Utilization of Agricultural Waste Biomass And Recycling Towards Circular Bioeconomy

The over dependency on conventional fossil energy resources is the consequence of high energy demand and excessive consumption of petroleum fuel, which turns out to be a major concern of 21 st century. The burning of fossil fuel is an origin of greenhouse gas emission resulting in the utmost threat to environment subsequently which leads to global climate changes. As far as sustainability is concerned, fuels derived from organic or plant wastes overcome this downside and also are an established solution of the traditional oil resources depletion. In this context, exploration of agricultural residue appears to be a suitable alternate of non-renewable resources to support the environmental feasibility and meet the high energy crisis. Use of agricultural waste rather lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for biorenery approach emerges to be an eco-friendly process for the production of biofuel and value-added chemicals intensifying the energy security. Therefore, a prospective choice of this renewable biomass for the synthesis of green fuel such as biobutanol, bioethanol keeps away food versus fuel dilemma and also comes up with favorable outcome in terms of cost effectiveness. Exploiting different agricultural biomass and exploring various biomass conversion techniques, biorenery generates bioenergy in a strategic way which eventually t in circular bioeconomy. The view of bioeconomy highlights the fruitful use of agricultural waste biomass in biorenery acquiring such a system so that the by-products can be further utilized with low or no waste generation to maintain the sustainability and circularity of economy which are critically described.


Introduction
The rapid growth in human population depends on non-renewable fossil energy resources such as coal, natural gas and crude oil to cover the high demands of energy which comes out to be a big challenge of coming future due to the exhaustion of these supplies. The unexpected rise in crude oil price and the decline of its availability is the major concern leading to search for a cost-effective, green and sustainable energy substitute (Robak and Balcerek 2018, Machineni 2009). In this circumstance biomass-based re nery, de ned as biore nery has been corroborated as a replacement of petroleum re nery owing to its e ciency to produce bioenergy, transportation biofuel and marketable chemicals from the renewable biomass resources (Cherubini 2010). Waste biomass has promising potential providing global energy and other renewable biochemicals due to abundancy and having no adverse effects on environment (Pasin et al. 2020, Sarangi andNanda 2020). An advantage of biomass over conventional fuel relies on its extensive availability in nature and the renewable nature. Such waste biomass not only support in economic development but also creates an eco-friendly environment in sustainable way producing of energy and biochemicals (Srivastava et al. 2021, Niphadkar et  The major categories of biomass resources are; First generation biomass which signify the food crops, second generation biomass indicating lignocellulosic residue derived from agriculture, forest, domestic and industrial wastes and the third and fourth generation biomass which uses microalgae as feedstock (Chowdhury et al. 2019, Arpia et al. 2020). Among all the existing feedstocks, lignocellulosic agricultural residues are the most dominant as it contains different sugar as building block which serves as a key source of biofuels and various organic products such as food additives, organic acids and enzymes. Bioethanol, biohydrogen, biodiesel and biogas are the main bioenergy produced from agro-residues.
Processing of several agricultural wastes such as corn stalk, wheat straw, bagasse, paddy straw to biogas can act as an alternate to solve the energy crisis (Tutt andOlt 2011, Saini et al. 2015).
Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural sources such as wheat straw, rice husk, rice straw, peels of fruits, food wastes, sugarcane baggase, corn cobs, shells of coconut and groundnut have the potential as the valuable feedstock for value addition purpose (Yadav et al. 2021, Raju et al. 2012 (Fig. 1). These lignocelluloses biomasses can be utilized in different types of industries such as paper manufacturing, biore nery or biomass fuel production, animal feed or composting tasks for bio-fertilizer. Globally, renewable, green resources have been explored for production of different biofuels such as bioethanol, biobutanol, biopropanol, biogas, biodiesel towards mitigation of utilizing conventional fuels ( All these lignocellulosic materials are restored naturally in huge quantity in the environment (Dar et al. 2021). But the gathering of these residues in nature raises the question on environmental sustainability. Also, it is not economically feasible to nance for the disposal of these wastes. Thus, taking the advantage of the potency of agro-wastes as renewable and economically viable energy resources, these can be used for biofuel and value-added product synthesis. Different agricultural wastes have been thoroughly studied by scienti c community for the production of bioethanol; a liquid biofuel (Mihajlovski As the complex structure of lignocellulose is a hindrance for its conversion, thus, various pretreatment followed by hydrolysis methods are explored to disrupt the complexity and convert into simple sugar unit (Pattanaik et al. 2019). During the overall biore nery processing different by-products are formed at each stage which should be systematically utilized in order to progress bioeconomy rather circular bioeconomy. Circular bioeconomy directs a well-organized usage of waste biomass as well as the by-products for the value-added product formation focusing the concept of recycle and reuse to conserve the environmental viability. The bene cial prospects of circular bioeconomy include lower emission of GHG, reduced dependency on fossil fuels, engaging the renewable resources and valorization of waste biomass obtained from agriculture, shery, aquaculture and industry (Leong et al. 2021). This review provides a clear picture on the production, characterization and classi cation of agricultural waste and its involvement in biore nery process to develop a circular bioeconomy. This paper describes production and bioeconomic perspectives of agricultural biomass in sustainable way. Source and problems of agro-industrial wastes are reviewed for seafood products, palm oil, biochemical and rubber industries. Agro-industrial wastes can usually be managed to be free of non-natural material, and thus they could be appropriately recycled either by physical and biological approaches (

Annual Production Of Agro-wastes
India is one of the richest countries in agricultural resources and presently 350 million tons of organic waste is produced annually from agricultural sources. The major quantity of solid waste generated from agricultural sources are sugarcane bagasse, paddy, wheat straw and husk and waste of vegetables are food products, tea, oil production, jute bres, groundnut shell, wooden mil waste, coconut husk and cotton stalk etc. (Promaji et al. 2020, Ramesh et al. 2029). Table 1 shows the annual production of agro-waste and their chemical compositions. Different feedstocks are used in rst and second generation biore nery for producing biofuels, biochemical, food and feed. But in current scenario phase third biore nery (whole crop, green and LCF) uses mixture of biomass to produce multitude of products using combination of technologies. The whole crop biore nery uses entire crops such as cereals (rye, wheat and maize) as a raw material to obtain useful products (Ravi et al. 2020, Diwan et al. 2018). Agro-waste is a renewable resource with high feasibility for use as a precursor for biofuel and bio-based material (Dai et al. 2020). The conversion of biomass to sugar by the pretreatment and the hydrolysis methods are the bottleneck and the energy intensive process that result in high operating cost. Table 1 On the basis of its source of production, agro waste is of following four types (Pattanaik et al. 2019).
(3) Livestock waste-It includes cattle manure, swine manure and animal fat (4) Food waste -It includes mango, apple, cabbage, tomato lettuce etc Agro-residues can be further classi ed into two types viz. eld residues and process residues. Once the crop is harvested, the agro-residue existing in eld is termed as eld residues. Leaves, stalks, seed pods, and stems are the examples of eld residues. Whereas the residues that exists even after the crop has been treated into substitute costly resource are known as process residues (Sadh et al. 2018).

Characterization Of Agro-wastes Components
In contrast to wood, agro residues differ extensively in their characteristics, that plays a prominent role in its selection as a raw material and the alteration path to acquire the preferred end product/biofuel. A feature of the crop agro-residue varies corresponding to type and environmental conditions prevailing during the time it is cultivated. It is a basic need, to properly understand and characterize the physical, thermal, and chemical features of agro residues to be employed for production of various products and in the development of various technologies. There are few information prerequisites if we wish to develop products from agro residues. It is vital to collect information like,

Utilization of agricultural waste biomass
Agro waste varies signi cantly in terms of the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents. These three contents are predominant factor in deciding the pretreatment strategies, amount and varieties of sugars yielded after the pretreatment is done. The quality and quantity of sugars, further determines the type of product that can be produced out it. As an example, xylans can be derived out of hemicellulose after pretreating some agro waste under alkaline conditions. These xylans when further treated with enzymes (Xylanases) can yield xylooligosaccharides, a known prebiotic. Similarly, glucose obtained after pretreatment of cellulose of agro residues, can be converted to ethanol with the help of microorganisms.
Agro-waste bio-waste can be processed directly through thermo-chemically process such as, combustion gasi cation, liquefaction and pyrolysis. It can also be processed through biological route like fermentation, digestion and microbial processing or chemical routes ( Integration of biochemical and thermo-chemical processes of agro-wastes for biochemical production is shown in Fig. 3. Almost all organic chemicals and nished products manufactured in petrochemical industry are derived from a set of few building block chemicals but in the biore nery produce similar kinds of building block chemicals from biomass to meet societal needs to organic chemicals and polymers commonly known as platform chemicals (Takkellapati et al

Potential Of Agro-waste For Biore neries
Biore nery is de ned as a viable technique that converts the biomass to value-added products and energy by employing different technology. This concept is applied to extract protein, triglycerides and carbohydrate from wide range of biomass such as sugarcane bagasse, wheat straw, rice straw, grasses, woods etc. which are further processed to value-added chemicals and biofuels. As feedstock is the major component of biore nery, thus renewable and continuous supply of feedstock is very essential. The signi cant raw materials include agriculture and forest residue, industry and household waste and aquaculture such as seaweeds and algae.
Being a rich and cheap source of cellulose, agro-waste nds their employment for producing various essential products round the globe (Santos et al .2021). Agro wastes such as sugarcane, wheat straw, rice straw, cornstover etc. are the chief agricultural feedstocks used for bioethanol production (Kim et al. 2004). There are also many other plus points associated with the utilization of agro waste (Fig. 4).

Figure 4
Lignocellulosic biomass which contains lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose as the building block is an important agricultural residue which has been widely explored for biofuel production (Fig, 5). Rice straw and wheat straw are chie y produced by Asia, whereas America is leading in the production of corn straw and bagasse (Table. 2). Unchecked accumulation of these agro-wastes has been the reason for environmental pollution in various nations, and thereby needs to be processed into some value-added products like bioethanol (Leong et al. 2021). The four chief agro-wastes (rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw and baggase) are the utmost favorable feedstock for bioethanol production because of their accessibility round the year (Table. 2   ethanol was obtained from rachis and pseudo stem respectively at the optimized process condition (Guerrero et al. 2018). A mixture of rapeseed straw and chicken manure was investigated for biomethane production by anaerobic co-digestion and the recycling of digestate. At rst raw straw was studied for its e ciency and it was observed that pretreatment of straw enhanced the yield of biomethane as compared to the anaerobic digestion of raw straw. The yield increased to as high as 349.6 l/kg volatile solid when pretreated straw was mixed with chicken manure at 1.3 ratios and subjected to co-digestion (Elsayed et al. 2020). Likewise, there are plenty of agriculture wastes especially lignocellulosic biomass have been successfully exploit to assist the biore nery system. An ideal biore nery plant is expected to operate in such a way so that the requirement of energy for biomass processing can be ful lled by heat as well as electricity which may be obtained from the burning of biomass residue to ensure the economic feasibility (Cherubini 2010).)

Circular Bioeconomy
Bioeconomy can be explicated as the economy which employs the use of natural or renewable resources for the production of energy, foods and industrially important commodities by applying various biological techniques abide by the policies and laws. The mission of bioeconomy is to establish the important value chains from renewable sources that are still dependent on non-renewable energy sources. Not only by technical approach but also each process necessitates such a representation that along with the added value generation, the developed process chain becomes a budget-friendly and feasible value chain. Nevertheless, it is quite impossible to bring out bio-based replacement for all the fossil-dependent value chain, thus, it is bene cial to recognize the sectors which can rely on renewable and sustainable sources such as energy sector (Manfred K. 2020

Agro Waste For Circular Bioeconomy
Bioeconomy explores the prospective of agricultural waste for its use in sustainable biore nery system. The main focus lies on the conversion of forestry and agriculture waste to valuable chemicals and energy. Moving from petroleum biore nery to waste biore nery signi es a great initiative on carbon management as well as migration of greenhouse gases. Herein a feasible and cost-effective circular bioeconomy is established, concerning a rapid shift from waste disposal to recycle and reuse as well as remanufacture concept (Leong et al. 2021). Agricultural waste is considered to be the primary strength of biore nery for its implication in circular economy. The wide availability of feedstock results in overall production cost reduction and uninterrupted ow of raw materials through-out the year for biore nery. The by-product obtained from biore nery system should be processed further for the synthesis of valueadded product in preference to directly use it as fuel (Ubando et al. 2020). Waste biore nery not only signi es environmental and energy sustainability but also substantiates a well governing of the waste ow and a progressive cost-effective system (Venkata et al. 2016).
In any country of the world, circular economy can be presented on agro waste matters utilization for development of bio-based products including, biofuel or other fuel source and can be consider as circular agricultural economy. It can be presented a viable model for the current linear economy under, take-make waste concept or approach (Zech et al. 2016). For agricultural production, take make-waste generation can minimize the amount of external inputs. Further, closing nutrient loop and also reduced negative impact to the environment is found for agricultural products formation with elimination of discharges (i.e. causes wastewater generation) and closing nutrient loops and reducing negative impacts to the environment by eliminating discharges (i.e. wastewater) to underground and surface water sources (Roussos et al. 2019). As we are aware that India is found to import 80% of the crude petroleum oils at incurring high rate of import cost, also due to burning of fossil fuel like petroleum oils and coals, it can cause the air quality in our atmosphere specially in urban India area and it can become more worsen level in day time due to ever-growing vehicle and tra c emission (Venkatramanan et al. 2020).
In this context, agro waste originated bioethanol production and its consumption as fuel energy for transportation purpose can make more difference in air quality via compared to fossil fuel utilization. In many countries of the world are found to use the biofuel blended fossil fuel and this blended fuel utilization can reduced (up to 50% or more) carbon dioxide emission with other toxic or harmful gases. Many countries in the world now started to use 20% ethanol as blender fuel with conventional fuel and it can reduce or cut down around 10 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emission in coming 2022 (Roussos et al. 2019, Venkatramanan et al. 2020). This type of biofuel blending with fossil fuel approach in India or other country can reduce carbon dioxide emission to 33% by 2030 via compared to today or earlier year levels. In current period, India is reported to consume nearly 40 million metric tonnes (MMT) of compressed natural gas (CNG) each year and it is mainly made up of methane gas (its original gas is reduced to 1% or less volume at compressed form). From this much CNG amount, 65% of CNG is imported and this demand is increasing every days and this trend will be ever-increasing demand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15% (Ronzon et al. 2020). Now, Indian government has promoted the Compressed Biogas (CBG) as alternative to CNG. This biobased fuel can partially replace the petrol and diesel with CBG fuel and it can cut down the uses of crude oils consumption (this can save almost 15-20% total price on fossil fuel import and it equivalent to Rs. 80,000 crores). In coming periods, Indian government has set a target to triple the industrial production of bioethanol and bioethanol in fours to save Rs. 12,000 crores in India's oil import bill via blending ethanol or other biofuels to gasoline fuel or oils (Baral et al. 2017). These targets for promotion of biofuels production are only possible by local level agro wastes utilization at huge quantity and also need to convince to local people. And India is promoting the biofuels production via doing three key areas. And these are signi cant cut down on import cost and also reduced pollution in the environments. Next this effort can enhance the employment opportunities and increased returns for the farming communities , Baral et al. 2017).
For biofuel production promotion in India, some private biotech companies like Praj Industries is putting efforts for contribution of biofuels production via creating a sustainable circular bio-economy and it also needs for more other biotech companies to actively involved in bio energy production. This Praj industry was incorporated in 1984 and this company was set up the objectives for providing cutting edge solution to bioethanol industry. This company has gained 8th position reputed Biofuel Digest list as the hottest company in advanced economy development [Sembhi H et al. 2020]. This company is reported as rst Asian companies via making it in the top ten ranking. Next, Praj Industries has set up of 2G (2nd generation biofuel) as integrated smart biore neries and this company showed the capability for multiples type feedstock/ biomass including agro waste at local level such as corn, wheat or rice straw and sugarcane bagasse as various lignocellulosic plant biomasses and these wastes matter was utilize for production of fuel grade ethanol, biochemicals, bioCNG, liquid CO 2 , bio-fertilizr and power energy and it was found to export to grid (Meng et al. 2020). Current period, Praj Industries company has made collaboration with Gevo (a US based company) for production of jet biofuels and these efforts in Indian biotech industries can promote and enhance the bio-economy in sustainable way in future (Sembhi et al. 2020, Meng et al. 2020. Now at worldwide level, numbers of countries in current period are searching and looking for opportunities for circular bioeconomy as their basic targets and these efforts can solved the crisis of shortage of fossil fuel availability and its combustion issues. Due to increased rate of combustion of fossil fuels in transportation purposes, it has created the issues at global level such as climatic changes, nutritional and food demand issues. In recent years due to pushing of innovative technology and scienti c advancement, these efforts have solved the fuel demand with secure of more secure of healthy environment for biotics components at worldwide level (Marin et al. 2018). Further, efforts are also needed for policy makers at micro and macro-economic levels that can help in pushing of bioeconomy at national and international both levels and in this effort is done by many others countries including India Many research papers at national and international level have focused on precise agricultural activities and these activities is based on the optimized management of inputs, used in eld or cropland on the basis of actual crop needs. These activities also involved the gathering, processing and analyzing of temporal or spatial information. This spatial information is found to include of India is known for putting the biofertilizers development from utilization of different of agro waste organic matters and these are included such as food crops waste, crops stalk, stubbles of annual plant (stems or stems parts), levels, seed pods and also animal wastes matters and these wastes are generated during different activities of farming or farmers operations. Further these wastes are cheapest resources and used by farmers for animal fodders or some time burning in the open places [Gontard et al.2018]. These wastes needed to utilize for our circular bioeconomy tasks via managing the safely and also do systematically conversion into biofertilizers products. Application of biofertilizers on the croplands or farming land can increase and promote the plant growth via adding nutrients to soil structures and it can maintain soil fertility and sustainability (Savin 2019). This nutrients addition via biofertilizer in to soils can help in production of safe and healthy food production to society at worldwide level and it can also supports to farmers in an economically viable manners with realizing the ultimate goals of increased demand of food crop productivities and also in sustainability ways (Sutcliffe et al. 2021). This biofertilizer s production and its utilization is reported as cost-effective and renewable sources via providing potential supplements or substitute of inorganic fertilizers (Savin 2019, Sutcliffe et al. 2021).
At worldwide level, bioenergy production (like biofuels or biogases) is reported from agro waste utilization via using advanced devices and technically and scienti cally based methods. Further, biobased fuels can show their capability for heat, electricity and wide ranges of transportation energy sources. As discussed for biofuels energy processes and its utilization characteristics, biofuel sources can be found in liquid forms (derived from agro waste biomasses for transportation utility), gases forms (i.e., methane gas) and solid form ( rewood, charcoal etc) (Milios 2018). India and other countries like China, Russia and U.S.A are reported for good sources of crop plant biomasses and residues, agricultural wastes, forestry wastes, byproducts, manures or microbial biomasses. It can be also found in many forms such as plant leaves, residues, cutover residues, sawdust, barks, chip corn or rice husk and others agro processing wastes There is number of approaches and methodologies reported and it has discussed the measuring procedure for national level bio-economy via monitoring its performance in coming few years and decades. Report has found on study of India bio-economy for 2019 (valued of $ 62.5 billion in this year calendar year). As discussed for Indian bioeconomy, it was only achieved via promoting for biotechnological researches and it can improve the capacity building across the country (Takahashi et al. 2020

Conclusions
Agricultural waste biomass contains three major structural polymers, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin acts as the potential feedstock towards production of sustainable fuels and chemicals. Many species of microorganisms showed the potential to degrade agricultural wastes thereby releasing a vast amount of carbon which otherwise would be locked away in plant secondary metabolites. Wide range of biofuels like bioethanol, biobutanol, biohydrogen, biomethanol and biogas produced from agricultural waste biomass through the process of thermochemical or biochemical methods. Nevertheless, process parameters along with types of feedstock can affect the production quality and quantity and nal stage.
High exploitation potential ability of these wastes emphasized by various academicians and researchers for future biofuel and valuable food additives. Focuses has been emphasized on the various approaches to develop technologies for e cient use of agricultural waste materials as cheap sources of phytochemicals, antioxidants, biofuels and value-added phenolic compounds. As far zero waste concept is concerned, agricultural waste can build a benign solution towards sustainability. From production to processing stage, agricultural waste biomass can be taken as useful resources thereby considering in circular bioeconomy. Having immense potential and readily available compounds can be degraded into all sectors of compounds including pharmaceuticals, food, beverages and chemical industries. Hence improved technologies utilizing will de nitely help in the production of important compounds thereby supplementing into renewable energy sources and the food security problems in future. There is need of more future investigations across the globe towards secondary and tertiary processing for waste biomass from agricultural sectors which not only fetch much bioeconomy but also provide sustainability for our society.

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