Surveys and Statistics on the varieties and clinical indications of DPM and YPM in Yunnan Province
The CPMs were surveyed and counted, on the basis of ethnic medicine formula preparation of China or the pharmaceutical instructions in which their properties of ethnic medicine were claimed. The results showed that there were 28 varieties of DPMs(Table 3)and 73 varieties of YPMs༈Table 4༉, which could be approved to use in clinical according to the drug regulatory laws of China. In the DPMs, 15 varieties of prescriptions such as Biao Re Qing Granular, Guan Tong Shu Oral liquid, Hui Xue Sheng Capsule, have been approved as the over-the-counter drugs (OTC), accounting for 53.57% of the total DPMs, while in the YPMs, 28 varieties of prescriptions such as Bai Bei Yi Fei Capsule, Chang Shu Zhi Xie Capsule, Dan E Fu Kang Ointment, have be approved as OTC drugs, accounting for 37.83% of the total YPMs. In the statistics of clinical indications of these EPMs, it is found that the DPMs and YPMs are used to treat respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, mental and neurological diseases etc ༈Figure 1༉. For example, Dan Deng Tong Nao Capsule (DDTN), in which ERIGERONTIS HERBA (Erigeron breviscapus (Vaniot༉Hand.-Mazz, Dengzhanxixin) is as one of constituent and recorded in the pattra-leaf scripture of Dai Traditional Medicine for 2500 years, is reported that combined with rehabilitation training, it effectively improve the recovery level of neurological function and improve the life quality of stroke patients with cerebral infarction [9]. And DDTN could prevent cerebral injury of MCAO rats via decreasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and inhibiting the release of excitatory amino acids [10].
Table 3
No. | Drug Name | Chinese Name | Approval Number | Clinical Indications | Dosage form |
1 | Biao Re Qing Granular (BRQG) | 表热清颗粒 | Z20026794 | Infection of the upper respiratory tract | Granular |
2 | Dan Lv Bu Shen Capsule (DLBSC) | 丹绿补肾胶囊 | Z20025620 | Impotence and seminal emission | Capsule |
3 | Guan Tong Shu Oral liquid (GTSL) | 关通舒口服液 | Z20025408 | Joint pain and lumbar muscle strain | Oral liquid |
4 | Hui Xin Kang Tablet (HXKT) | 回心康片 | Z20026037 | Coronary disease and hypertension | Tablet |
5 | Hui Xue Sheng Capsule (HXSC) | 惠血生胶囊 | Z20025066 | Anemia | Capsule |
6 | San Yang Xue Dai Oral liquid (SYXDL) | 三阳血傣合剂 | Z20025065 | Anemia and leucopenia causing by tumor chemotherapy | Oral liquid |
7 | Lu Xian Bu Shen Tablet (LXBST) | 鹿仙补肾片 | Z20027604 | Impotence and weakness of waist and knee | Tablet |
8 | 7-Jie Du Huo Xue Ointment (7-JDHXO) | 七味解毒活血膏 | Z20026244 | Soft tissue injury and mild scald | Ointment |
9 | Xiao Jie An Capsule (XJAC) | 消结安胶囊 | Z20025617 | Mammophilia, ovarian cyst and uterine leiomyoma | Capsule |
10 | Run Yi Rong Capsule (RYRC) | 润伊容胶囊 | Z20027531 | Acne | Capsule |
11 | Shanzha Neijin Oral liquid (SNL) | 山楂内金口服液 | Z20027821 | Infantile malnutrition and indigestion | Oral liquid |
12 | Shen Bei Zhi Ke Granular (SBZKG) | 参贝止咳颗粒 | Z20026126 | Chronic bronchitis | Granular |
13 | Shen Cha Teabag (SCT) | 肾茶袋泡茶 | Z20026660 | Urinary tract infection | Teabag |
14 | Shu Xin Tong Mai Capsule (SXTMC) | 舒心通脉胶囊 | Z20025429 | Coronary disease and angina pectoris | Capsule |
15 | Shuang Jiang Wei Tong Pills (SJWTP) | 双姜胃痛丸 | Z20026657 | Chronic superficial gastritis | Pills |
16 | Xuan Ju Capsule (XJC) | 玄驹胶囊 | Z20026658 | Lumbar and knee pain | Capsule |
17 | Xue Niao An Capsule (XNAC) | 血尿安胶囊 | Z20026104 | Urinary tract infection | Capsule |
18 | YaGei Tablet (YGT) | 雅解片 | Z20025088 | Gastric injury by alcohol and overeating | Tablet |
19 | Ye Xia Zhu Tablet (YXZT) | 叶下珠片 | Z20026219 | Chronic hepatitis B and jaundice | Tablet |
20 | Ye Xia Zhu Capsule (YXZC) | 叶下珠胶囊 | Z20027597 | Chronic hepatitis B and jaundice | Capsule |
21 | Yi Kang Bu Yuan Granular (YKBYG) | 益康补元颗粒 | Z20026434 | Insomnia and amnesia | Granular |
22 | Yi Shen Jian Gu Tablet (YSJGT) | 益肾健骨片 | Z20027061 | Chronic limb pain | Tablet |
23 | Yin Qing Capsule (YQC) | 银芩胶囊 | Z20025199 | Infection of the upper respiratory tract | Capsule |
24 | Zhuzi Gan Tai Capsule (ZGTC) | 珠子肝泰胶囊 | Z20026111 | Chronic hepatitis B | Capsule |
25 | Xiao Jie An Oral liquid (XJAL) | 消结安口服液 | Z20025884 | Mammophilia, ovarian cyst and uterine leiomyoma | Oral liquid |
26 | Huzhang Fanshi Liniment (HFL) | 虎杖矾石搽剂 | Z20025342 | Skin burns and scalds | Liniment |
27 | Ya Jiao Ha Dun Powder (YJHDP) | 雅叫哈顿散 | Z53021363 | Irregular menstruation and postpartum bleeding in women | Powder |
28 | Ru Bi Qing Capsule (RBQC) | 乳癖清胶囊 | Z20025068 | Mammary gland hyperplasia and menstrual breast pain | Capsule |
Table 4
No | Drug Name | Chinese Name | Approval Number | Clinical Indications | Dosage form |
1 | Bai Bei Yi Fei Capsule (BBYFC) | 百贝益肺胶囊 | Z20025124 | Bronchitis and cough | Capsule |
2 | Chang Shu Tablet (CST) | 肠舒片 | Z20025848 | Acute enteritis and dysentery | Tablet |
3 | Chang Shu Zhi Xie Capsule (CSZXC) | 肠舒止泻胶囊 | Z20025064 | Chronic diarrhea | Capsule |
4 | Chang Wei Shu Capsule (CWSC) | 肠胃舒胶囊 | Z20026659 | Loss of appetite and abdominal pain | Capsule |
5 | Chuan Luo Tong Capsule (CLTC) | 喘络通胶囊 | Z20025126 | Bronchial asthma and emphysema | Capsule |
6 | Shu Lie An Capsule (SLAC) | 舒列安胶囊 | Z20025167 | Chronic prostatitis | Capsule |
7 | Dan Deng Tong Nao Capsule(DDTNC) | 丹灯通脑胶囊 | Z20026053 | Ischemic stroke | Capsule |
8 | Dan E Fu Kang Ointment (DEFKO) | 丹莪妇康煎膏 | Z20025253 | Female irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, menstrual discomfort, and pelvic endometriosis | Ointment |
9 | Danshen Yi Xin Capsule (DYXC) | 丹参益心胶囊 | Z20026028 | Coronary disease and angina pectoris | Capsule |
10 | Dan Wei Kang Capsule (DWKC) | 胆胃康胶囊 | Z20025134 | Jaundice, Bile Reflux Gastritis and Cholecystitis | Capsule |
11 | Deng Yin Nao Tong Capsule (DYNTC) | 灯银脑通胶囊 | Z20026228 | Cerebral ischemia | Capsule |
12 | E Qiu Qi Capsule (EQQC) | 饿求齐胶囊 | Z20025685 | Diarrhea | Capsule |
13 | Fan Teng Zhi Injection (FTZI) | 矾藤痔注射液 | Z20026309 | Hemorrhoids | Injection |
14 | Fu Fang Dahongpao Zhi Xue Capsule (FFDZXC) | 复方大红袍止血胶囊 | Z20025483 | Various hemorrhagic diseases, such as functional uterine bleeding, bleeding after induced abortion, epistaxis, gastric bleeding and hemorrhoids bleeding | Capsule |
15 | Fu Fang Luxiancao Granular (FFLG) | 复方鹿仙草颗粒 | Z20025653 | Primary hepatocellular carcinoma | Granular |
16 | Fu Fang Qinghao Spray (FFQS) | 复方青蒿喷雾剂 | Z20025887 | Hemorrhoids | Spray |
17 | Fu Yi Shen Alcohol (FYSA) | 茯蚁参酒 | Z20026807 | Insomnia | Vinum |
18 | Gan Dan Qing Capsule (GDQC) | 肝胆清胶囊 | Z20025161 | Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis | Capsule |
19 | Gu Feng Ning Capsule (GFNC) | 骨风宁胶囊 | Z20026229 | Rheumatoid arthritis and Ankylosing spondylitis | Capsule |
20 | He Wei Zhi Tong Capsule (HWZTC) | 和胃止痛胶囊 | B20020328 | Acute and chronic gastroenteritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, chronic colitis | Capsule |
21 | Wen Zhong He Wei Capsule (WZHWC) | 温中和胃胶囊 | Z20025689 | Chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer | Capsule |
22 | Huzhang Shang Tong Tincture (HSTT) | 虎杖伤痛酊 | Z20025395 | Pain and swelling due to external injury | Tincture |
23 | Hu Zhang Ye Capsule (HZYC) | 虎杖叶胶囊 | Z20026314 | Dizziness, dizziness and headache caused by hypertension | Capsule |
24 | Huoxiang Wan Ying Powder (HWYP) | 藿香万应散 | Z20025180 | Gastrointestinal cold | Powder |
25 | Jiang Zhi Tong Mai Capsule (JZTMC) | 降脂通脉胶囊 | Z20026429 | Hyperlipidemia | Capsule |
26 | Kang Shen Granular (KSG) | 康肾颗粒 | Z20025358 | Uremia | Granular |
27 | Ke Tan Oral liquid (KTL) | 咳痰合剂 | Z20025740 | Bronchitis or upper respiratory tract infection appearing cough and phlegm | Oral liquid |
28 | Li Dan Jie Du Capsule (LDJDC) | 利胆解毒胶囊 | Z20025384 | Cholecystitis | Capsule |
29 | Lingdancao Oral liquid (LL) | 灵丹草合剂 | Z20026041 | Acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis and upper respiratory tract infection | Oral liquid |
30 | Long Jing Tong Lin Capsule (LJTLC) | 龙金通淋胶囊 | Z20025499 | Prostatitis, prostatic hyperplasia | Capsule |
31 | Lushuicao Capsule (LC) | 露水草胶囊 | Z20027532 | Type 2 diabetes | Capsule |
32 | Lvji Ke Chuan Granular (LKCG) | 绿及咳喘颗粒 | Z20025849 | Cough, night sweat | Granular |
33 | Mitonghua Granular (MG) | 蜜桶花颗粒 | Z20027607 | Acute and chronic hepatitis | Granular |
34 | Niao Lu Kang Granular (NLKG) | 尿路康颗粒 | Z20027534 | non-gonococcal urethritis | Granular |
35 | Niao Qing Shu Granular (NQSG) | 尿清舒颗粒 | Z20026440 | chronic prostatitis | Granular |
36 | Ping Xuan Capsule (PXC) | 平眩胶囊 | Z20025826 | Somnipathy,dizziness, and palpitation | Capsule |
37 | Qiancao Nao Tong Oral liquid (QNTL) | 千草脑脉通合剂 | Z20025214 | Cerebral ischemia | Oral liquid |
38 | Qing Chang Tong Bian Capsule (QCTBC) | 清肠通便胶囊 | Z20025654 | Constipation | Capsule |
39 | Rong Shuan Nao Tong Capsule (RSNTC) | 溶栓脑通胶囊 | Z20025006 | Cerebral ischemia | Capsule |
40 | She Chang Zhi Xie Powder (SCZXP) | 涩肠止泻散 | Z20025892 | Diarrhea | Powder |
41 | Sha Mei Xiao Ke Capsule (SMXKC) | 沙梅消渴胶囊 | Z20025120 | Type 2 diabetes | Capsule |
42 | Shang Yi Aerosol (SYA) | 伤益气雾剂 | Z20026238 | Skin scald and injury | Aerosol |
43 | Shen An Capsule (SAC) | 肾安胶囊 | Z20025529 | Lower urinary tract infection | Capsule |
44 | Shen Qi Xin Shu Capsule (SQXSC) | 参七心疏胶囊 | Z20025482 | Coronary disease and angina pectoris | Capsule |
45 | Shijiaocao Ke Chuan Granular (SKCG) | 石椒草咳喘颗粒 | Z20025635 | Chronic bronchitis | Granular |
46 | Shu Mi Tong Capsule (SMTC) | 舒泌通胶囊 | Z20054802 | Hyperplasia of the prostate | Capsule |
47 | Shu Wei Yao Alcohol (SWYA) | 舒胃药酒 | Z20025389 | Indigestion | Vinum |
48 | Tianhusui Yu Gan Tablet (TYGT) | 天胡荽愈肝片 | Z20025236 | Acute and chronic hepatitis | Tablet |
49 | Tian Xiang Tincture (TXT) | 天香酊 | Z20025711 | Soft tissue sprain and joint pain | Tincture |
50 | Tian Jing Yang Yan Capsule (TJYYC) | 调经养颜胶囊 | Z20025599 | Irregular menses and Dark skin in women | Capsule |
51 | Tong Shu Capsule (TSC) | 痛舒胶囊 | Z20025478 | Traumatic pain and rheumatoid arthritis pain | Capsule |
52 | Tong Shu Kou Shuang Capsule (TSKSC) | 通舒口爽胶囊 | Z20026241 | Constipation, gum swelling and pain | Capsule |
53 | Wei Fu Shu Capsule (WFSC) | 胃复舒胶囊 | Z20025893 | Chronic superficial gastritis | Capsule |
54 | Wen Ya Capsule (WYC) | 稳压胶囊 | Z20025645 | Hypertension | Capsule |
55 | Wujin Huo Xue Zhi Tong Capsule (WHXZTC) | 乌金活血止痛胶囊 | Z20025249 | Various of pains, including limb pain, rheumatic arthralgia and cancer pain | Capsule |
56 | Xiang Teng Capsule (XTC) | 香藤胶囊 | Z20025211 | Limb pain and rheumatic arthralgia | Capsule |
57 | Yanhu Wei An Capsule (YWAC) | 延胡胃安胶囊 | Z20026112 | Vomiting, stomachache, indigestion | Capsule |
58 | Yan Lu Ru Kang Capsule (YLRKC) | 岩鹿乳康胶囊 | Z20025379 | Cyclomastopathy | Capsule |
59 | Yan Shu Oral liquid (YSL) | 咽舒合剂 | Z20025601 | Acute and chronic pharyngitis and tonsillitis | Oral liquid |
60 | Yi Xin Kang Capsule (YXKC) | 彝心康胶囊 | Z20025345 | Coronary diseases, ischemic cerebrovascular disease | Capsule |
61 | Yu Mai Kou Yan Oral liquid (YMKYL) | 余麦口咽合剂 | Z20025158 | Mouth ulcer | Oral liquid |
62 | Yun Wei Ning Capsule (YWNC) | 云胃宁胶囊 | Z20026811 | Gastric and duodenal ulcers, Chronic gastritis and gastric spasm pain | Capsule |
63 | Zhi Xuan An Shen Granular (ZXASG) | 止眩安神颗粒 | Z20027533 | Vertigo, tinnitus, insomnia, palpitation | Granular |
64 | Zhong Tong Liniment (ZTL) | 肿痛搽剂 | Z20026008 | Vertigo, tinnitus, insomnia, palpitation, shoulder periarthritis, gout arthritis, breast lobular hyperplasia. | Liniment |
65 | Zidan Huo Xue Tablet (ZHXT) | 紫丹活血片 | Z20025190 | Coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and cerebral arteriosclerosis | Tablet |
66 | Zi Deng Capsule (ZDC) | 紫灯胶囊 | Z20025593 | Neck and shoulder pain caused by cervical spondylosis | Capsule |
67 | Zi Jiao Xuan Tincture (ZJXT) | 紫椒癣酊 | Z20025684 | Tinea manus | Tincture |
68 | Fu Fang Luxiancao Capsule (FFLC) | 复方鹿仙草胶囊 | Z20110028 | Primary hepatocellular carcinoma | Capsule |
69 | Hong Jin Xiao Jie Pill (HJXJP) | 红金消结浓缩丸 | Z20080315 | Female breast hyperplasia, uterine leiomyoma, ovarian cyst | Pill |
70 | Hong Jin Xiao Jie Capsule (HJXJC) | 红金消结胶囊 | Z20026032 | Female breast hyperplasia, uterine leiomyoma, ovarian cyst | Capsule |
71 | Shu Lie An Capsule (SLAC) | 舒列安胶囊 | Z20025167 | Chronic prostatitis | Capsule |
72 | Wu Jin Huo Xue Zhi Tong Tablet (WJHXZTT) | 乌金活血止痛片 | Z20090688 | Various of pains, including limb pain, rheumatic arthralgia and cancer pain | Tablet |
73 | Jin Wei Tai Capsule (JWTC) | 金胃泰胶囊 | Z20026039 | Acute and chronic gastroenteritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, chronic colitis | Capsule |
In this review, we also counted and analyzed the information of pharmaceutical enterprises which have the right to produce these EPMs legally in China. According to our statistics, these EPMs are procduced by 39 enterprises, including 2 corporations outside Yunnan province. Some of these companies have to be mentioned. Yunnan Baiyao Group Co.LTD, which is famous for producing Yunnan Baiyao (Baibaodan) invented by Qu Huanzhang (A.D.1880–1938), has the abilities to produce more than 300 varieties and 19 dosage forms of drugs. Shu Lie An Capsule, Qiancao Nao Tong Oral liquid, Gu Feng Ning Capsule, Shang Yi Aerosol, Tong Shu Capsule and Zhong Tong Liniment are manufactured by Yunnan Baiyao Group Co.LTD. Another company should be mentioned is Dihon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd which was purchased by Bayer in 2014, a famous multinational pharmaceutical enterprise group coming from Germany and that was considered as the hallmark event for Bayer to enter the field of traditional Chinese medicine. Dan E Fu Kang Ointment, Gan Dan Qing Capsule, Yu Mai Kou Yan liquid and Wei Fu Shu Capsule are produced by Dihon. Furthermore the dosage forms used in DPMs and YPMs were counted out (Fig. 2) and it could be found that the capsule, tablet and oral liquid are the main dosage forms in these prescriptions under investigation.
Surveys and Statistics on the compositions and their standardization of DPMs and YPMs in Yunnan Province
In China, quality standards of ethnic medicines and their prescriptions are on the basis of the national standards including Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP), which collected ethnic medicine beginning since 1977, and the provincial standards relating to Tibet Autonomous Region, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the NeiMonggol Autonomous Region, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou Provinces [11]. Besides, the academy group standards and enterprise standards also play the role in quality standards of ethnic medicines. In this study, it was found that in the total 28 DPMs, quality standards of 109 herbal medicines come from Chinese pharmacopoeia; quality standards of 27 herbal medicines are collected in Standards for Chinese medicinal materials of Yunnan Province (SYNP) or other provincial herbal quality standard. (Fig. 3) There are 5 herbal medicines including Tuoshu Gen(柘树根), Dabaijie(大百解), Zhuyelan(竹叶兰), Mahan༈麻罕༉, Xiaobaibu༈小百部༉and leaf &stem of Vitex trifoliaL༈蔓荆子茎及叶༉, whose quality standards have not be built. In the total 73 YPMs, 183 herbal medicines have been collected in Chinese pharmacopoeia and 73 herbal medicines are used with SYNP or other provincial herbal quality standard. Otherwise, 16 herbal medicines have no quality standard, which include Gugongguo Gen(固公果根), Zidiyu(紫地榆),Dahuangteng༈大黄藤༉,Damayao༈大麻药༉༌Zhou YeXiangru༈皱叶香薷༉, DianCaowu(滇草乌),Lushuicao(露水草), Xiaolvji(小绿芨), Yudaicao(玉带草),Shashen(沙参),Daotihu༈倒提壶༉Wanzhangsheng༈万丈深༉、Yunxiangcao(芸香草), Ziheche༈紫河车༉and the extract of Xuedan(雪胆提取物)༌etc.
In the frequency statistics of herbal medicines used in these prescriptions, the total frequency and frequency in DPMs and YPMs were calculated out (Fig. 4). Besides GLYCYRRHIZAE RADIX ET RHIZOMA(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Gancao), NOTOGINSENG RADIX ET RHIZOMA (Panax notoginseng ༈Burk.)F. H. Chen, Sanqi), ANGELICAE SINENSIS RADIX,༈Angelica sinensis ༈Oliv.༉ Diels, Danggui༉and ASTRAGALI RADIX(Astragalus membranaceus ༈Fisch.༉ Bge. Var. mongholicus ༈Bge.༉Hsiao, Huangqi༉, which ranked ahead in this statistics, are considered as genuine medicinal materials of Yunnan province. Otherwise, these herbs used in DPMs and YPMs, which are collected and considered as Dai medicine or Yi medicine in SYNP, their information are listed in Table 5.
Table 5
Herbal medicines used in DPMs and YPMs coming from SYNP
No | Scientific Name | Pinyin Name | Chinese name | Origin | MP | EM | Frequency | EPM |
1 | CAULIS ET FOLIUM PLUMBAGINIS | Baihuadan | 白花丹 | Plumbago zeylanica Linn. | Stem and leaf | Yi | 1 | DLBSC |
2 | CAULIS TODDALIAE | Feilongzhangxue | 飞龙掌血 | Toddalia asiatica (L.)Lam. | Stem | Yi | 1 | GTSL |
3 | RADIX TRIPTERYGII HYPOGLAUCI | Huobahuagen | 火把花根 | Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch | Root | Yi | 3 | GFNC,ZTL, GTSL |
4 | HERBA INULAE CAPPAE | Yang’erju | 羊耳菊 | Inula cappa (Buch –Ham ) DC. | Whole plant | Yi | 2 | YGT,WZHWC |
5 | HERBA GEI | Wuqihuanyangcao | 五气朝阳草 | Geum aleppicum Thumb.var.chinese Bolle | Whole plant | Yi | 3 | XTC,YXKC, RBQC |
6 | HERBA RHODOBRYI GIGANTEI | Huixincao | 回心草 | Rhodobryum giganteum (Hook.)Par. | Whole plant | Yi | 2 | HXKT,DYXC |
7 | RHIZOMA POLYGONI PALEACEI | Caoxuejie | 草血竭 | Polygonum paleaceum Wall.ex Hook. | Rhizome | Yi | 2 | CWSC,EQQC |
8 | RADIX ET CAULIS POLYGALAE ARILLATAE | Jigen | 鸡根 | Polygala arillata Buch.Ham.ex D .Dom | Roots and rhizome | Yi | 1 | CLTC |
9 | RADIX SALVIAE YUNNANENSIS | Zi Danshen | 紫丹参 | Salvia yunnanensis C.H.Wright | Root | Yi | 6 | DEFKO,DYXC, GFNC,LJTLC ZHXT,ZDC |
10 | RADIX AMPELOPSIS DELAVAYANAE | Yuputao gen | 玉葡萄根 | Amoelopsis delavayana (Franch.)Planch. | Root | Yi | 3 | SYA,TSC,ZTL |
11 | HERBA SWERTIAE PATENTIS | Xiao’er futong cao | 小儿腹痛草 | Swertia patens Burk. | Whole plant | Yi | 3 | XTC,WZHWC, LDJDC |
12 | FOLIUM POLYGONI CUSPIDATI | Huzhangye | 虎杖叶 | Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc. | Leaf | Yi | 1 | HZYC |
13 | HERBA CYNODONIS | Qianxiancao | 铁线草 | Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pets. | Whole plant | Yi | 1 | JZTMC |
14 | RADIX POTENTILLAE FULGENTIS | Guanzhong | 管仲 | Potentilla fulgens Wall.ex Hook | Root | Yi | 2 | HWZTC,JWTC |
15 | HERBA AINSLIAEAE | Yexiahua | 叶下花 | Ainsliaea pertyoides Franch.var.albo-tomentosa Beauv. | Whole plant | Yi | 1 | GFNC |
16 | RADIX ET RHIZOMA VALERIANAE JATAMANSI | Matixiang | 马蹄香 | Valeriana jatamansi Jones | Roots and rhizome | Yi | 1 | QCTBC |
17 | HERBA GAULTHERIAE | Tougucao | 透骨草 | Speranskia tuberculata (Bunge) Baillon | Aerial part | Yi | 3 | XTC,YXKC,LKCG |
18 | RHIZOMA ARTHROMERIS MAIREIS | Diwugong | 地蜈蚣 | Arthromeris mairei (Brause)Ching | rhizome | Yi | 1 | QCTBC |
19 | CAULIS ET FOLIUM SCHEFFLERAE VENULOSAE | Qiyelian | 七叶莲 | Schefflera venulosa (Wight et Arn.) Harms | Whole plant, stem and leaf | Yi | 3 | SYA,TSC,ZTL |
20 | HERBA BOENNINGHAUSENIAE | Shijiaocao | 石椒草 | Boenninghausenia sessilicarpa Levl . | Whole plant | Yi | 2 | SAC,SKCG |
21 | HERBA OXALIS CORNICULATAE | Zajiacao | 酢浆草 | Oxalis corniculata Linn. | Whole plant | Yi | 1 | TYGT |
22 | RADIX ANEMONES RIVULARIS | Huzhangcao | 虎掌草 | Anemone rivularis Bunch.Ham.ex DC. | Root | Yi | 2 | TYGT,YSL |
23 | CAULIS OPUNTIAE | Xianrencao | 仙人掌 | Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.var.dillenii (KerGawl.) Benson. | Stem | Yi | 1 | SQXSC |
24 | RHIZOMA DYSOSMATIS | Bajiaolian | 八角莲 | Dysosma versipellis (Hance)M.Cheng ex Ying | Rhizome | Yi | 4 | ZTL,HJXJC, WJHXZTT, HJXJP |
25 | CORTEX JATROPHAE | Gaotong | 膏桐 | Jatropha curcas L. | Root bark, stem bark | Yi | 1 | WYC |
26 | CAULIS FICI TIKOUAE | Dibanteng | 地板藤 | Ficus tikoua Bur. | Cane | Yi | 1 | TJYYC |
27 | CAULIS KADSURAE | Wuxiangxueteng | 五香血藤 | Kadsura longipedunculata Finet et Gagnep. | Cane | Yi | 3 | HJXJC,HJXJP, WJHXZTT |
28 | HERBA LEYCESTERIAE STENOSEPALAE | Dazuifeng | 大追风 | Leycesteria aponic Wall.var.stenosepala Rehd. | Aerial part | Yi | 1 | XTC |
29 | HERBA ANAPHALIS | Wuxiangcao | 午香草 | Anaphalis bulleyana (J.F.Jeffr.)Chang | Whole plant | Yi | 1 | YSL |
30 | FOLIUM CRAIBl0DENDRONIS | Jinyezi | 金叶子 | Craibiodendron yunnanense W.W.Smith | Leaf | Yi | 1 | ZTL |
31 | HERBA PHYLLANTHI URINARIAE | Yexiazhu | 叶下珠 | Phyllanthus urinaria L. | Aerial part | Dai | 2 | YXZT,YXZC |
32 | SEMEN BRASSIAE INTEGRIFOLIAE | Kucaizi | 苦菜子 | Brassica integrifolia (West)O.E.Schulz ex Urb. | Seed | Dai | 1 | SJWTP |
33 | RHIZOMA ZINGIBERIS PURPUREI | Zisejiang | 紫色姜 | Zingiber purpureum Rosc. | Rhizome | Dai | 1 | SJWTP |
34 | FORMICA NIGERIS | Weimayi | 黑蚂蚁 | Polyrhachis dives Smith | Body | Dai | 4 | FYSA,HJXJC,HJXJP, WJHXZTT |
35 | HERBA PHYLLANTHI NIRURI | Zhuzicao | 珠子草 | Phyllanthus niruri L | Whole plant | Dai | 1 | ZGTC |
36 | RHIZOMA TACCAE | Jiangenshu | 箭根薯 | Tacca chantrieri Andre | Stem tuber | Dai | 2 | YGT,YJHDP |
37 | RADIX STEPHANIAE EPIGAEAE | Diburong | 地不容 | Stephania epigaea H.S.Lo | Root tuber | Dai | 1 | SJWTP |
38 | RADIX STREPTOCAULI | Tengkushen | 藤苦参 | Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr. | Root | Dai | 1 | YJHDP |
39 | RADIX ET RHIZOMA INULAE CAPPAE | Yangerjugen | 羊耳菊根 | Inula cappa (Buch –Ham ) DC | Root | Dai | 1 | YJHDP |
40 | FRUCTUS BENINCASAE | Kudonggua | 苦冬瓜 | Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. | Fruit | Dai | 1 | YJHDP |
Note: EPM: Ethnic patent medicines, MP: Medicinal parts, EM: Ethnic medicine |
Surveys and Statistics on the herbal resources in DPMs and YPMs of Yunnan Province
Botanical, animal and mineral medicine used in DPMs and YPMs
Because of the differences in geographical and climatic conditions, residents in various geographical regions in China have distinctive lifestyles, customs, and cultures, as well as the usage of medicinal resources. In general, botanical medicines are the most commonly used in traditional medicine. In this investigation, there are 361 botanical medicines, 22 animal medicines and 9 mineral medicines used in DPMs and YPMs (Fig. 5). It is an interesting discovery that the number of animal medicines in YPMs is more than that in DPMs. The Yi Nationality as excellent hunters with a long history, were adept in using animal medicines, which is proved with many ancient documents. In Yi Nationality Offering Medicine Scriptures (Yi Zu Xian Yao Jing), written in the early Qing Dynasty of China, the ratio of animal medicines was up to 92.8%. And the animal medicines were divided into 12 types including the insects, meats, bones gallbladders, fats, bloods, fish gall bladders, and hairs etc. In another medical work named Book of Good medicines for treating diseases (Yi Bing Hao Yao Shu, AD.1737), the number of animal medicines reached 152, it accounted for 35.68% of the total number of Yi medicines [12].
Indeed, animals are therapeutic arsenals that have been playing significant roles in the healing processes, which are also known as zootherapy. Animal medicines have been elaborated from parts of the animal bodies, from products of their metabolism (corporal secretions and excrements), or from non-animal materials (nests or cocoons) [13].Since the pertinence of traditional medicine based on animals cannot be denied, animal medicines used in CPM should be strengthened modern scientific research. The animal medicines in DPMs and YPMs were set out in Table 6.
Table 6
Animal medicines used in DPMs and YPMs coming from SYNP
Scientific Name | Pinyin Name | Chinese Name | Origin | MP | Standard | DPM | YPM |
CERVI CORNU PANTOTRICHUM* | Lurong | 鹿茸 | Cervus nip port Temminck | Antler | ChP | LXBST | - |
CICADAE PERIOSTRACUM | Chantui | 蝉蜕 | Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius | Slough | ChP | SNL,SBZKG | - |
GALLI G IG ERII ENDOTHELIUM CORNEUM | Jineijing | 鸡内金 | Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson | Gizzard | ChP | SNL | GDQC |
FORMICA NIGERIS | Heimayi | 黑蚂蚁 | Polyrhachis dives Smith | Body | SYNP | XJC | FYSA,HJXJP, HJXJC,WJHXZTT |
GECKO | Gejie | 蛤蚧 | Gekko gecko Linnaeus | Body | ChP | - | GFNC,RSNTC,WYC, CLTC |
PHERETIMA* | Dilong | 地龙 | Pheretima aspergillum (E. Perrier) | Body | ChP | - | GFNC, RSNTC, WYC, CLTC |
BUFONIS VENENUM* | Chansu | 蟾酥 | Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor | Secretion | ChP | - | CLTC |
ASPONGOPUS | Jiuxiangchong | 九香虫 | Aspongopus chinensis Dallas | Body | ChP | - | FFLG,FFLC |
- | Xiongdanfen | 熊胆粉 | Selenaretos thibetanus Cuvier | Bile | SYNP | - | LJTLC |
BOMBYX BATRYTICATUS | Jiangchan | 僵蚕 | Bombyx mori Linnaeus. | Body | ChP | - | SMXKC |
PERIPLANETA AMERICANA | Feilie | 蜚蠊 | Periplaneta aponicas Linnaeus | Body | SYNP | - | SYA |
SEPIAE ENDOCONCHA | Haipiaoqiao | 海螵蛸 | Sepiella maindronide Rochebrune | Shell | ChP | - | YWAC |
MOSCHUS* | Shexiang | 麝香 | Moschus berezovskii Flerov | Secretion | ChP | - | ZTL |
ARMADILLIDIUM | Shufuchong | 鼠妇虫 | Armadillidium vulgare Latreille | Body | SSDP | - | HJXJP,HJXJC |
CERVI CORNU DEGELATINATUM* | Lujiaoshuang | 鹿角霜 | Cervus nip port Temminck | Antler colloid | ChP | RBQC | YLRKC |
CORDYCEPS | Dongchongxiacao | 冬虫夏草 | Cordyceps sinensis (BerK. ) Sacc. | Bacterial & insect complex | ChP | HXSC, RBQC | RSNTC,WYC |
Note: EPM: Ethnic patent medicines, MP: Medicinal parts, ChP: Chinese Pharmacopoeia, SSDP: Standards for Chinese medicinal materials in Shandong Province(2012),* means the herb has more than 2 origins, and only 1origin is showed in the table. |
Medicinal parts of botanical medicines used in DPMs and YPMs
The plant parts used in herbal therapy include seeds, berries, roots, leaves, fruits, barks, flowers, or even the whole plants. From ancient times to the present, people have been mainly dependent on crude botanical material for medical needs to retain vitality and cure diseases [14]. In this work, we have analyzed amount of medicinal parts of botanical medicines in DPMs and YPMs (Fig. 6). Statistically, the distribution rules of medicinal parts of botanical medicines in DPMs and YPMs showed similarity, and in the usage frequency of plant parts, Top 3 are Root and Rhizome, Fruit and seed and Whole plant respectively. The different medicinal parts are related to the traditional efficacy of herbal medicines, and on the other hand, the shapes of medicinal parts also are concerned with the nomenclature of some herbs. For example,Huangqin(SCUTELLARIAE RADIX༌Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)is called as Rijishi in Yi language༌in this name, Ri means it is a herbaceous plant, and Ji means root, the medicinal parts of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Shi means the color of yellow[15].
Surveys and Statistics on the rare and endangered medicinal materials in DPMs and YPMs in Yunnan Province
The rapidly increasing demand for Chinese patent drugs is likely to challenge herbal resources in China. Consequently 80% of the most usually used species cannot meet medical demand [16]. Data analysis showed that 1,800–2,100 medicinal species were facing the challenge of extinction in China[17].In the China Plant Red Data Book published in 1992, 388 species of plants are listed as threatened, which include 121 as endangered(i.e., first grade national protection), 110 as rare (second grade national protection), and 157 as vulnerable (third grade national protection). Among these plant species, 77 are typical herbal medicines that account for 19.86% of the total threatened species[18].Besides, 257 kinds of animal medicines appear in the national key protection name list of wild animals. Although the shortage of medicinal materials is alleviated to some extent since more than 200 kinds of herbs could be artificially planted, for pharmaceutical enterprises of ethnic medicine, some special herbs are from continuous wild collection without scientific plans. The rare medicinal materials used in DPMs and YPMs were listed in Table 7, which are protected legally by Chinese government and some international non-government organizations such as International Union for Conservation of Nature. This is the truth that CISTANCHES HERBA (Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma, Rouchongrong), GINSENG RADIX ET RHIZOMA(Panax ginseng C. A. Mey, Renshen), GLYCYRRHIZAE RADIX ET RHIZOMA༈Glycyrrhiza aponic Bat ,Gancao༉or other rare medicinal materials listed in the catalogues are protected and utilized sustainably in China. But in fact, the number of ethnic specific herbal medicines in danger is far bigger than that recorded in the catalogues. As a example with RHIZOMA RODGERSIAE༈Rodgersia sambucifolia Hemsl.or Rodgersia pinnata Franch.,Yantuo༉,which is the raw material for YPM depending on mining wild resources, the quantity of excavation exceeds 3000 tons per year, and the wild resources of Rodgersia plants are reduced sharply and resources are damaged severely in Luquan, Yongsheng, Yulong, Heqing and Ninglang of Yunnan province[19].In light of this, 30 herbal medicines were listed to protect in the Rare Traditional Chinese Herbs of Yunnan Province in Urgent Needs (RTCHYN) [20]. These herbs used in DPMs and YPMs were summarized in Table 8.
Table 7
Investigation on the use of rare medicinal materials in DPMs and YPMs
Herbal name | Pinyin Name | Chinese name | Origin | NPWP | IUCN | Proprietary | NPWM | UF |
GLYCYRRHIZAE RADIX ET RHIZOMA | Gancao | 甘草 | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch | II | LC | - | Ⅱ | 26 |
Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. | II | LC | - | Ⅱ |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | II | LC | - | Ⅱ |
GINSENG RADIX ET RHIZOMA | Renshen | 人参 | Pana:c ginseng C. A. Mey | I | CR | - | Ⅱ | 4 |
FORSYTHIAE FRUCTUS | Lianqiao | 连翘 | Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl | - | - | - | Ⅲ | 4 |
SCUTELLARIAE RADIX | Huangqin | 黄芩 | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | - | - | - | Ⅲ | 4 |
SCHISANDRAE CHINENSIS FRUCTUS | Wuweizi | 五味子 | Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. | II | LC | - | Ⅲ | 1 |
CERVI CORNU | Lurong | 鹿茸 | Cervus nip port Temminck | - | - | - | Ⅰ | 1 |
Cervus elaphus Linnaeus. | - | - | - | Ⅰ |
CISTANCHES HERBA | Rouchongrong | 肉苁蓉 | Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma | II | EN | - | Ⅲ | 1 |
Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight | II | - | - | - |
PHELLODENDRI CHINENSIS CORTEX | Huangbai | 黄柏 | Phellodendron chinense Schneid | - | - | - | Ⅱ | 2 |
EUCOMMIAE CORTEX | Duzhong | 杜仲 | Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. | - | - | - | Ⅱ | 1 |
GENTIANAE RADIX ET RHIZOMA | Longdan | 龙胆 | Gentiana manshurica Kitag. | - | - | - | Ⅲ | 3 |
Gentiana scabra Bge | - | - | - | Ⅲ |
Gentiana triflora Pall. | - | - | - | Ⅲ |
Gentiana regescens Franch. | - | - | - | Ⅲ |
COPTIDIS RHIZOMA | Huanglian | 黄连 | Coptis chinensis Franch | - | - | Unique to China | Ⅱ | 1 |
Coptis deltoidea C. Y. Cheng et Hsiao | - | VU | Unique to China | Ⅱ |
Coptis teetoides C. Y. Cheng. | - | - | - | Ⅱ |
MAGNOLIAE OFFICINALIS CORTEX | Houpu | 厚朴 | Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils | II | NT | Unique to China | Ⅱ | 1 |
Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. var. biloba Rehd. et Wils | II | - | Unique to China | Ⅱ |
PHELLODENDRI CHINENSIS CORTEX | Huangbai | 黄柏 | Phellodendron chinense Schneid | - | - | - | Ⅱ | 2 |
ARNEBIAE RADIX | Zicao | 紫草 | Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst | - | - | - | Ⅲ | 1 |
GENTIANAE MACROPHYLLAE RADIX | Qingjiao | 秦艽 | Gentiana macrophyllaPall. | - | - | - | Ⅲ | 1 |
Gentiana macrophyllaMaxim. | - | - | - | Ⅲ |
Gentiana crassicaulisDuthie ex Burk. | - | - | - | Ⅲ |
Gentiana dahuricaFisch | - | - | - | Ⅲ |
MOSCHUS | Shexiang | 麝香 | Moschus berezovskii Flerov. | - | - | - | Ⅱ | 1 |
Moschus sifanicus Przewalski. | - | - | - | Ⅱ |
Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus. | - | - | - | Ⅱ |
PARIDIS RHIZOMA | Chonglou | 重楼 | Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch. ) Hara | II | - | - | - | 7 |
Note: NPWP: National key protected wild plants of China (Aug 4th, 1999), NPWM: National key protected species of wild medicinal materials of China (Dec.1th, 1987), IUCN: List of International Union for Conservation of Nature(CR: Critically Endangered, LC:Least Concern, EN: Endangered ,VU:Vulnerable, NT:Near Threatened), UF:Usage frequency in DPMs and YPMs. |
Table 8
Information of herbal medicines in RTCHYN
Scientific Name | Pinyin Name | Chinese Name | Origin | Medicinal parts | Distribution** | Standard | UF | EPM |
ERIGERONTIS HERBA | Dengzhanxixin | 灯盏细辛 | Erigeron breviscapus (Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz. | Whole plant | Areas except southwest of Yunnan | ChP | 7 | DDTNC,DYXC, DYNTC,TSC,YXKC, ZTL,ZDC, |
CORDYCEPS | Dongchongxiacao | 冬虫夏草 | Cordyceps sinensis (BerK. )Sacc. | Bacterial & insect complex | Deqin, Shangri-la,Lijiang,Binchuan,Lvfeng,Guangtong | ChP | 4 | HXSC, RBQC, RSNTC,WYC |
RESINA DRCAENIS | Longxuejie | 龙血竭 | Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C.Chen A | Resin | Jinping, Menglian, Pu’er,Jinghong,Zhenkang, | SGZP | 2 | HXSC, SYXDL, HXSC |
- | Lushuicao | 露水草 | Cyanotis arachoids C.B.Clarke | Whole plant | Menghai,Menglian,Jinghong,Jingdong,Mengzi、Anning, Kunming, Pingbian | No | 1 | LC |
SWERTIAE MILEENSIS HERBA | Qingyedan | 青叶胆 | Swertia mileensis T. N. He et W. L. Shi | Whole plant | Mile | ChP | 2 | DWKC,FFQS |
RADIX ANISODI* | Sanfensan | 三分三 | Anisodus acutangulus C.Y.Wu et C.Chen | Roots | Lijiang | SYNP | 1 | TXT |
- | Xuedan | 雪胆 | Hemsleya amabilis Diels | Roots | Kunming,Chongming,Binchuan,Eryuan,Dali, Heqing | NO | 1 | RSNTC |
BERGENIAE RHIZOMA | Yanbaicai | 岩白菜 | Bergenia purpurascens (Hook.f.et Thoms.)Engl. var. delavayi (Franch.)Engl. et Irm. | Rhizome | Deqin,Weixi, Shangri-La,Lijiang,Dali,Qujing,Ludian, Zhaotong,Gongshan,Fugong | ChP | 1 | YWNC |
Note: * means the herb has more than 2 origins, and only 1origin is showed in the table, ** The distribution information comes from Flora of Yunnan (Science Press of China,2006), UF : Usage frequency, SGZP: Standards for Chinese medicinal materials in Guizhou Province (2009) |
Surveys and Statistics on the toxic herbal medicines in DPMs and YPMs in Yunnan Province
In traditional medicine of ethnic minorities, herbs with pharmacological activity are likely to be clinically useful, but may also be toxic, especially if used incorrectly or do not master the correct use method. Different from modern drugs, efficacy and toxicity assessments of herbal medicines are based on traditional knowledge and clinical experience rather than evaluation in a laboratory [21]. The causes of toxic medicine usage in Chinese ethnomedicine are related with living environments, religious belief and medical practices concerned with poisons. In China, 83 herbal medicines are officially recorded and defined as toxic according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the certain number of toxic herbs is also recorded in provincial standards for herbal medicine. Toxic herbal medicines are classified into three categories: high toxicity, medium toxicity, and low toxicity [22]. According to the statistics, there are 10 toxic herbs used in 11 DPMs, and 6 toxic herbs recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and 4 toxic herbs recorded in SYNP. Among them, 1 herb is called Dai medicine and 2 herbs belong to Yi medicine. In the 40 YPMs, the toxic herbs are counted to 24, and the number of 12 toxic herbs is collected in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 12 herbs recorded in SYNP. 4 herbs are known as Yi medicine. These results are showed in Table 9 and Table 10.
Table 9
Toxic herbal medicines in DPMs
Scientific Name | Pinyin Name | Chinese Name | Origin | Toxicity degree | Standard | DPM | Modern toxicology | Ref. |
PARIDIS RHIZOMA* | Chonglou | 重楼 | Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinenisi (Franch)Hara | LT | ChP | RBQC | Toxic to digestive system and have cardio toxicity and neurotoxicity, LD50 = 2.68 g/kg (mice, p.o.) | [27] |
CURCULIGINIS RHIZOMA | Xianmao | 仙茅 | Curculigo orchioides Gaertn | MT | ChP | LXBST | LD50 = 215.9 g/kg (ethanol extract, rats ,p.o.), injury to liver, kidney and reproductive organs with oral administration of 120 g/kg (ethanol extract, rats, 6 months) | [28] |
CNIDII FRUCTUS | Shechuangzi | 蛇床子 | Cnidium monnieri (L.)Cuss. | LT | ChP | LXBST | Nausea and vomiting, decreased spontaneous activity, shortness of breath, unstable gait and tremor(ethanol extract), LD50 = 17.45 g/kg (mice, p.o.), MTD = 1.50 g/kg or LD50 = 3.45 g/kg (Osthol, mice, p.o.) | [29][30][31] |
ZANTHOXYLRADIX | Liangmianzhen | 两面针 | Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.)DC. | LT | ChP | 7JDHXO | Nitidine chloride could damage liver and kidney cells, and lead to the decrease of heart rate in zebrafish | [32] |
PINELLIAE RHIZOMA | Banxia | 半夏 | Pinellia ternate (Thunb.) Breit. | MT | ChP | SBZKG | LD50 = 42.7 ± 1.27 g/kg (mice, p.o.) ,it would cause renal and liver damage, induce serious damage of gastric mucosa. A significant toxicity on pregnancy maternal mice and embryo has been found and total alkaloids are one of the toxic substances. | [33] |
ARMENIACAE SEMEN AMARUM* | Kuxinren | 苦杏仁 | Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Maxim | LT | ChP | SBZKG | LD50 of Amygdalin is 25 g/kg (mice, i.v.),887 mg/kg(mice, p.o.),and hydrocyanic acid produced by Amygdalin could inhibit the activity of cytochrome oxidase, leading to cell respiration inhibition and cell death. | [34] |
CAULIS ET FOLIUM PLUMBAGINIS | Bhuadan | 白花丹 | Plumbago zeylanica Linn. | LT | SYNP | DLBSC | Skin redness, swelling and peeling contacted with Baihuadan, plumbagin free alcohol extract. Root and leaves have the reversible antiovulation activities for female rats | [35][36] |
RHIZOMA TACCAE | Jiangenshu | 箭根薯 | Tacca chantrieri Andre | MT | SYNP | YGT | Diarrhoea and vomiting have been reported in patients with mild intoxication, and intestinal mucosal exfoliation and hemorrhoea could appear in severe poisoning patients. | [37] |
RADIX TRIPTERYGII HYPOGLAUCI | Huobahuagen | 火把花根 | Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch | LT | SYNP | GTSL | LD50 = 79 g/kg (male mice, p.o.) and 95% confidence limit is 69 ~ 89 g /kg, LD50 = 100 g/kg (female mice, p.o.) and 95% confidence limit is 90 ~ 112 g /kg. It has the reversible antifertility effect. | [38][39] |
ERYTH RINAE CORIEX * | Haitongpi | 海桐皮 | Erythina variegate L. Var.orientalis (L.)Merr | MT | SSCP | GTSL | Unknown | |
Note: HT: high toxicity, MT: medium toxicity, LT: low toxicity, * means the herb has more than 2 origins, and only 1origin is showed in the table. SSCP: Standards for Chinese medicinal materials in Sichuan Province (2010) |
Table 10
Toxic herbal medicines in YPMs
Scientific Name | Pinyin Name | Chinese Name | Origin | Toxicity degree | Standard | YPM | Modern toxicology | Ref. |
PARIDIS RHIZOMA* | Chonglou | 重楼 | Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinenisi (Franch)Hara | LT | ChP | GFNC,NQSG, SYA,TSC,ZTL | - | - |
OSMUNDAE RHIZOMA | Ziqiguanzhong | 紫萁贯众 | Osmunda aponica Thunb. | LT | ChP | SWYA | Unknown | - |
EUODIAE FRUCTUS | Wuzhuyu | 吴茱萸 | Evodia rutaecarpa(Juss.)Benth. | LT | ChP | GDQC,HWYP | LD50 of its volatile oil is 2. 70 ml /kg(95% confidence limit: 2.58 ~ 2. 84 ml /kg, mice, p.o.), one of main target organ is liver. | [40] |
BUFONIS VENENUM* | Chansu | 蟾酥 | Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor | MT | ChP | CLTC | Toad Venom (90 mg/kg) caused opisthotonus, ventricular arrhythmias, and increases in cardiac levels of Ca2+, CK and LDH. | [41] |
ARTEMISIAE ARGYI FOLIUM | Aiye | 艾叶 | Artemisia argyi Levl. Et Vant. | LT | ChP | KSG | LD50 of aqueous extract is 80.2 g/kg(95% confidence limit :77.4 ~ 83.4 g/kg, mice, p.o.), LD50 of volatile oil is 1.67 mL/kg༈95% confidence limit :1.55 ~ 1.80 mL/kg ,mice, p.o.༉, MTD of ethanol extract is 75.6 g/kg(mice, p.o.༉ | [42] |
ACONITI KUSNEZOFFII RADIX | Caowu | 草乌 | Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. | HT | ChP | TXT | It can cause serious cardiac dysfunction, and be damage to nervous system. LD50 of Aconitine is 1.8 mg/kg, for mice is 0.3 mg/kg. LD50 of Hypaconitine is 5.8 mg/kg, and LD50 of Mesaconitine is 1.9 mg/kg. | [43] [44] |
PAPAVERIS PERICARPIUM | Yingsuqiao | 罂粟壳 | Papaver somniferum L. | MT | ChP | KLT | The main toxic components are morphine and codeine. Morphine with 60 mg could cause poisoning, and 250 mg could cause death. | [45] |
ARISAEMATIS RHIZOMA* | Tiannanxing | 天南星 | Arisaema erubescens (Wall.)Schott. | MT | ChP | TXT | Producing folate deficiency and injury of kidneys | [46] |
LAGGERAE HERBA | Choulingdan | 臭灵丹草 | Laggera pterodonta (DC.) Benth. | MT | ChP | LL,SKCG | LD50 of water extract is 1.19 g/kg (mice,ip). | [47] |
ARMENIACAE SEMEN AMARUM* | Kuxinren | 苦杏仁 | Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Maxim | LT | ChP | SKCG,CLTC | - | - |
PINELLIAE RHIZOMA | Banxia | 半夏 | Pinellia ternate (Thunb. ) Breit | MT | ChP | WFSC,ZXASG | - | - |
PSAMMOSILENES RADIX | Jintiesuo | 金铁锁 | Psammosilene tunicoides W. C. Wu et C. Y. Wu | LT | ChP | ZTL | LD50 = 4.847195% confidence limit : 4.3251 ~ 5.4508 g/kg, mice, p.o.), the toxic target organs include lung, spleen and stomach | [48] |
HERBA BOENNINGHAUSENIAE | Shijiaocao | 石椒草 | Boenninghausenia sessilicarpa Levl . | LT | SYNP | SAC,SKCG | The ether extract could reduce the activity in mice by intraperitoneal injection. | [27] |
RHIZOMA DYSOSMATIS | Bajiaolian | 八角莲 | Dysosma versipellis (Hance)M.Cheng ex Ying | LT | SYNP | ZTL,HJXJC, SLAC, WJHXZTT | LD50 = 0.493 ± 0.032 g/kg (mice, p.o.), it is toxicity to heart, and has the influcen on central nervous system appearing excited then inhibited. | [49] |
RADIX MILLETTIAE BONATIANAE | Dafahan | 大发汗 | Millettia bonatiana Pamp. | MT | SYNP | HSTT | Damage to stomach | [27] |
FOLIUM CRAIBl0DENDRONIS | Jinyezi | 金叶子 | Craibiodendron yunnanense W.W.Smith | HT | SYNP | ZTL | Unknown | |
RADIX TRIPTERYGII HYPOGLAUCI | Huobahuagen | 火把花根 | Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch | MT | SYNP | ZTL,GFNC | - | |
RADIX ANEMONES RIVULARIS | Wuzhangcao | 虎掌草 | Anemone rivularis Bunch.Ham.ex DC. | LT | SYNP | TYGT,YSL | Unknown | |
- | Daotihu | 倒提壶 | Delphinium yunnanense Franch. | MT | SGZP | WHXZTC | Unknown | |
RHIZOMA DIOSCOREAE BULBIFERAE | Huangyaozi | 黄药子 | Dioscorea bulbifera L. | LT | SGDP | FFLC,FFLG | LD50 = 25.49 g/kg(mice, i.p), LD50 = 79.98 g/kg,250.3 g/kg or544g/kg(mice, p.o.), toxic target organs include liver and kidney. | [50][51] |
CAULIS CLEMATIDIS ARGENTILUCIDAE | Shanmutong | 山木通 | Clematis apiifolia var. argentilucida ( H.Leveille ༆ vaniot ) W. T. Wang | LT | SHNP | NQSG | Unknown | |
RADIX ANISODI | Sanfensan | 三分三* | Anisodus acutangulus C. Y. Wu et C. Chen | HT | SYNP | TXT | Unknown | |
FOLIUM DATURAE STRAMONII | Mantuoluoye | 曼陀罗叶 | Datura stramonium L. | MT | SYNP | YWNC | Shortness of breath and death after nerve stimulation | [27] |
RADIX ACONITI BRACHYPODI SEU PENDULI | Xueshangyizhihao | 雪上一枝蒿 | Aconitum brachypodum Diels | HT | SHNP | ZTL | Petroleum ether extracts and N-butanol extracts are 6766.928,5492.337 mg/kg (mice, p.o.) | [52] |
Note: HT: high toxicity, MT: medium toxicity, LT: low toxicity, * means the herb has more than 2 origins, and only 1origin is showed in the table. |
SGZP: Standards for Chinese medicinal materials in Guizhou Province (2009), SGDP: Standards for Chinese medicinal materials in Guangdong Province (2011), SHNP: Standards for Chinese medicinal materials in Hunan Province (2009). |
Although some toxic herbs used in DPMs and YPMs, these proprietary medicines are considered safe and applied in clinical legally in China because of the unique set of pharmaceutical theories that include particular methods for processing, combining and decocting,which contribute to reducing toxicity as well as enhancing efficacy.For example, in traditional Dai medicine(TDM), the herbs used to reduce poison of toxic herbs are called “YaGei”, and “YaGei” theory (YGT or Detoxification theory) is considered as aunique supplementary theory of TDM[23]. The Dai herbal medicines named “YaGei” as antidotes could relieve all kinds of adverse reactions caused by food poisoning, drug poisoning and other substances[24].Besides, in order to keep healthy, Dai people also take antidotes regularly to eliminate the micro toxins in the body, and thus reduce the chance of illness and prolong life.
Due to the lack of more pharmaceutical information disclosed, as well as the lack of basic research, the safety information of these DPMs and YPMs including toxic herbal medinces is insufficient. The modern toxicological evidences of these toxic herbal medicines were collected and also showed in Table 9 and Table 10. Our focus is on these toxic herbal medicines which are known as Dai medicines or Yi medicines. Root of Tripterygium hypoglaucum (LevL.)Hutch (Huobahuagen,火把花根) soaked in wine as oral medicine was recorded in AilaoMateria Medica(哀牢山本草), a book translated and published according to ancient Yi medicine classics,and could be used to treat the arthritis, joint swelling and pain, bruise and sprain[25]. Boenning hauseniases silicarpa Levl. (Shijiaocao, 石椒草) was collected in Materia medica in South Yunnan(Dian Nan Ben Cao, AD.1396–1476) written by Lan Mao, its medicine property characteristics is bitter, pungent and warm, and it could treat chest pain or heartache༌stomachache and abdominal distension. According to AilaoMateria Medica, Shijiaocao was used to deal with sore throat༌gastric pain༌dysentery༌ it also could cure acute gastroenteritis in combination with the parasite of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in Wa Die Yi Medical book༈洼垤彝医药书༉, a book proved to be written in the end of Qing dynasty in China[26]. In fact, more evidence in ancient documents would be researched deeply to record the application of these toxic herbs in the medical practice of Yi, Dai or other ethnic minorities in Yunnan. While modern toxicology experiments have provided more toxicity information of these toxic herbs, which are benefit to use them safely and cautiously. Of course, more scientific research are necessary to identify how these toxic herbs reduce the toxicity and remain effective in the prescriptions.