1
|
Vestermark et al.[29]
|
1990
|
Denmark
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To evaluate whether the mode of delivery affects breastfeeding.
|
Cesarean section (CS) = 102
Vaginal delivery (VD) = 231
|
• Mothers who gave birth by CS had a delay in their early initiation of breastfeeding.
• Their babies were prescribed formula milk
• Postdelivery formula milk or prelacteal feeding had no effect on exclusive breastfeeding one month after delivery.
|
|
Poor quality
|
2
|
Wiklund, Edman, & Andolf [32]
|
2007
|
Sweden
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To investigate the breastfeeding of mothers who experienced CS for the first time
|
CS = 357
VD = 266
|
• Many mothers who gave birth by CS had weaned their babies three months after birth.
• The reason for this was related to personality traits and sociodemographic factors, not to the type of delivery.
|
|
Moderate quality
|
3
|
Chien, L. -. & Tai [34]
|
2007
|
Taiwan
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To evaluate the effects of type of delivery on the initiation of breastfeeding, and breastfeeding at 1 and 3 months after delivery.
|
CS = 699
VD = 1124
|
• Breastfeeding initiation within 30 minutes after delivery was associated with a higher chance of breastfeeding at one and three months after delivery.
|
breastfeeding initiation: maternal age, education, work status, and spousal sup-
port for breastfeeding.
|
Moderate quality
|
4
|
Pérez-Ríos, Ramos-Valencia, & Ortiz [31]
|
2008
|
Puerto Rico
|
Quantitative, cross sectional
|
To investigate the association between CS and breastfeeding initiation
|
CS = 598
VD = 1097
|
• CS was a barrier to breastfeeding initiation of reproductive age women in Puerto Rico
|
breastfeeding initiation: educational attainment, marital status, and
employment status.
|
Moderate quality
|
5
|
Chalmers et al. [20]
|
2010
|
Canada
|
Quantitative, cross sectional
|
To know the correlation between CS and breastfeeding
|
CS = 2246
VD = 6296
|
• CS had less mother-infant contact experiences.
• CS had less mothers breastfeeding their babies at almost all time periods
|
|
Moderate quality
|
6
|
Al-Sahab et al. [21]
|
2010
|
Canada
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To investigate the rate of breastfeeding 6 months after delivery
|
CS = 1456
VD = 4146
|
• Exclusive breastfeeding was correlated with the type of delivery.
• Pain and discomfort due to C-section effect may prevent the mother to breastfed.
|
Exclusive breastfeeding 6 months after delivery: Mother`s education, marital status, smoking during pregnancy, type of setting of baby’s birth, Baby’s admission to NICU, employment status.
|
Moderate quality
|
7
|
Zanardo et al. [26]
|
2010
|
Italy
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To evaluate breastfeeding rate postdelivery up to six months after CS and VD
|
CS = 398
VD = 1496
|
• Both elective and emergency CS had negatively effects on breastfeeding.
|
|
Moderate quality
|
8
|
Ahluwalia, Li, & Morrow [36]
|
2012
|
United States of America
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To know the corelation between type of delivery and breastfeeding
|
CS = 489
VD = 1157
|
• No significant correlation between type of delivery and breastfeeding initiation.
• Women with assisted deliveries need additional support.
|
|
Moderate quality
|
9
|
Liu, Zhang, Liu, Li, & Li [23]
|
2012
|
China
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To examine the corelation between type of delivery and method of breastfeeding
|
CS = 22462
VD = 409242
|
• Women who had CS were less likely to exclusively breastfeed than women who had VD.
|
|
High
quality
|
10
|
Watt et al.[22]
|
2012
|
Canada
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To investigate the relationship between type of delivery and breastfeeding initiation and continuance up to six weeks after delivery
|
CS = 826
VD = 1668
|
• The type of delivery was not a determining factor of breastfeeding initiation in the early post-discharge period.
|
|
Moderate quality
|
11
|
Albokhary & James [33]
|
2014
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Quantitative, Cross sectional
|
To examine whether the type of delivery influenced the breastfeeding practice
|
CS = 30
VD = 30
|
• Women who had CS were less likely to initiate breastfeeding and likely to introduce formula milk.
• Pain after birth due to CS had negative effects on breastfeeding.
|
|
Moderate quality
|
12
|
Berde & Yalcin [15]
|
2016
|
Nigeria
|
Quantitative, Cross sectional
|
To recognize the factors associated with Early Initiation of Breast Feeding (EIBF)
|
CS = 263
VD = 11508
|
• Mothers who had VD had three times higher early initiation of breastfeeding than mothers who had CS.
|
breastfeeding initiation: mother’s age, education, ANC visit, place of delivery, baby birth weight, occupation, wealth Index, and type of place of residence
|
High quality
|
13
|
Hobbs, Mannion, McDonald, Brockway, & Tough [11]
|
2016
|
Canada
|
Cohort study
|
To evaluate the corelation between type of delivery and breastfeeding initiation
|
CS = 739
VD = 2279
|
• There was no significant difference in the breastfeeding practice between women who had CS and women who had VD.
• Women who had CS were more likely to discontinue breastfeeding before three months after delivery.
|
|
High quality
|
14
|
Kiani et al. [16]
|
2017
|
Nicaragua
|
Quantitative, cross sectional
|
To investigate the corelation between type of delivery and breastfeeding
|
CS = 10
VD = 147
|
• There was no difference in breastfeeding initiation between mothers who had CS and mothers who had VD.
• Providing prelacteal feeds before early initiation of breastfeeding has a negative effect on breastfeeding.
|
Breastfeeding initiation: mother's BMI and mother's age
Exclusive breastfeeding 6 months after delivery: travel time to health centre, and weight of baby at birth
|
High quality
|
15
|
Chen et al. [5]
|
2018
|
China
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To identify the potential effects of CS on breastfeeding practices and breastfeeding duration
|
CS = 387
VD = 567
|
• Mothers who had CS reported a low percentage of exclusive breastfeeding and any breastfeeding compared with mothers who had VD.
• CS also shortened the breastfeeding duration.
• CS was also associated with delayed breastfeeding initiation and giving formula milk.
|
|
High quality
|
16
|
Ezeh et al. [17]
|
2019
|
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo
|
Quantitative, cross sectional
|
To investigate the possible characteristics influencing early initiation of breastfeeding in 13 members of ECOWAS
|
CS = 2966
VD = 73763
|
• Mothers who received CS had less early initiation of breastfeeding than mothers who received VD.
|
Breastfeeding initiation: household level,
mothers’ first delivery, delivery setting.
|
High quality
|
17
|
Zhang et al.[7]
|
2019
|
China
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To investigate the correlation of early initiation of breastfeeding with long-term breastfeeding outcome after CS
|
CS = 333
VD = 315
|
• CS had a negative effect on early breastfeeding behaviors and continued to have long-term effects on breastfeeding outcomes.
• CS is not a negative factor; however, infants who have feeding difficulties at the early stage of breastfeeding will have long-term problems.
|
|
High quality
|
18
|
Ragusa et al.[12]
|
2020
|
Italy
|
Quantitative, cross sectional
|
To assess the percentage of breastfeeding during hospital stay
|
CS = 1488
VD = 2325
|
• Exclusive breastfeeding was less adopted in women who had CS than in women who had VD.
|
|
Moderate quality
|
19
|
Ali et al.[28]
|
2020
|
Bangladesh
|
Quantitative, cross sectional
|
To evaluate the relationship of childbirth location and type of delivery with early breastfeeding practices
|
CS = 359
VD = 2362
|
• Early initiation of breastfeeding was less frequent in women who had CS than in women who had VD.
|
Initiation of breastfeeding: place of delivery.
|
High quality
|
20
|
Apanga & Kumbeni [18]
|
2020
|
Ghana
|
Quantitative, cross sectional
|
To examine the percentage of breastfeeding and factors related to the initiation of breastfeeding
|
CS = 1663
VD = 13642
|
• Breastfeeding initiation was less in women who had CS than in women who had VD.
|
Initiation of breastfeeding: delivery assisted by skilled attendant, Planned pregnancy, and weight of baby at birth
|
High quality
|
21
|
Chehab, Nasreddine, Zgheib, & Forman [30]
|
2020
|
Lebanon
|
Quantitative, cross sectional
|
To assess the frequency of and factors related to exclusive breastfeeding at 40 days and at six months
|
CS = 424
VD = 517
|
• The frequency of exclusive breastfeeding was higher in the VD group than in the CS group at 40 days and at six months
|
exclusive breastfeeding at 40 days and at six months: family monthly income and educational level.
|
High quality
|
22
|
Gedefaw, Goedert, Abebe, & Demis [19]
|
2020
|
Ethiopia
|
Quantitative, cross sectional
|
To assess the impact of CS on breastfeeding initiation
|
CS = 165
VD = 6950
|
• CS was a significant factor associated with the late initiation of breastfeeding
|
|
Moderate quality
|
23
|
Hoang Nguyen et al.[37]
|
2020
|
Vietnam
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To evaluate the effects of CS on breastfeeding practices from delivery to 12 months postpartum
|
CS = 654
VD = 1061
|
• There were lower rates of early initiation of breastfeeding by mothers who underwent CS due to prelacteal feeding of their infants.
|
|
Moderate quality
|
24
|
Paksoy Erbaydar & Erbaydar [35]
|
2020
|
Turkey
|
Quantitative, cohort study
|
To determine the relationship between CS and early breastfeeding practices among primiparas
|
CS = 417
VD = 360
|
• Women who had CS had late breastfeeding initiation and non-exclusive breastfeeding during the three days following delivery.
|
|
Moderate quality
|
25
|
Baxter, 2006 [24]
|
2006
|
England
|
Qualitative, focus group
discussion
|
To explore the experiences of feeding CS babies
|
CS = 11
|
• The reasons for stopping breastfeeding were the perception of insufficient milk and inconvenience, difficulty with attachment, pain, and lack of support
|
|
Moderate quality
|
26
|
Chaplin et al. [27]
|
2016
|
Queensland, Australia
|
Qualitative, interpretive phenomenological research
|
To explore the experiences of women with breastfeeding problems
|
CS = 8
|
• The problems of breastfeeding practice after CS were anesthetic recovery, lack of true skin-to-skin contact, separation of mother and baby, inconsistent information, inadequate support, unnecessary milk formula supplementation and feelings of failure
|
|
High quality
|
27
|
Tully, Kristin P. & Ball [25]
|
2014
|
Northeast England
|
Qualitative, semistructured, open-ended interview
|
To examine the maternal perspectives of mechanisms that contribute to the difficulty of early breastfeeding after CS
|
CS = 115
|
• The barriers to breastfeeding after CS were maternal mobility limitations, positioning difficulties, and frustration at the need for assistance.
|
|
High quality
|