Green Technology: Transformation of Domestic Bio-Waste into Electricity Energy to Mitigate the Global Energy and Environmental Vulnerability

Background Green Technology, a sustainable mechanism is being proposed to fulfill the complete need of energy for a building that can be created by the building itself by the transformation process of domestic biowaste into electricity energy in site . Results The results suggested that the transformation of domestic biowaste including human feces to execute into converting process into an anaerobic tank bioreactor (BR) in the cellar which can form biogas (CH 4 ) by methanogenesis that can be converted into electricity energy to power the entire building. Besides, the discharged waste water in another detention tank can be conducted a complete treatment process of primary, secondary, tertiary and UV application to utilize it for gardening.


Background
Environmental vulnerability correlated much on building sector since 40% of global fossil energy is consumed by building sector throughout the world (8,19,30). In 2018, the net energy consumption globally accounted for 5.59 × 10 20 joules = 559 EJ, where 2.236x10 20 EJ energy is alone engulfed by the building sector (15,22). Consequently, building sector triggered to release nearly 8.01x10 11 ton CO2 (218 gtC by building sector of worldwide total carbon production of 545 gtC; 1 gtC = 10 9 ton C = 3.67 gt CO2) into the atmosphere in year 2018. The quickening of fossil fuel consumption by building sector is getting higher and higher and globally and the situation shall remain unchanged until an innovative technology is used to power the building sector globally.
At present, the atmospheric CO2 level is 400 ppm where building sector is the major player for creating this high level of CO2 concentration into the atmosphere and it is accelerating 2.11% per year which is the clear and present danger to survive all living being in this planet near future (1,3,62). Necessarily, the atmospheric CO2 level must be lowered to a clean breathable level of 300 ppm CO2. Therefore, a sustainable energy mechanism in building sector is an urgent demand to confirm a clean and green environment on earth.
Though there are some recent interesting study shows that a person can produce feces average 0.4 kg/day that can form the 0.4 m3 biogas/day and this amount of biogas (0.4 m3/day) production which is good enough to cook three meals for a family of four persons in day (2,33,28). However, no one has shown that the mechanism of using cellar of a building as an acting bioreactor to transform biowaste into electricity energy to satisfy the total energy demand of a building. Therefore, in this research, a net zero carbon release by a building has been proposed by producing bioenergy by the building itself and transform it into electricity energy to meets its net energy need. Simply, the domestic bio waste including human stool and waste water of the building are being chosen to collect it into the sealed separation chamber into the basement. Thereafter, this bio waste is being isolated into (I) waste water, and (ii) sludge and transferred into two separation tanks into the cellar. Then the waste water is being conducted for treatment process in site by integrating required all chemical and physical process in order to use for landscaping. Consequently, the solid biowaste has been permitted to undergo for methanogenesis process into the bioreactor to form bioenergy and then convert it into electricity energy. Implementation of this innovative mechanism shall indeed would be a promising technology to fulfil the net need for a building which is delivered by the building itself.

Results and Discussion
Since the anaerobic Co-digestions of domestic bio waste including human feces is lead into an anaerobic bioreactor, thus, the methanogenesis process began to produce biogas into the bioreactor right way. Naturally, the formation of biogas from the biowaste is being is examined by computerized gas chromatograph (21,29,42).  Therefore, a model of bioreactor module described the generation of maximum bioenergy from domestic waste considering protective anerobic detention chamber ( Figure 5). Naturally, the model of the bioreactor module is being simplified by the determination of accurate form of the current-voltage (I-V) curb considering the mode of single diode electricity circuit (30,35,55).

Bio Energy
The next step is to calculate the electricity energy generation Ipv form biogas production by the calculation from the mode of current flow into the diode panel accounting I-V-R relationship and biogas received by the diode to convert to alternating current (AC) for using domestic energy demand (Figure 7).
The below equation represents the electricity energy output from biogas (CH4):

=
(1) Where, ηpvg represents the methane -generation efficiency, Apvg represents to the electricity energy generation, and Gt represents the current flow in the circuit cell.
Thus, ηpvg can be rewritten as follows: ηpc represents the power factor effectiveness once it is equal to 1; β represents the energy cofactor (0.004-0.006 per °C); ηr represents the mode of energy production; and Tcref is the cell temperature in °C which can be obtained from the equation follow: Here, Ta represents the ambient temperature in °C, Gt represents the current flow in a ciccuit cell (W/s), and NOCT represents the standard operating cell temperature in Celsius (°C) degree. The total electricity energy production in the circuit panel is estimated by the following equation: The current flow into the circuit cells which is determined by the functional mode of its P-N junction that is able to produce electricity by conducting the interconnection of series-parallel configuration of the circuit cell (34,47,52). Implementation of the standard single diode circuit cell, the function of Ns series and Np parallel connection in relation to current generation can be expressed as Here, the equations 5 and 6, q represents the generation of electron charge (1.6 × 10 -19 C), K is the Boltzmann's constant, A represents the cell standard cofactor, and T represents the cell temperature (K). Irs represents the cell reverse current at T, Tr represents the cell referred temperature, Irr represents the reverse current at Tr, and EG represents the band gap energy flow into the circuit cell. The electric current Iph formation conforming the circuit cell's temperature can be simplify as follows: ISCR represents the cell short-circuit current and electricity energy generation, ki represents the short-circuit current temperature coefficient, and S represents the electricity energy (kW). Thus, the I-V relationship into the circuit cell can be expressed simply as: Iph represents the electricity current (A), ID represents the functional current (A), I0 represents the inverse current (A), A represents the functional constant, q represents the charge of the electron (1.6 × 10 -19 C), K is the Boltzmann's constant, T represents the cell temperature (°C), Rs represents the series resistance (ohm), Rsh represents to the shunt resistance (Ohm), I represents the cell current (A), and V represents the circuit cell voltage (V). Thus, the output electricity current into the circuit panel is thus described as follows: where 1 = 01 [exp ( I01 and I02 represents the reverse currents of cell, respectively, and VT1 and VT2 represents the thermal voltages of the respective cell. The cell idealist constants are denoted as a1 and a2. Then the simplified equation the cell mode is described as: where Conversely, the derivative of the power with respect to current will equate to peak electricity energy production

Conclusion
The advancement of building construction in both urban and sub-urban regions around the globe are quickening tremendously for the past fifty years. Thus, environmental change is expanding quickly because of the traditional utilization of fossil fuel by building sector throughout the world. Likewise, conventional domestic waste and wastewater treatment process are causing/executing the serious ecological contamination, making harm to human wellbeing, hampering the animals and plants kingdom. Here, the "Green Technology", an inventive technology could be the frontline science to mitigate the complete energy need for a building without using any utility service connection. Because this innovation "Green Technology" could deliver sustainable energy by utilizing building's cellar as the acting bioreactor to create biogas from the household biowaste and then convert it into electricity energy to meet the total indispensable energy need for a building which is environmentally friendly.

Materials and Methods
For the conversion of domestic biowaste into bioenergy, structurally sound long- Once the sophisticated water force resistance two chambers bioreactor has been constructed, then the bioreactor is to be connected into bio waste chamber in order to collect the biowaste into the shut separation chamber into the basement. The other chamber is to be connected with the separated waste water for the process of treatment of primary, secondary, and tertiary mechanism and then implemented into UV application to disinfect the waste water. The UV application and filtration constitutes the simplest way of treating waste water involving Disinfection (DIS) system in which one fills a detention chamber with water and exposes it to full UV light for a few hours.
Once the waste water temperature hits 50 °C due to the subject of UV light of approximately 320 nm, it functions immediately to kill all bacteria, viruses, molds and disinfect the water completely thorough bacteriological disinfection process (Figure 1).

Figure 1: The application of photo-physics radiation in purifying water that illustrates
that once one applies UV light of 320 nm into the waste water, it begins to kill the microorganisms once the temperature momentum hits at 50 0 C.
This treatment mechanism removes nearly 100% microorganism and other contaminants from the waste water effluent which could be used for local gardening. Once the sludge is disinfected, then the product is being placed into the closed bioreactor tank to allow for anaerobic co-digestion process (5,7,61). Thereafter, the product is being heated for 95 O F for 15 days which will stimulate the growth of anaerobic bacteria of Desulfovivrio, Methanecoccus, which engulf organic material of the sludge and to produce biogas through biosynthesis process (Figure 3).

Bio Energy
Then the biogas is to be conducted for transforming process to generate electricity energy through the semi-conductor diodes of the circuit panel. Hence, the electricity production from biogas into the circuit panel is being examined by detailed mathematical computations [22,24,40]. Hence, to achieve a successful conversion of biogas into electricity energy, the first order perturbation theory has been implemented considering the production of biogas [37,38,39]. The first order mechanism of the transformation of the biogas into the electricity energy needs the adequate surface into the bioreactor to separate the electrons into the semiconductor to produce the electric charge by the given term below [12,13,60]: here Depending on the operational point, the cuircit device, in practice, operates as a mixed performance of the current source or the voltage source (49,53). Practically, for the cercuit panel, the effect of RP parallel resistance will be greater in the operating area having a current source, while the RS series resistance has a bigger effect on the functioning of the photovoltaic modules when the device works in the area having a voltage source [8,20,59]. Based on studies of various researchers, it can be concluded that for simplifying the model, the value of RP can be ignored as it is very high [14,25,48]. Likewise, the value of RS being very low, can be neglected too [9,10,44], thus the temperature of the circuit panel can be shown as follows [18,19,43]. and can be stated as follows [6,11,57]: here Iph is the current that is produced because of biogass at STC and ΔT=T-Tn, T is the temperature of the circuit panel because of the electricity energy whereas Tn is the supposed temperature. For preventing any problems faced by the electricity energy current in deciding the series resistance (very low) as well as the parallel resistance (very high), it has been presumed that Isc≈Iph so that an explanation can be given for the complex circuit modelling and the open circuit voltage that is dependent on the temperature can be confirmed [17,20,51]. This can be shown by: (Fig. 1) = , (1 + ∆ ) + ln ( ) (4) here Voc, n is the open circuit voltage that is calculated at the given conditions and αv is the voltage-temperature coefficient. The electrical and thermal features of the electricity energy panels can be achieved from these characteristics which are integrated to achieve the I-V curve to produce much electricity energy Eq.
The diode saturation current can thus be shown by its dependence on the temperature of the bioreactor [12], here EG represents the band-gap energy of the electricity energy. Eq. (8) shows that the diode saturation current at the STC and the photo-current at STC are linked, Thus, Eq. (14) is considered as modest electricity energy generation model that is transformed from the biogas from bioreactor and it can be explained as simply as following equations.

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