Table 1 Details of primer sequences used in qRT-PCR.
Gene
|
Primer sequences (5'-3')
(F- Forward and R- Reverse)
|
Annealing
Temperature (oC)
|
Product
Size (bp)
|
β-actin
|
F- GAGAAATTGTGCGTGACATCA
R- CCTGAACCTCTCATTGCCA
|
58
|
152
|
IFN-γ
|
F- GAACGACTTGAGAATCCAGC
R- GAGCACAGGAGGTCATAAGA
|
58
|
146
|
IL-8
|
F- GCTCTGTCGCAAGGTAGGAC
R- CCAGCACACCTCTCTTCCA
|
58
|
184
|
Table 2 Effect of in ovo feeding of arginine, tryptophan and their combination on hatchability, hatch weight, chick/egg weight ratio, placement weight and transit weight loss (Mean±S.E).
Variables (g)
|
Treatments
|
Control
|
Injected control
|
Arginine (Arg)
|
Tryptophan (Trp)
|
Combination (Arg+Trp)
|
Hatchability (%)NS
(n=140)
|
95.71
|
94.28
|
96.42
|
95.71
|
93.57
|
Hatch egg weightNS
(n=140)
|
60.54±0.004
|
60.53±0.011
|
60.55±0.004
|
60.54±0.008
|
60.53±0.004
|
Hatch weight**
(n=108)
|
43.96bc±0.29
|
44.50ab±0.26
|
45.18a±0.24
|
44.35bc±0.22
|
43.59c±0.30
|
Chick/Egg weight ratio** (n=108)
|
72.6bc±0.48
|
73.5ab±0.43
|
74.62a±0.39
|
73.25bc±0.37
|
72.0c±0.49
|
Placement weight**
(n=108)
|
40.26c±0.28
|
40.9bc±0.25
|
42.24a±0.23
|
41.10b±0.21
|
40.26c±0.28
|
Transit weight lossNS
(n=108)
|
3.69±0.39
|
3.58±0.12
|
2.94±0.10
|
3.25±0.15
|
3.32±0.11
|
NS-Not significant, *-Significant (P<0.05), **-Highly significant (P<0.01), Mean values within each row having common superscripts don’t differ significantly, n=Number of observations
Table 3 Effect of in ovo feeding of arginine, tryptophan and their combination on weekly body weight gain (g) (Mean±S.E).
Week
|
Treatments
|
Control
|
Injected control
|
Arginine (Arg)
|
Tryptophan (Trp)
|
Combination (Arg+Trp)
|
FirstNS (n=96)
|
43.33±0.94
|
45.04±0.88
|
44.68±0.90
|
42.40±0.81
|
43.08±0.64
|
Second* (n=96)
|
164.35b±4.04
|
170.30b±3.49
|
181.37a±2.95
|
169.84b±3.43
|
173.26ab±3.82
|
Third** (n=94)
|
308.36b±7.89
|
305.28b±5.36
|
334.15a ±5.03
|
310.94b±6.07
|
312.90b±6.15
|
FourthNS (n=84)
|
457.69±6.72
|
462.76±7.59
|
468.13±5.94
|
448.53±10.31
|
468.92±6.88
|
FifthNS (n=82)
|
317.24±10.30
|
304.68±9.43
|
309.84±9.93
|
307.90±10.59
|
313.62±9.26
|
NS- Not significant,*- Significant (P<0.05), **- Highly significant (P<0.01), Means within each row having common superscripts don’t differ significantly, n= Number of observations
Table 4 Effect of in ovo feeding of arginine, tryptophan and their combination on carcass traits (Mean±S.E) (n=12).
Variables (%)
|
Treatments
|
Control
|
Injected control
|
Arginine (Arg)
|
Tryptophan (Trp)
|
Combination (Arg+Trp)
|
New York dressed weightNS
|
91.85±0.18
|
91.77±0.24
|
91.62±0.23
|
92.24±0.21
|
91.73±0.23
|
Eviscerated weight**
|
70.27b±0.45
|
70.19b±0.71
|
72.97a±0.28
|
70.59b±0.43
|
71.56b±0.50
|
Ready to cook weight**
|
76.58b±0.62
|
76.47b±0.75
|
79.72a±0.45
|
76.73b±0.34
|
77.48b±0.66
|
GibletsNS
|
6.30±0.24
|
6.28±0.25
|
6.74±0.45
|
6.14±0.25
|
6.37±0.35
|
NS-Not significant, **-Highly significant (P<0.01), Means within each row having common superscripts don’t differ significantly, n=Number of observation
Table 5 Effect of in ovo feeding of arginine, tryptophan and their combination on cut up parts (Mean±S.E) (n=12).
Cut up parts (%)
|
Treatments
|
Control
|
Injected control
|
Arginine (Arg)
|
Tryptophan (Trp)
|
Combination
(Arg+Trp)
|
Breast*
|
30.50b±0.68
|
31.14b±0.35
|
31.52ab±1.15
|
33.09a±0.40
|
32.75a±0.35
|
BackNS
|
22.43±0.65
|
22.12±0.50
|
22.18±0.44
|
21.80±0.32
|
21.67±0.32
|
ThighNS
|
13.97±0.51
|
14.44±0.25
|
14.19±0.30
|
14.15±0.26
|
14.0±0.28
|
DrumstickNS
|
14.81±0.82
|
14.24±0.98
|
14.11±0.59
|
14.71±0.30
|
15.36±0.47
|
WingNS
|
11.02±0.57
|
11.74±0.16
|
10.47±0.46
|
10.82±0.31
|
10.87±0.43
|
NeckNS
|
3.63±0.51
|
3.44±0.19
|
3.05±0.23
|
3.31±0.17
|
3.11±0.11
|
NS-Not significant, *-Significant (P<0.05), Mean values within each row bearing common superscripts do not differ significantly, n=Number of observations
Table 6 Effect of in ovo feeding of arginine, tryptophan and their combination on glycogen (µg) status (Mean±S.E) (n=12).
Treatment
|
4th day**
|
21st day**
|
Control
|
04.61b±0.97
|
3.35b±0.60
|
Injected control
|
13.66a±0.70
|
3.17 b±0.93
|
Arginine
|
18.52a±1.92
|
7.54 a±0.20
|
Tryptophan
|
06.73b±0.42
|
3.37 b±0.52
|
Combination (Arg+Trp)
|
11.54a±2.39
|
4.76 b±1.13
|
F value
|
12.194
|
6.043
|
**- Highly significant (P < 0.01)
Mean values within each column bearing common superscripts do not differ significantly
n = Number of observations
Table 7 Effect of in ovo feeding of arginine, tryptophan and their combination on intestinal morphometry (µm) on 4th day (Mean±S.E) (n=12).
Treatment
|
Duodenum
|
Villus height**
|
Mid villi widthNS
|
Crypt depth**
|
Villus / Crypt ratio**
|
Control
|
835.55b±26.41
|
108.31±6.44
|
88.20a±11.30
|
10.20c±1.14
|
Injected control
|
873.89ab±25.13
|
97.73±4.49
|
65.41b±7.84
|
23.35a±2.13
|
Arginine
|
938.28a±18.15
|
107.26±4.92
|
41.78c±3.69
|
14.17bc±1.37
|
Tryptophan
|
906.13a±23.24
|
104.67±5.01
|
56.19bc±3.33
|
16.48b±1.31
|
Combination
(Arg+Trp)
|
907.59a±14.16
|
102.28±3.92
|
69.71ab±5.43
|
13.40bc±1.02
|
|
Jejunum
|
Villus heightNS
|
Mid villi widthNS
|
Crypt depthNS
|
Villus / Crypt ratioNS
|
Control
|
504.48±9.49
|
71.23±1.83
|
65.78±7.56
|
8.12±0.74
|
Injected control
|
589.54±63.46
|
75.17±7.36
|
59.00±5.01
|
10.75±2.03
|
Arginine
|
556.47±25.17
|
68.82±3.00
|
64.35±6.70
|
9.02±0.82
|
Tryptophan
|
534.09±38.45
|
76.73±5.90
|
71.52±2.99
|
7.45±0.45
|
Combination
(Arg + Trp)
|
513.04±37.82
|
82.18±8.36
|
70.34±5.38
|
7.43±0.61
|
|
Ileum
|
Villus height*
|
Mid villi widthNS
|
Crypt depthNS
|
Villus / Crypt ratioNS
|
Control
|
439.08b±20.28
|
68.87±6.21
|
49.10±3.53
|
6.85±0.53
|
Injected control
|
431.79b±30.03
|
67.82±3.22
|
49.62±5.30
|
8.58±0.93
|
Arginine
|
526.02a±39.52
|
65.52±3.46
|
61.23±5.94
|
7.67±0.29
|
Tryptophan
|
531.02a±23.20
|
63.14±12.59
|
63.36±3.22
|
7.19±0.49
|
Combination
(Arg + Trp)
|
531.79a±30.03
|
68.89±5.38
|
65.10±6.16
|
6.74±0.26
|
NS- Not significant, *- Significant (P<0.05), **- Highly significant (P<0.01)
Means within each column having common superscripts don’t differ significantly
n = Number of observations
Table 8 Effect of in ovo feeding of arginine, tryptophan and their combination on intestinal morphometry (µm) on 35th day (Mean±S.E) (n=12).
Treatments
|
Duodenum
|
Villus height**
|
Mid villi width**
|
Crypt depthNS
|
Villus/Crypt ratioNS
|
Control
|
1529.06ab±79.40
|
148.52c±14.29
|
81.20±17.70
|
25.58±6.56
|
Injected control
|
1488.58b±65.21
|
163.88bc±21.98
|
103.84±7.20
|
14.86±1.58
|
Arginine
|
1469.37 b±183.95
|
194.57abc±11.54
|
88.28±9.33
|
16.60±1.12
|
Tryptophan
|
1796.24ab±25.59
|
227.27b±15.17
|
97.69±8.49
|
19.14±1.75
|
Combination
(Arg+Trp)
|
1845.86a±119.87
|
205.16ab±22.14
|
112.19±10.21
|
16.89±1.35
|
|
Jejunum
|
Villus height**
|
Mid villi width**
|
Crypt depthNS
|
Villus/Crypt ratioNS
|
Control
|
1412.10bc±124.93
|
133.70b±16.62
|
116.92±15.14
|
13.41±2.28
|
Injected control
|
1212.34c±137.22
|
136.91b±14.01
|
128.52±8.93
|
9.50±0.95
|
Arginine
|
1161.97c±106.41
|
158.12b±14.63
|
97.44±5.05
|
11.83±0.59
|
Tryptophan
|
1624.71ab±52.61
|
162.66ab±11.30
|
112.19±5.30
|
14.70±1.07
|
Combination
(Arg + Trp)
|
1777.52a±125.02
|
202.13a±14.78
|
130.24±14.92
|
14.93±2.32
|
|
Ileum
|
Villus heightNS
|
Mid villi widthNS
|
Crypt depthNS
|
Villus/Crypt ratioNS
|
Control
|
862.03±23.70
|
135.44±19.59
|
126.70±15.90
|
7.45±1.08
|
Injected control
|
1234.01±230.42
|
120.85±18.74
|
95.25±6.62
|
13.74±3.17
|
Arginine
|
1310.34±182.59
|
138.58±15.73
|
103.26±9.76
|
13.71±2.89
|
Tryptophan
|
880.68±38.61
|
127.23±7.54
|
86.40±6.77
|
10.45 ±0.82
|
Combination
(Arg + Trp)
|
891.27±73.00
|
139.26±12.52
|
108.58±9.80
|
8.84±1.52
|
NS- Not significant, *-significant (P<0.05), **- Highly significant (P<0.01)
Means within each column bearing common superscripts don’ot differ significantly
n = Number of observations