neg	Not detected
8	99% 3+	99% 3+	neg	Not detected
9	100% 3+	60% 3+	neg	AKT1	E17K
10	95% 3+	95% 3+	neg	PIK3CA	H1047R
11	95% 3+	80% 3+	neg	Not detected
12	95% 3+	90% 3+	neg	Not detected
13	95% 3+	0	pos	ERBB2	E770_A771insAYVM
14	0	0	pos	PIK3CA	Q546E	TP53	R248Q
15	95% 2-3+	95% 2-3+	neg	PIK3CA	E545K	TP53	G108S
16	95% 3+	80% 3+	pos	TP53	R175H

While the next-generation sequencing panel used for the in-house did not include PTEN, it did cover AKT1 in addition to PIK3CA. 6/16 cases (38%) had PIK3CA hotspot mutations with codon 1047 again the most common (2 p.H1047R and 1 p.H1047L) (Fig. 1). In addition, 1 case was found to have the AKT1 p.E17K mutation. In correlating PIK3CA hotspot mutations with receptor status, we found that 3 cases were ER/PR positive and HER2 negative, 1 case was ER positive and PR/HER2 negative, 1 case was ER/PR negative and HER2 positive, and 1 case was ER/PR/HER2 negative.

Within the in-house PLC cases, 10/16 cases (63%) had what would be considered a driver mutation in ERBB2 or the PIK3CA/PTEN pathway.

We identified TP53 mutations in 4/16 cases (25%) with 3 being missense mutations in the DNA binding domain and 1 frameshift mutation at codon 15.

In the current study, PLC cases were associated with older age while the stage at diagnosis was more advanced compared to breast cancer not otherwise specified with 52% Stage II and 30% Stage III at diagnosis in agreement with previous reports [18] (Table 1).

An important observation from our study of 47 PLC cases was the 28% had ERBB2 mutations, considerably higher than the 5% previously reported in ILC not otherwise specified [1]. In a study of 24 PLC or pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ, Lien and colleagues reported an ERBB2 mutation frequency of 20.8% of invasive or in situ pleomorphic carcinomas compared to only 2% of classic ILC [12]. However, they note all of their patients were Taiwanese and it is unclear whether ERBB2 mutation frequencies differ among ethnicities. Similarly, a recent study from Rosa-Rosa et al. reported 26% ERBB2 mutations in 27 PLC patients in Spain [14]. Finally, a study from Massachusetts of 17 patients with PLC found 3 (18%) with ERBB2 mutations [13]. Our results add credence that ERBB2 mutations are prevalent among PLC patients. This is clinically important as case reports have shown that patients with ERBB2 mutated breast cancers respond to targeted HER2 targeted therapy [19, 20]. This was confirmed by responses to neratinib seen in ERBB2 mutated caners in the SUMMIT trial [21]. Additionally, the majority of HER2 mutations in breast cancer are reported to be activating and respond to HER2 inhibition [22]. One caveat in treating these HER2 mutant breast cancers is a recent report suggesting dual targeting of HER2 and ER pathways may be required for optimal treatment in cases that are also positive for estrogen receptor [23]. There is also a clear need to investigate role of adjuvant HER2 inhibitors in early stage HER2 mutant cancers.

In addition to ERBB2 activating mutations, we found that 25% of PLC cases in our study had ERBB2 amplification, considerably higher than the 2–4% ERBB2 overexpression reported in classical or ILC not otherwise specified [14, 24]. The overall percentage of ERBB2 amplification was similar to that reported by Lien of 33% in invasive or in situ pleomorphic carcinomas. ERBB2 amplification and mutation were not completely mutually exclusive in our study. We found 4 cases with co-occurring ERBB2 amplification and mutation such that the overall percentage with an ERBB2 alteration was 43%, including 8 cases from TCGA where ERBB2 IHC or FISH were unknown but sequencing did not show evidence of copy number gain.

Another important finding from our study was that 49% of PLC cases had activating PIK3CA mutations. While this frequency is similar to the reported frequency of 53% PIK3CA mutations by Zhu and colleagues [13], we believe this is the first study of PLC that examines the overall percentage of cases which had an alteration in ERBB2 or the PI3K pathway. Within PLC cases from TCGA, we found that 87% had an alteration in ERBB2, PIK3CA, or PTEN and 74% had an alteration in ERBB2 or PIK3CA. This is highly relevant with the introduction of alpha-specific PI3K inhibitors clinically [25]. Specifically, the US Food and Drug Administration has granted approval to alpelisib in combination with fulvestrant for hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative, PIK3CA mutated advanced or metastatic breast cancer following on endocrine therapy based on the SOLAR-1 trial [26]. There is conflicting evidence as to whether PTEN deficiency may be targeted with alpha-specific PI3K inhibitors. Alpelisib has been reported to effectively inhibit growth in lipoma cells deficient in PTEN derived from PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome patients, but loss of function PTEN mutations has also been reported as a mechanism of resistance to alpelisib and fulvestrant in PIK3CA mutant hormone receptor positive breast cancer [27, 28]. Among the 4 cases of PLC from TCGA which did not harbor alterations in ERBB2, PIK3CA, and PTEN, we found that two of the cases had alterations in FGFR1, an FGFR1 amplification and a ZNF791-FGFR1 fusion, suggesting the potentially targetable alterations within this group may be 94% (Fig. 1C). A case report has shown activity in FGFR1 amplified breast cancer with the FGFR inhibitor pazopanib and erdafitinib has shown activity in FGFR altered urothelial carcinoma [29, 30].

Our results show that PLC presents at more advanced stage than breast cancer not otherwise specified and harbors high percentages of both ERBB2 alterations and PI3K pathway alterations. Due to the fact that PLC tends to be more aggressive, the finding that high percentages contain alterations which can be targeted therapeutically is clinically relevant and suggests testing for these alterations is warranted in these cases.

IDC: Invasive ductal carcinoma

ILC: Classic invasive lobular cancer

LOH: Loss of heterozygosity

PLC: Invasive pleomorphic lobular carcinoma of the breast

TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas

Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved and performed in accordance with standards established by Rutgers Institutional Review Board, consistent with applicable national and state laws and regulations.

Consent for publication Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials All data generated and analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

Competing interests The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.

Funding The study was supported by NIH grant P30-CA072720 and an anonymous gift to precision medicine.

Author contributions GR and SG were involved in the conception and design of the project and wrote the manuscript. GR, SJ, and NB were involved in the acquisition of samples and the analysis of data. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgements Not applicable.

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SupplementaryTableI.xls
Supplementary Table 1. Clinicopathologic and biomarker status in cases of PLC from TCGA and our institution
SupplementaryTableI.xls
Supplementary Table 1. Clinicopathologic and biomarker status in cases of PLC from TCGA and our institution
SupplementaryTable2.xls
Supplementary Table 2. Molecular alterations in 84 cases of classic ILC from TCGA
SupplementaryTable2.xls
Supplementary Table 2. Molecular alterations in 84 cases of classic ILC from TCGA

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published 13 Jan, 2021

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Targetable Alterations in Invasive Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast

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