Investigation of Potential Environmental Impacts and Sustainable Management of Municipal Solid Waste using the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response-Outcome (DPSIRO) framework: Case of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

The generation of MSW in urban areas in Ethiopia and elsewhere continues to increase and 14 poses a challenge to city governments and citizens if the wastes are not properly managed. 15 Applying an integrated system for managing MSW and recovering the material for use in new 16 products can reduce the negative impacts on the environment. The purpose of this study is to 17 apply the DPSIRO framework to develop a system that reduces the negative impacts of MSW in 18 Bahir Dar city in a sustainable way. The research started by identifying the main driving forces 19 that lead to the generation of MSW. Then, states because of pressures and the consequent 20 impacts were investigated. Finally, the appropriate responses and outcomes obtained from the 21 responses were dealt with. Methods used to quantify GHG emissions, leachate, and 22 eutrophication potential were applied. According to the findings, the waste disposal site emits an estimated 46Gg of greenhouse gases per year in 2020.The eutrophication capacity of organic waste generated in the city was 0.0594 Kg N-equivalent or 59.4g N-equivalent. The waste 25 also contains an average of 1,112mm of leachate per day on an annual basis. The state of the 26 environment has an impact on human health and the ecosystem. Applying the circular economic 27 system, knowledge transfer, and waste management fees are the main responses suggested to 28 decision and policy makers. The responses correspond with balanced economic, social and 29 environmental situations. Outcomes were quantified in terms of organic fertilizer, income and 30 renewable energy (briquette) when the actions were taken. 31


Introduction
and that number is projected to increase to 3.40 billion tons by 2050. Clearly the solid waste 40 problem is a major concern for national and local authorities in many cities throughout 41 developing and developed countries (Inghels et al., 2016;Noufal et al., 2020). Especially in 42 developing countries, the common solid waste management system that they use is landfill 43 because it is relatively less costly to implement and operate than other options. However, 44 landfills are widely regarded as the least preferable municipal solid waste management system 45 due to its high contamination potential, including water and soil pollution due to the leachate 46 3 seepage and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions resulting from the decomposition of 47 biodegradable waste (Adeleke et al., 2021;Wang et al., 2020), and the sequestration of 48 potentially reusable materials in lieu of recycling. 49 The negative impact of municipal solid waste due to its mismanagement in the cities covers from 50 local to global level. The release of odorous compounds from landfill has a very local (micro-) 51 impact as it affects the surrounding population. Discharge of pollutants into ground or surface 52 water due to landfilling can have an impact on the regional (meso-) scale, as eutrophication can

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The city evolved from a monastery administration site as well as a market place to a rapidly 86 growing urban center. The Amhara National Regional State's administrative seat is now located 87 there. The city is made up of five sub-cities that share a common geographical location and 88 people's living habits. With the range of attractions on the nearby Lake Tana (Ethiopia's largest 89 lake and popular for churches and monasteries on the lake's 37 islands), it has become one of the 90 country's main tourist destinations. Currently, the city consists of more than 415,000 peoples.

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In this study, the DPSIRO framework has been applied to assess the impact of municipal solid 93 waste on soil, water and the air environment in Bahir Dar city. Figure 1 illustrates the cause and 94 effect relation between factors of the DPSIRO framework. During the time of study, initially the 95 driving forces which lead to the generation of municipal solid waste as pressure ware 96 determined. Second, the environmental change that results from pressure has been investigated.

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The state change of the environment was quantified in terms of greenhouse gas emission, The abbreviations in the above equation represent, MSWT is total municipal solid waste 105 generated (Gg/yr.), MSWF represents the fraction of MSW disposed of in one or more solid 106 waste disposal sites, MCF is methane correction factor (fraction), DOC indicates degradable 107 organic carbon (fraction) (kg C/kg SW), DOCF illustrate fraction DOC dissimilated, F is fraction 108 of methane in waste dump gas, 16/12 is the conversion of carbon to methane, R represents 109 recovered methane (Gg/yr.) and OX is oxidation factor (fraction-IPCC default is 0).

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The approach assumes that all future methane emissions occur in the same year that the waste is The symbols in equation 6 represented as, L is the volume of leachate, R is the volume of rainfall 138 and Ea is the volume of real evapotranspiration (or simpler evaporation from the earth level).

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Third, the impact that results from the change of soil, water and air quality was determined. Next

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All of the data needed to complete the DPSIRO framework analysis for this study was gathered 147 at the same time from both primary and secondary data sources. The five cases found in the city 148 were grouped into three major groups once the analysis was completed.      The eutrophication potential (EP) can be calculated for any compound that contains only C, H, N   high ecological impact in addition to human health impact. Lake Tana water, which is the largest 272 lake in Ethiopia, is found in Bahir Dar city and has high fish products for the community.    The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal 363 relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the 366 corresponding author on reasonable request. Scenario of DPSIRO framework for municipal solid waste management system of Bahir Dar city