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Research article
Sebastiaan Godts
Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage: Koninklijk Instituut voor het Kunstpatrimonium
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2189-2995
License:
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Salt weathering is one of the most important causes of deterioration in the built environment. Two crucial aspects need further investigation to understand the processes and find suitable measures: the impact of different climatic environments and the properties of salt mixture crystallization. We demonstrate the importance of kinetics in quantifying crystallization and dissolution cycles by combining droplet and capillary laboratory experiments with climate data analysis. The results proved that dissolution times for pure NaCl were much slower than crystallization, while thermodynamic modelling showed a lower RHeq of NaCl (65.5%) in a salt mixture (commonly found in the built heritage) compared to its RHeq as a single salt (75.5%). Following the results, a minimum time of 0.5 hour is considered for dissolution and the two main RHeq thresholds could be applied to climate data analysis. The predicted number of dissolution/crystallization cycles was significantly dependent on the measurement frequency (or equivalent averaging period) of the climatic data. An analysis of corresponding rural and urban climate demonstrated the impact of spatial phenomena (such as the urban heat island) on the predicted frequency cycles. The findings are fundamental to improve appropriate timescale windows and to illustrate a methodology with specific points of interest to quantify salt crystallization cycles in realistic environments as a risk assessment procedure that can be applied to climate data. The results are the basis for future work to improve the accuracy of salt risk assessment by including the kinetics of salt mixtures. This will improve the understanding of past and future salt weathering mechanisms and enable scientifically informed conservation strategies.
Keywords
Sodium chloride, Salt mixture, Weathering, Crystallization, Porous materials, Damage prediction, Built heritage
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View the published article at Heritage Science.
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Editorial decision: Major revision
On 11 Jan, 2021
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Received 23 Dec, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 22 Dec, 2020
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Received 22 Dec, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 11 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #5 agreed
On 30 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #4 agreed
On 29 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 29 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 26 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
On 26 Nov, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 26 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 26 Nov, 2020
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On 26 Nov, 2020
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On 26 Nov, 2020
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On 24 Nov, 2020
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A new preprint design is coming!
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See the published version of this preprint at Heritage Science.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Sebastiaan Godts
Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage: Koninklijk Instituut voor het Kunstpatrimonium
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2189-2995
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Heritage Science.
Version 1
Posted 04 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 11 Jan, 2021
Review #2 received
Received 23 Dec, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 22 Dec, 2020
Review #4 received
Received 22 Dec, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 11 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #5 agreed
On 30 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #4 agreed
On 29 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 29 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 26 Nov, 2020
Editor assigned
On 26 Nov, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 26 Nov, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 26 Nov, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 26 Nov, 2020
Editor invited
On 26 Nov, 2020
First submitted
On 24 Nov, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at Heritage Science.
Salt weathering is one of the most important causes of deterioration in the built environment. Two crucial aspects need further investigation to understand the processes and find suitable measures: the impact of different climatic environments and the properties of salt mixture crystallization. We demonstrate the importance of kinetics in quantifying crystallization and dissolution cycles by combining droplet and capillary laboratory experiments with climate data analysis. The results proved that dissolution times for pure NaCl were much slower than crystallization, while thermodynamic modelling showed a lower RHeq of NaCl (65.5%) in a salt mixture (commonly found in the built heritage) compared to its RHeq as a single salt (75.5%). Following the results, a minimum time of 0.5 hour is considered for dissolution and the two main RHeq thresholds could be applied to climate data analysis. The predicted number of dissolution/crystallization cycles was significantly dependent on the measurement frequency (or equivalent averaging period) of the climatic data. An analysis of corresponding rural and urban climate demonstrated the impact of spatial phenomena (such as the urban heat island) on the predicted frequency cycles. The findings are fundamental to improve appropriate timescale windows and to illustrate a methodology with specific points of interest to quantify salt crystallization cycles in realistic environments as a risk assessment procedure that can be applied to climate data. The results are the basis for future work to improve the accuracy of salt risk assessment by including the kinetics of salt mixtures. This will improve the understanding of past and future salt weathering mechanisms and enable scientifically informed conservation strategies.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
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