Non-adjusted analysis of data from the FAST-RIGHT study shows that 34.7% of the study participants in the 40-74 age group, and 36.6% in the 75-99 age group did not call EMS first [15], even though they had considered abnormal symptoms as “stroke onset.” Similar to our results, 18.9% in Spain, [11] 28% in Sweden [22], 33.6% in America [9], and 35.5% in a small study in China [12] avoided calling an ambulance despite recognizing stroke onset. In clinical practice in China, this rate showed a significant increase to 82.1% [10]. Although several studies have reported a weak association between recognizing the onset of stroke and calling EMS, there is still a gap between knowledge and action [10-12, 23]. The main “alternative response” to stroke was to “call and wait for family, then go to hospital,” which may result in inability to receive thrombolysis [4, 5]. We propose that both the rate of intent to use EMS and the rate of receiving thrombolysis would increase remarkably if targeted interventions were carried out to change the “Wait for family” behavior to an immediate call for ambulance assistance [24].
In low– and middle– income countries including China, people aged 75 years and older had stroke incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates that were 18.8, 11.3, and 35.6 times more than those seen in people younger than 75 years, respectively [16]. Similarly, in our study, the stroke prevalence in the 75–99 age group was nearly twice as high as that in the 40–74 age group. Although the 75-99 age group was slightly more likely to call EMS after adjustment, the overall rate to call EMS did not increase significantly according to stroke risk. Hence, there is still the concern that the two age groups are not identical, and the reasons influencing their behaviors may be different. In our study, the associated socio–demographic factors were examined in the 40–74 and 75–99 age groups, separately, and significant differences were found.
Individuals in the 40–74 age group with multiple children, and those living with their family tended to wait for their family after stroke osnet. This suggests that family was a barrier to timely usage of EMS [15]. We identified several reasons for this hesitation. For example, some participants considered their family members more reliable and private transportation to be more efficient and convenient. Another concern was that they were unable to handle transactions due to lack of money and caregivers in the emergency department as the services provided are prepaid in Chinese hospitals [3]. To change their understanding of stroke onset and dispel misgivings, the “Green Channel” of emergency network for stroke should be publicized among residents in addition to education regarding the critical importance of time and the benefits of EMS usage [6].
Living alone decreased the possibility of waiting for family, but contrary to our hypothesis, this did not mean these individuals avoided staying alone at home. Previous studies showed that less than 7% patients activated EMS by themselves, and most ambulance calls were made by bystanders [24-26]. If we considered the high rate of living alone in 75–99 age group with high stroke risk, living alone was more detrimental than living with family to effectively act at the time of stroke onset. Different from those living with family, individuals living alone are required to call the EMS themselves. It is thus reasonable to educate those living alone about using EMS.
Several studies indicated that having friends previously afflicted by stroke improved individuals’ knowledge of stroke, but its effect on response to stroke onset remained unclear [27, 28]. In our study, having afflicted friends was associated with wait-and-see behaviors in both age groups. Unfortunately, further explanations cannot be provided due to limited data. The severity of stroke and prognosis of their acquaintances were not investigated and remained undetermined. It is possible that the afflicted acquaintances had minor strokes with good prognosis, leading our participants to ignore the severity and urgency of stroke onset. This unexpected funding suggests that direct stroke education is still necessary to individuals who have afflicted friends, and might underestimate the effects of a stroke.
Unexpectedly [13, 25, 29], those in the 75–99 age group with higher education levels were more likely to wait for the family than were those with lower education levels, although the reasons for this finding are unclear. We speculate that they overestimated their judgment while their medical knowledge was lacking, and hence are of even greater concern. They probably considered the elapsed time as insignificant, underestimated the severity of stroke onset, and did not know the time required for the necessary diagnostic procedures before administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator [3, 14].
Different for the 40–74 age group, stroke history, number of children, sex and family history did not affect the “Wait for family” behaviors in the 75–99 age group. It seems that their behavior pattern was more fixed and not susceptible to other factors. Compared with individuals in the 40–74 age group, those over 75 years’ behaviors were not influenced by number of children, which might be because their children are older and are less able to transport them to the hospital. Although multiple avenues to learn about stroke decreased the odds of waiting for the family, as shown by previous reports [30, 31], the reduction was markedly lower in the 75–99 age group. Moreover, they preferred a paper medium over the internet, despite visual impairment in over half of the population[32]. Therefore, the effect of stroke education may be limited in the 75–99 age group.
Females in the 40–74 age group tended to avoid staying at home and waiting for family when encountering stroke onset, which may be due to lower average education and fewer avenues to learn about stroke. Similarly, males in the 75–99 age group seemed performing better with small differences, though the reasons still remain complex, awaiting for exploration. However, other studies reported either no effect or controversial effect of sex on calling EMS [9, 10, 25].
There are several limitations in our study. First, closed-ended questions were to establish why residents did not call EMS after identifying stroke onset, while the underlying reasons were varied [9]. Calling a taxi, visiting general practitioners, providing first aid, or 'something else' were the possible choices [3, 9]. Moreover, mobility difficulties were more common in the 75–99 age group, which probably influenced their options during stroke. However, this fact was not considered in our analysis. Additionally, our non-random sampling design and selection of adults over 40 years in China from the CNSSS might affect the results and thus generalization is limited.[15]. The immediate response to stroke onset might be influenced by different socio economic features, behaviors, and healthcare system in different countries [9, 11]. Finally, our study could not provide direct reasons underlying differences between the two age groups, warranting further researches.
In summary, the rate of not immediately calling EMS after recognizing stroke onset was slightly higher in the 75–99 age group than in the 40–74 age group. Although the majority of wait-and-see behaviors involved waiting for family members, the barriers of calling ambulance were different in both age groups. The behavural pattern in the 75–99 age group seemed more fixed and less susceptible to family factors. This study emphasizes the need to bridge the gap between recognition of stroke symptoms and the appropriate action [9]. Strategies should differ between both age groups, for instance, the stroke knowledge delivery may be more effective via Internet in the 40–74 age group.