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Evaluation of resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate adulticides and kdr genotyping in Aedes aegypti populations from Roraima, the Northernmost Brazilian State
Ademir Jesus Martins
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5739-1215
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background. Roraima, the northernmost State in Brazil, borders Venezuela and Guyana. Although mostly covered by the tropical forests, the urban centers of this State are highly infested with Ae. aegypti and endemic for dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Herein we present the levels of Ae. aegypti infestation and number of arboviruses cases between 2015 and 2018 in the studied localities. We accessed the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti populations from the capital Boa Vista, two cities on international borders (Pacaraima and Bonfim) and Rorainópolis bordering Amazonas State, in order to evaluate the chemical control efficacy in these localities.
Methods. Tests with World Health Organization (WHO)-like tubes impregnated with the pyrethroid deltamethrin (0.05 and 0.12%) and the organophosphate malathion (0.7%) were conducted with Ae. aegypti from Boa Vista, Pacaraima, Bonfim and Rorainópolis, collected in 2016 and 2018. Genotyping of kdr mutations, related to resistance to pyrethroids, was performed for the SNP variations in the sites 1016 and 1534 of the voltage gated sodium channel gene (NaV) with a TaqMan qPCR approach.
Results. Ae. albopictus was absent in our collections, and therefore only Ae. aegypti was tested. All Ae. aegypti populations were susceptible to 0.7% malathion in 2016, however mortality dropped to under 90% in Bonfim and Pacaraima populations in 2018. All populations were resistant to 0.05% deltamethrin in both years. The time that 50% of females suffered knockdown (KdT50) under exposition to 0.05% deltamethrin was 3.3-5.9 fold longer in mosquitoes from the populations compared to the susceptible strain Rockefeller. Only Pacaraima population (2018) remained resistant to 0.12% deltamethrin. The kdr genotyping revealed the absence of the wild-type NaVS haplotype (1016Val + 1534Phe) in the populations from Roraima, signifying that all tested insects had a genetic background for pyrethroid resistance. The double kdr NaVR2 haplotype (1016Ile + 15434Cys) was present in higher frequencies in all populations except Rorainópolis, where this haplotype seems to have arrived recently.
Conclusions. These results are important for the knowledge about insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti populations from Roraima and will help to improve vector control strategies that may be applied to diverse localities under similar geographical and urban conditions.
Keywords
Vector Control; Insecticide Resistance Monitoring; Rorainópolis; Pacaraima; Bonfim; Boa vista; Deltamethrin; Malathion.
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Editor invited
On 25 Mar, 2020
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Editorial decision: Major Revision
On 11 Mar, 2020
Review #3 received
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Review #2 received
Received 26 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 17 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 13 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 13 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Feb, 2020
Reviewers invited
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Editor assigned
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This preprint is under consideration at Parasites & Vectors. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research
Evaluation of resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate adulticides and kdr genotyping in Aedes aegypti populations from Roraima, the Northernmost Brazilian State
Ademir Jesus Martins
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5739-1215
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 3
Posted 15 Apr, 2020
No community comments so far
Review #1 received
Received 15 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 11 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 11 Apr, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 11 Apr, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 11 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 10 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 10 Apr, 2020
Editor assigned
On 09 Apr, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 08 Apr, 2020
Editor invited
On 08 Apr, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major Revision
On 07 Apr, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 06 Apr, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 06 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 02 Apr, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 02 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 01 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 01 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 01 Apr, 2020
Editor assigned
On 26 Mar, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 25 Mar, 2020
Editor invited
On 25 Mar, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major Revision
On 11 Mar, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 28 Feb, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 26 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 17 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 13 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 13 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 03 Feb, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 29 Jan, 2020
Editor invited
On 16 Jan, 2020
Editor assigned
On 16 Jan, 2020
First submitted
On 15 Jan, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 15 Jan, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Parasitology
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background. Roraima, the northernmost State in Brazil, borders Venezuela and Guyana. Although mostly covered by the tropical forests, the urban centers of this State are highly infested with Ae. aegypti and endemic for dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Herein we present the levels of Ae. aegypti infestation and number of arboviruses cases between 2015 and 2018 in the studied localities. We accessed the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti populations from the capital Boa Vista, two cities on international borders (Pacaraima and Bonfim) and Rorainópolis bordering Amazonas State, in order to evaluate the chemical control efficacy in these localities.
Methods. Tests with World Health Organization (WHO)-like tubes impregnated with the pyrethroid deltamethrin (0.05 and 0.12%) and the organophosphate malathion (0.7%) were conducted with Ae. aegypti from Boa Vista, Pacaraima, Bonfim and Rorainópolis, collected in 2016 and 2018. Genotyping of kdr mutations, related to resistance to pyrethroids, was performed for the SNP variations in the sites 1016 and 1534 of the voltage gated sodium channel gene (NaV) with a TaqMan qPCR approach.
Results. Ae. albopictus was absent in our collections, and therefore only Ae. aegypti was tested. All Ae. aegypti populations were susceptible to 0.7% malathion in 2016, however mortality dropped to under 90% in Bonfim and Pacaraima populations in 2018. All populations were resistant to 0.05% deltamethrin in both years. The time that 50% of females suffered knockdown (KdT50) under exposition to 0.05% deltamethrin was 3.3-5.9 fold longer in mosquitoes from the populations compared to the susceptible strain Rockefeller. Only Pacaraima population (2018) remained resistant to 0.12% deltamethrin. The kdr genotyping revealed the absence of the wild-type NaVS haplotype (1016Val + 1534Phe) in the populations from Roraima, signifying that all tested insects had a genetic background for pyrethroid resistance. The double kdr NaVR2 haplotype (1016Ile + 15434Cys) was present in higher frequencies in all populations except Rorainópolis, where this haplotype seems to have arrived recently.
Conclusions. These results are important for the knowledge about insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti populations from Roraima and will help to improve vector control strategies that may be applied to diverse localities under similar geographical and urban conditions.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4