1.1. Socio demographic characteristics
There were a total of 424 participants and the age distribution of study subjects ranges from 18-40 years with the mean (standard deviation) of 27 ± 4.6 years and 393 (92.7%) of them belongs to the age group 15-34 years.
It was observed that around 1.4% of the study participants were divorced. Only 41 (9.7%) of the study participants had higher education and 293 (69.1%) were housewives. Based on their gravidity, more than half of the study participants (62.3%) were multigravida and 80 (18.9%) of the study participants had history of previous urinary tract infection. None of the study subjects were cigarette or alcohol addicted (Table 1).
Table 1: Sociodemographic, obstetric, and clinical variables of pregnant women, March-June, 2019.
Variables
|
Total No of participants = 424
|
No (%)
|
No Bacteriuria No (%)
|
Bacteriuria
No (%)
|
Chi2
|
P value
|
Age
15-24
25-34
35-44
|
138 (32.4)
255 (60.3)
31 (7.3)
|
118 (27.8)
216 (50.9)
27 (6.4)
|
20 (4.7)
39 (9.2)
4 (0.9)
|
0.147
|
0.929
|
Marital Status
Married
Divorced
|
417 (98.6)
6 (1.4)
|
356 (84.2)
4 (0.9)
|
61 (14.4)
2 (0.5)
|
1.633
|
0.201
|
Educational level
Illiterate
Elementary
High school
Higher education
|
68 (16.0)
173 (40.8)
142 (33.5)
41 (9.7)
|
55 (13)
147 (34.7)
127 (30)
32 (7.6)
|
13 (3.1)
26 (6.1)
15 (3.5)
9 (2.2)
|
9.451
|
0.051
|
Occupation
Housewife
Government
Non-Government
Student
|
293 (69.1)
78 (18.4)
29 (6.8)
24 (5.7)
|
248 (58.5)
67 (15.8)
26 (6.1)
20 (4.7)
|
45 (10.6)
11 (2.6)
3 (0.7)
4 (0.9)
|
0.622
|
0.891
|
Gravidity
Primigravida
Multigravida
|
160 (37.7)
264 (62.3)
|
133 (31.4)
228 (53.8)
|
27 (6.4)
36 (8.5)
|
1.417
|
0.234
|
History of UTI
Yes
No
|
80 (18.9)
344 (81.1)
|
68 (16)
293 (69.1)
|
12 (2.8)
51 (12)
|
0.002
|
0.968
|
Cigarette/ alcohol addiction
Yes
No
|
0
424 (100)
|
0 (0)
361 (85.1)
|
0 (0)
63 (14.9)
|
--
|
--
|
Symptoms of UTI
Yes
No
|
82 (19.3)
342 (80.7)
|
68 (16.0)
293 (69.1)
|
14 (3.3)
49 (11.6)
|
4.915
|
0.555
|
1.2. Magnituide of UTI and distribution of bacterial isolates
Four hundred twenty-four (424) urine samples were collected from pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at the study sites, out of which 63 (14.9%) were positive for the presence of significant bacteriuria (Figure 1).
From the total study subjects, 80.7 % of them had no symptoms of UTI out of which 11.6 % had significant bacteriuria in their urine.
Of the total isolates, gram negative bacteria were the most common accounting for 44 (68.75%) of the total isolates. E. coli, K. pneumonia and S. aureus were the three predominant bacteria consisting of 28 (44.4%), 6 (9.5%) and 6 (9.5 %) of the total isolates respectively. The least abundant bacterial isolates were C. freundii, K. oxytoca, and P. stuartii, each represented by one (1.6%) isolates (Figure 2).
1.3.Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolated bacteria
Tables 2 and 3 summarized the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of gram negative and positive isolates respectively.
Bacterial
Isolates
|
No
|
Pattern
|
Antimicrobial agent tested
|
AM
|
SAM
|
TM
|
CZ
|
FOX
|
CAZ
|
CRO
|
FEP
|
MEM
|
AMK
|
GM
|
TOB
|
CIP
|
LEV
|
FT
|
SXT
|
A. baumannii
|
2
|
S
|
1
(50)
|
1
(50)
|
2
(100)
|
2
(100)
|
2
(100)
|
1
(50)
|
2
(100)
|
2 (100)
|
1
(50)
|
2 (100)
|
2
(100)
|
2
(100)
|
2
(100)
|
2
(100)
|
2 (100)
|
1
(50)
|
R
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
I
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
C. diversus
|
2
|
S
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
2
(100)
|
1
(50)
|
2
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
2
(100)
|
2 (100)
|
2
(100)
|
2 (100)
|
2
(100)
|
2
(100)
|
2
(100)
|
2
(100)
|
1
(50)
|
1
(50)
|
R
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
I
|
1
(50)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
2
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
C. freundii
|
1
|
S
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1 (100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1 (100)
|
1
(100)
|
R
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1 (100)
|
1
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
I
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
E. coli
|
28
|
S
|
11 (39.3)
|
18
(64.3)
|
24 (85.7)
|
25
(89.3)
|
26 (92.9)
|
14
(50)
|
23 (82.1)
|
26 (92.9)
|
20 (71.4)
|
26 (92.9)
|
25 (89.3)
|
27 (96.4)
|
25 (89.3)
|
26 (92.9)
|
25 (89.3)
|
23 (82.1)
|
R
|
16 (57.1)
|
7
(25)
|
4 (14.3)
|
2
(7.1)
|
2
(7.1)
|
11 (39.3)
|
5 (17.9)
|
2
(7.1)
|
2
(7.1)
|
2
(7.1)
|
3 (10.7)
|
1
(3.6)
|
3 (10.7)
|
2
(7.1)
|
1
(3.6)
|
5 (17.9)
|
R
|
2 (33.3)
|
2 (33.3)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(16.7)
|
0
(0)
|
4
(66.7)
|
2 (33.3)
|
3
(50)
|
3
(50)
|
1 (16.7)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
I
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1 (16.7)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1 (16.7)
|
0
(0)
|
Table 2: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Gram negative isolates, in selected health facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, March-June, 2019.
AM=Ampicillin, SAM= Ampicillin/Sublactam, TM= Piperacillin/ Tazobactam, CZ=Cefazolin, FOX=Cefoxitin, CAZ=Ceftazidime, CRO= Ceftriaxone, FEP= Cepepime, MEM= Meropenem, AMK= Amikacin, GM=Gentamicin, TOB=Tobramycin, CIP=Ciprofloxacin, LEV= Levofloxacin, FT=Nitrofurantoin, SXT= Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole, S= Susceptible, R= Resistant, I=Intermediate
Bacterial
Isolates
|
No
|
Pattern
|
Antimicrobial agent tested
|
AM
|
SAM
|
TM
|
CZ
|
FOX
|
CAZ
|
CRO
|
FEP
|
MEM
|
AMK
|
GM
|
TOB
|
CIP
|
LEV
|
FT
|
SXT
|
K.oxytoca
|
1
|
S
|
0
(0)
|
1 (100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1 (100)
|
0
(0)
|
1 (100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1 (100)
|
1
(100)
|
R
|
1
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
I
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
P. stuartii
|
1
|
S
|
1
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1 (100)
|
1
(100)
|
1 (100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1
(100)
|
1 (100)
|
1
(100)
|
R
|
0
(0)
|
1 (100)
|
1
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
I
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
P. aeruginosa
|
3
|
S
|
2 (66.7)
|
3 (100)
|
3
(100)
|
3
(100)
|
3
(100)
|
1
(33.3)
|
1 (33.3)
|
3 (100)
|
2 (66.7)
|
2 (66.7)
|
3
(100)
|
2 (66.7)
|
2 (66.7)
|
3
(100)
|
3 (100)
|
3
(100)
|
R
|
1 (33.3)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
2
(66.7)
|
2 (66.7)
|
0
(0)
|
1 (33.3)
|
1 (33.3)
|
0
(0)
|
1 (33.3)
|
1 (33.3)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
I
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
Total No of isolates
|
44
|
S
|
19 (43.2)
|
28 (63.6)
|
39 (88.6)
|
38
(86.4)
|
42 (95.5)
|
19 (43.2)
|
33
(75)
|
38 (86.4)
|
28 (63.6)
|
40 (90.9)
|
41 (93.2)
|
42 (95.5)
|
40 (90.9)
|
42 (95.5)
|
39 (88.6)
|
37 (84.1)
|
R
|
23 (52.3)
|
11 (25)
|
5 (11.4)
|
5
(11.4)
|
2
(4.5)
|
21 (47.7)
|
11
(25)
|
6 (13.6)
|
8 (18.2)
|
4
(9.1)
|
3
(6.8)
|
2
(4.5)
|
4
(9.1)
|
2
(4.5)
|
1
(2.3)
|
7 (15.9)
|
I
|
2
(4.5)
|
5 (11.4)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(2.3)
|
0
(0)
|
4
(9.1)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
8 (18.2)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
4
(9.1)
|
0
(0)
|
Table 2: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Gram negative isolate in selected health facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, March-June, 2019.
AM=Ampicillin, SAM=Ampicillin/Sublactam, TM=Piperacillin/ Tazobactam, CZ=Cefazolin, FOX=Cefoxitin, CAZ=Ceftazidime, CRO= Ceftriaxone,FEP=Cepepime,MEM=Meropenem, AMK=Amikacin, GM=Gentamicin, TOB=Tobramycin, CIP=Ciprofloxacin, LEV= Levofloxacin, FT=Nitrofurantoin, SXT=Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole, S=Susceptible, R=Resistant, I=Intermediat
Bacterial
Isolates
|
No
|
Pattern
|
Antimicrobial agent tested
|
AMX
|
P
|
CTX
|
CRO
|
C
|
ETP
|
E
|
LEV
|
LNZ
|
MEM
|
MXF
|
OFL
|
TEL
|
TE
|
SXT
|
VA
|
E. faecalis
|
4
|
S
|
2
(50)
|
3
(75)
|
3
(75)
|
4
(100)
|
4 (100)
|
3
(75)
|
2
(50)
|
4 (100)
|
3
(75)
|
4 (100)
|
4 (100)
|
4 (100)
|
2
(50)
|
2
(50)
|
3
(75)
|
4 (100)
|
R
|
2
(50)
|
1
(25)
|
1
(25)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(25)
|
2
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(25)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(25)
|
2
(50)
|
1
(25)
|
0
(0)
|
I
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(25)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
S. agalactiae
|
3
|
S
|
1
(33.3)
|
3
(100)
|
2
(66.7)
|
2
(66.7)
|
1 (33.3)
|
2
(66.7)
|
3 (100)
|
3 (100)
|
3 (100)
|
3 (100)
|
3 (100)
|
3 (100)
|
1 (33.3)
|
0
(0)
|
3 (100)
|
2 (66.7)
|
R
|
1
(33.3)
|
0
(0)
|
1 (33.3)
|
0
(0)
|
2
(66.7)
|
1
(33.3)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
2
(66.7)
|
3
(100)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(33.3)
|
I
|
1
(33.3)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(33.3)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
S. epidermidis
|
4
|
S
|
3
(75)
|
4 (100)
|
4 (100)
|
4
(100)
|
3
(75)
|
4
(100)
|
1
(25)
|
2
(50)
|
3
(75)
|
4 (100)
|
2
(50)
|
3
(75)
|
4 (100)
|
1
(25)
|
3
(75)
|
3
(75)
|
R
|
1
(25)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(25)
|
0
(0)
|
3
(75)
|
2
(50)
|
1
(25)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(25)
|
1
(25)
|
0
(0)
|
3
(75)
|
1
(25)
|
1
(25)
|
I
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(25)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
S. aureus
|
6
|
S
|
6
(100)
|
5
(83.3)
|
5
(83.3)
|
4
(66.7)
|
4
(66.7)
|
4
(66.7)
|
5
(83.3)
|
4
(66.7)
|
6
(100)
|
4
(66.7)
|
6
(100)
|
4
(66.7)
|
5
(83.3)
|
2
(33.3)
|
2
(33.3)
|
3
(50)
|
R
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
2
(100)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
I
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(50)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
Total No of isolates
|
19
|
S
|
14 (73.7)
|
17 (89.5)
|
16 (84.2)
|
14
(73.7)
|
13 (68.4)
|
15 (78.9)
|
11 (57.9)
|
15 (78.9)
|
16 (84.2)
|
17
(89.5)
|
17 (89.5)
|
16
(84.2)
|
14
(73.7)
|
6 (31.6)
|
13
(68.4)
|
14
(73.7)
|
R
|
4 (21.1)
|
2
(10.5)
|
3 (15.8)
|
4
(21.1)
|
5
(26.3)
|
3 (15.8)
|
7
(36.8)
|
4 (21.1)
|
2 (10.5)
|
2
(10.5)
|
1
(5.3)
|
3 (15.8)
|
4 (21.1)
|
12 (63.2)
|
5 (26.3)
|
4
(21.1)
|
I
|
1
(5.3)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(5.3)
|
1
(5.3)
|
1
(5.3)
|
1
(5.3)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(5.3)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(5.3)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(5.3)
|
1
(5.3)
|
1 (5.3)
|
1
(5.3)
|
Table 3: Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Gram positive isolates in selected health facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, March-June, 2019.
AMX=Amoxicillin, P=Penicillin, CTX=Cefotaxime, CRO= Ceftriaxone, C= Chloramphenicol, ETP= Ertapenem, E= Erythromycin,LEV=Levofloxacin, LNZ= Linezolid, MEM= Meropenem, MXF= Moxifloxacin,OFL= Ofloxacin, TEL= Telithromycin, TE= Tetracycline, SXT= Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, VA= Vancomycin, S= Susceptible, R= Resistant, I= Intermediate
E. coli were sensitive for cefoxitin (92.9%), levofloxacin (92.9%), cefepime (92.9%), amikacin (92.9%), piperacillin/ tazobactam (85.7%), cefazolin (89.3%), tobramycin (96.4%), nitrofurantoin (89.3%), trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (82.1%), ciprofloxacin (89.3%), gentamicin (89.3%), ceftriaxone (82.1%), and resistant for ampicillin (57.1%), ceftazidime (39.3%).
K. Pneumonia isolates showed resistance to ceftazidime (66.7%), cefepime (50%), meropenem (50%), while it was susceptible for cefoxitin (100%), levofloxacin (100%), piperacillin/ tazobactam (100%), cefazolin (83.3%), amikacin (83.3%), gentamicin (100%), tobramycin (100%), nitrofurantoin (83.3%), trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (100%), ciprofloxacin (100%),
Gram positive bacteria showed variety of susceptibility pattern ranging from 0% to 100%. The most dominant gram positive bacteria, S. aureus were resistant to trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (50.0 %) and tetracycline (66.7%) while it showed sensitivity to amoxicillin (100%), linezolid (100%), moxifloxacin (100%), telithromycin (100%).
Similarly, S. saprophyticus were susceptible to amoxicillin (100%), penicillin (100%), cefotaxime (100%), ertapenem (100%), and developed resistance to erythromycin (50 %), chloramphenicol (50%), ceftriaxone (100 %).
1.4.Fetal outcome and its association with UTI
From the total of 424 pregnant women there were 57 (13 %) and 367 (87%) poor and good fetal outcomes respectively. Poor fetal outcome includes the occurrence of either one or more of the following: APGAR score in 5-min (below 7), low birth weight (below 2500 gm), Premature rupture of membrane, Preterm labor, or IUFD. The presence of bacteriuria, had a significant association with fetal outcomes with (p value =0.000). Maternal age, gravidity, educational status, occupation, marital status and history of UTI had no association with the UTI status of the mother (Figure 3).
PROM had a significant association with the occurrence of maternal UTI (P=0.000). However, no significant differences were noted between pregnant mothers with or without UTI in terms of IUFD, birth weight, 5-min Apgar scores and preterm labor, (20.0% vs. 80.0%; P= 0.876, 20.0% vs. 80.0%; p = 0.521, 17.4% vs. 82.6%; p= 0.817 and 20.0% vs. 80.0%; p= 0.846) respectively. (Table 4)
Table 4: Association of significant bacteriuria with IUFD, PROM, birth weight, APGAR score and GA at birth
Variables
|
Bacteriuria
No (%)
|
COR (95%CI)
|
AOR (95%CI)
|
P value
|
No
|
Yes
|
IUFD
|
No
|
357 (85.2)
|
62 (14.8)
|
1.4
(0.16, 3.09)
|
1.2
(0.13, 11.29)
|
0.876
|
Yes
|
4(80.0)
|
1 (20.0)
|
PROM
|
No
|
349 (87.7)
|
49 (12.3)
|
8.3
(3.63, 18.99)
|
8.4
(3.60, 19.41)
|
0.000*
|
Yes
|
12 (46.2)
|
14 (53.8)
|
Birth weight
|
Normal
|
345 (85.4)
|
59 (14.6)
|
1.5
(0.47, 4.53)
|
1.5
(0.47, 4.50)
|
0.521
|
Under
|
16 (80.0)
|
4 (20.0)
|
APGAR score
|
Normal
|
342 (85.3)
|
59 (14.7)
|
1.2
(0.40, 3.71)
|
1.1
(0.37, 3.50)
|
0.817
|
Low
|
19 (82.6)
|
4 (17.4)
|
Gestational age at birth
|
Term
|
357 (85.2)
|
62 (14.8)
|
1.4
(0.16, 13.09)
|
1.2
(0.14, 11.55
|
0.846
|
Preterm
|
4 (80.0)
|
1 (20.0)
|
As indicated in table 5 below, out of the 63 pregnant mothers with bacteriuria, 18 (28.6%) of them gave birth with poor fetal outcome. The mothers with positive bacteriuria were found significantly associated with having a poor fetal outcome which is a summative effect of individual adverse fetal outcomes (95% CI= 1.742,6.261).
Table 5: Association of significant bacteriuria with fetal outcome, keeping other variables constant
Variables
|
Good fetal outcome
|
Poor fetal outcome
|
COR (95%CI)
|
AOR (95%CI)
|
P value(95%CI)
|
UTI
Negative
Positive
|
322 (89.2%)
45 (71.4%)
|
39 (10.8%)
18 (28.6%)
|
1
3.3
|
1
3.2
|
0.000*
(1.742, 6.261)
|
Educational level
No formal education
Primary school
Secondary school
Higher education
|
61 (16.6%)
148 (40.3%)
125 (34.1%)
33 (9.0%)
|
7 (12.3%)
25 (43.9%)
17 (29.8%)
8 (14.9%)
|
1
0.5
0.7
0.6
|
1
0.6
0.8
0.6
|
0.223
(0.900, 1.568)
|
Gravidity
Multigravida
Primigravida
|
235 (89.0%)
132 (82.5%)
|
29 (11.0%)
28 (17.5%)
|
1
1.7
|
1
1.6
|
0.058
(0.981, 3.013)
|