A Comparative Study of the Effects of Platelet-Rich Fibrin, Concentrated Growth Factor and Platelet-Poor Plasma on the Healing of Tooth Extraction Sockets in Rabbits

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1225393/v1

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Research Article

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Platelet-Rich Fibrin, Concentrated Growth Factor and Platelet-Poor Plasma on the Healing of Tooth Extraction Sockets in Rabbits

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1225393/v1

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published 23 Mar, 2022

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Background：Autologous platelet concentrate has been widely used to encourage the regeneration of hard and soft tissues. Up to now, there are three generations of autologous platelet concentrates. Many studies have shown that different autologous platelet concentrates have different healing effects. However, these differences still need to be further verified and discussed. The purpose of this study was to explore and compare the effects of platelet-rich fibrin, concentrated growth factor and platelet-poor plasma on the healing of tooth extraction sockets in New Zealand rabbits.

Methods：A total of 24 healthy male New Zealand white rabbits aged 8-12 weeks were selected. The experimental animals were randomly divided into four groups: three experimental groups were respectively implanted with PPP, CGF and PRF gel after bilateral mandibular anterior teeth were extracted, and the control group did not implant any material. The alveolar bone of the mandibular anterior region was taken at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after operation. The height and width of the extraction wound were detected by CBCT, the growth of the new bone was observed by HE and Masson staining, and the expression of osteogenic genes was detected by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistical package 22.0.

Results: The radiological results showed that alveolar bone absorption in all groups gradually increased over time. However, the experimental groups showed lower amounts of bone absorption. The histological results showed that new bone formation was observed in all groups. Over time, the new bone trabeculae of the CGF group became closely aligned while those in the PPP and PRF groups remained scattered. PCR results showed that the expression of BMP-2 and ALP was higher in the experimental groups than the control group.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the application of PRF, CGF and PPP in tooth extraction sockets effectively promoted bone regeneration. CGF showed more effective bone induction and tissue regeneration ability in the long term.

Dentistry

tooth extraction

platelet-rich fibrin

osteogenesis

bone resorption

cone beam computed tomography

Alveolar bone after tooth extraction undergoes bone resorption due to lack of dental support and functional stimulation, while bone reconstruction is accompanied by osteoclast resorption and fibrous bone filling [1]. 70%-80% of the bone loss occurs in the first 3 months after tooth extraction [2].

The resorption and atrophy of alveolar bone will have an adverse effect on subsequent restoration treatment, especially implant treatment. They increase the difficulty of implant operation and are not conducive to the stability of implants. Therefore, methods of alveolar sockets preservation are worthy of further exploration, so as to reduce the absorption of the alveolar ridge at the tooth extraction site, and provide more adequate bone volume and a favorable alveolar ridge shape for subsequent treatment. Numerous studies have been dedicated to evaluating the efficacy of different socket-filling biomaterials. Autogenous and allogeneic bone grafts have been recognized as frequently-used methods for decades, however, several limitations, such as extra site of surgery and prolonged surgery, an uncertain infection rate and limited autologous bone alternatives, have restricted their widespread development [3]. The use of synthetic biomaterials as alternative products has continued to develop subsequently, especially prior to implantation [4–5]. But most exogenous biomaterials still have some uncertainties in bone mineral binding ability, biodegradability and effective antibacterial ability [6].

In recent years, autologous plasma products, such as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), concentrated growth factor (CGF) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) have attracted the attention of researchers due to their ability to promote new bone formation [7] and tissue regeneration [8]. PRF is a second-generation platelet concentrate product which is easy to produce without any biological agents. Many studies have suggested that the use of PRF can promote bone regeneration through the release of cytokines after activation [9–10], but others have shown that there is a lack of standardization in its production and application, and that small differences may lead to variable clinical effects [11]. CGF was introduced by Sacco in 2006 [12]. Unlike PRF, it is centrifuged using special centrifuges, and different centrifugation speeds result in a larger, denser, and more abundant growth factor fibrin matrix [13]. A large number of studies have confirmed the advantages of CGF in bone defect repair [14–15].

PPP is the supernatant of plasma after centrifugation that contains few platelets. Studies [16] showed that PPP seems to have the ability to facilitate wound healing-associated cell function. In recent years, some in vitro studies have compared the similar effects of PPP and PRP in innervation and muscle repair [17–18], but there are few studies evaluating the role of PPP in bone tissue, and the results are divergent. Hamdan et al [19] at the cellular level have shown that the difference of concentration due to the vitro test will lead to a great difference in the results, which is also an important factor limiting the development of PPP.

Alveolar bone is the most active bone tissue in the body. Compared with other parts of bone defects, there will be significant absorption in the tooth extraction without intervention, which puts forward high requirements for the effect of bone induction materials used for tooth extraction. At present, some studies on the application of autologous plasma products in the tooth extraction have no consistent or robust results, and most of their studies are limited with the combined application of other osteogenic induction materials, and there are few independent studies on the effect of plasma products without additives. Further carefully designed and long-term observation cycles and multiple observation levels are needed to explore their respective strengths. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the effects of PRF, CGF and PPP on the healing of tooth extraction sockets in rabbits and to compare their long-term effects and influence characteristics of different stages from 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks continuous observation. And in order to preliminary explore the mechanism of concrete, we also compare their influence on osteogenesis related genes, aims to provide guidance for clinical choice medicine.

1.1 Sample size calculation

The sample size was calculated using PASS 15.0 software (NCSS, LLC, Utah, USA). The statistical design was based on comparisons of the bone absorption rate between the PRF, CGF, PPP and control groups. The analysis module One-Way-Analysis of Variance F-Tests in the Means was used. According to the results of the preliminary experiment, the mean bone absorption rate in the PPP, CGF, PRF and control groups was 14%, 13%, 16%, and 39% respectively. The standard deviation was set as 12%. Statistical significance was set as α = 0.05, with four groups, statistical power of 0.9, and a group allocation ratio of 1: 1: 1. With these parameters, the sample size needed for the current study was six in each group (Fig. 1).

1.2 Animals and study design

All of the research protocols used in study were approved by the ethical committee of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China (Certificate number 201906-1). A randomized controlled study was conducted according to the ARRIVE guidelines [20]. Healthy male New Zealand White rabbits weighing 2.0–2.5 kg (average 2.2 kg) and aged 8–12 weeks each were used in this study. All animals were purchased from the Department of Animal Science Central of Southwest Medical University and were taken good care of by professional laboratory technicians. They were housed in a temperature (22 ± 2°C) and humidity (55±5%) controlled room under a 12/12 h light/dark cycle and kept in separate cages, with free access to food and water. After 2 weeks of observation, the experimental treatment was carried out.

1.3 Preparation of autologous PPP, CGF, and PRF

9 ml venous blood from the ear veins of each rabbit were drawn and collected into sterile vacuum tubes without additive (Greiner BioOne, Kremsmünster). The samples were immediately put into a Medifuge MF200 (Silfradent srl, Forlì, Italy), and centrifugation was carried out according to a preset procedure: acceleration for 30 seconds, then 2 minutes at 2700 rpm, 4 minutes at 2400 rpm, 4 minutes at 2700 rpm, 3 minutes at 3000 rpm, deceleration for 36 seconds, and stop [13]. This process separated the samples into three layers: a red blood cell (RBC) layer that covered the lower part of the tube, a CGF layer that covered the middle part and a PPP layer that covered the upper part (Fig. 2). The PPP was activated for experimental use with 10% calcium chloride. The CGF and activated PPP gel were thus collected for experimental use.

Based on a previously described protocol [21], 9 ml venous blood was collected into a centrifuge tube without any anticoagulant. After centrifuging immediately for 10 min at 3,000 rpm, the whole blood separated into two layers, the lower layer being the RBC layer, and the upper layer being the PRF layer (Fig. 2).

1.4 Surgical procedure

The animals were randomly and evenly divided into four groups. Three groups received PPP, CGF and PRF gel respectively, while the remaining control group did not receive any implant material. They all received an intramuscular injection of penicillin (800,000 units three times daily) for 3 days postoperatively. Intravenous injection of 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) through the ear margin was used for general anesthesia. After the anesthetic had taken effect, the gingiva was separated with a periosteal elevator, then the teeth were loosened with the elevator, and after that the bilateral mandibular anterior teeth were extracted. All the above procedures were performed by the same oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Subsequently, the materials were severally implanted into the tooth extraction sockets in the experimental groups (Fig. 3). After that, the extraction sockets were carefully sutured and closely observed for avoiding infection. Thereafter, at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after tooth extraction, three rabbits were randomly selected from each group and euthanized with an overdose of pentobarbital sodium. The bilateral mandible was taken as the specimen for subsequent analysis.

1.5 Radiographic analysis

All animals were scanned twice by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT I and CBCT II), once after tooth extraction surgery, and the other after euthanasia, when the alveolar bone around the mandibular anterior teeth was immediately removed for scanning. All sectional images were obtained by the same radiologist using a Kodak 9500CBCT scanner (Carestream Health, Rochester, NY, USA), with the following settings: exposure at 5.0 mA and 120 kV for 9.6 s and axial slice thickness 0.2 mm. The results were processed and analyzed by the same radiologist (who was blinded to the group allocation) using image analysis software (CS Imaging Version 7.0.23.0.d, Carestream Health, Rochester, NY, USA). Changes in alveolar bone width (ABW) and alveolar bone height (ABH) were observed. Three sections were selected for each CBCT to measure the height and width respectively, and each section was randomly measured three times. ABW was measured using the method of Chen et al [22]. Measurements were performed on cross-sectional slices in the apical, median, and coronal third of the socket. ABH was measured using a method described previously by Liu et al [23]. Measurement was carried out on three sagittal planes, namely the buccal plane of the extraction socket, the lingual plane, and the middle plane of the first two planes. The changes in ABW and ABH were expressed by the measured value of CBCT before tooth extraction (CBCT I) minus the measured value of CBCT after euthanasia (CBCT II).

1.6 Histological analysis

After fixing in 10% paraformaldehyde solution for 48 h, the samples were demineralized in 10% EDTA solution (North Tianyi Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd., Tianjin, China) for 5 weeks, washed, dehydrated, and paraffin embedded (Paraplast; Kendall Healthcare, Mansfield, MA, USA), parallel to the long axis of the tooth, comprising a continuous section in the buccal and lingual direction with a section thickness of 5 µm, and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin(H&E). Masson’s trichrome stain was carried out in the same way. The above processes were performed by a histological technician who was blinded to the experimental protocols. An optical microscope (Olympus BX43, Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with a magnification of × 200 was used for observation, and a digital camera installed on the microscope was used to obtain images.

1.7 Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of two markers of osteogenic genes: a differentiation marker of early osteoblasts — alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and a differentiation marker of late osteoblasts — bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). After sacrificing the rabbits, bone tissue was obtained from the tooth extraction sockets and immediately stored in liquid nitrogen and ground in a mortar. A chloroform-free RNA extraction kit (BioTeke, Beijing, China) was used to extract total RNA from the samples. Then, according to the manufacturer's instructions, 1 µg of RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA, using ReverTra Ace qPCR RT Master Mix (TOYOBO, Japan), and stored at -20°C before use. The cDNA was used as the template for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The total volume of the amplification reaction system was 20 µl, including 6 µl primers, 12 µl of QuantiNova STBR Green PCR (Qiagen, Germany), 1.5 µl cDNA and 2.5 µl ddH₂O. The primers were purchased from Sangon Biotech Co. (Shanghai, China). The sequences were: 5′-TCCCACTTTGTCTGGAACCG-3′ and 5′-TCCTGTTCAGCTCGTACTGC-3′ for ALP, 5′-AGGAAGCTTTGGGAGACGAC-3′ and 5′-AAGTGGGTCACTTCCACCAC-3′ for BMP, and 5′-GTGGCATCCTGACGCTCAAGTAC-3′ and 5′-AAGCTCGTTGTAGAAGGTGTGGTG-3′ for β-actin.

1.8. Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistical package 22.0 (IBM Co., Chicago, USA). Categorical variables are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Student–Newman–Keuls (SNK) comparison test was employed to detect differences among different groups. A significance level of 0.05 was chosen.

2.1. Clinical results

No accidental deaths occurred. All animals were in good physical condition and had a good diet. No infection or other complications occurred in any of the tooth extraction sockets. after surgery. On the 5th day after operation, the tooth extraction wound surface was completely covered by epithelial tissue.

2.2. Radiological analysis

The ABW and ABH gradually increased in all groups over time. However, the experimental groups showed lower amounts of bone absorption.

Two weeks after surgery, the ABW and ABH in each group revealed different degrees of absorption (Table 1). Both ABW and ABH indicated a significantly lower rate of absorption in the PPP group than in the other three groups (P < 0.05). The ABW and ABH at 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively are shown in Table 2 and Table 3. In short, the CGF group showed the lowest absorption, followed by the PPP and PRF groups, with the highest absorption in the control group. There were no significant differences in ABW between the PRF group and the control group at 4 weeks (P>0.05), or in ABH between the PPP group and CGF group at 8 weeks (P>0.05).

2.3. Histological analysis

Two weeks after surgery, new bone formation was observed in the tooth extraction sockets in the PPP group, with the new bone extending from the lateral wall to the center. There were abundant osteoblasts and active proliferation. Osteoblasts were arranged in rows around the bone matrix, and some bone trabeculae and mature fibrous tissue could be seen. The new bone trabeculae were thinner in the CGF group and PRF group than in the PPP group, and the arrangement was irregular, with blood vessels growing into the extraction sockets in the PRF group. A large number of inflammatory cells and a small number of fibroblasts were found in the sockets in the control group, and there were few new bones and bone trabeculae.

By the 4th week, each of the experimental groups had formed a larger amount of new bone than the control group. In the CGF group, the new bone further increased and continued to extend towards the center of the sockets, the osteoblasts proliferated actively, the bone trabeculae were more abundant the new bones were connected with each other, and the fibrous connective tissue and inflammatory cells had decreased. New bone formation in the sockets of the PPP group also increased significantly, but there were slightly fewer osteoblasts than in the CGF group, and the bone trabeculae were thinner. The growth of new bone in the PRF group was weaker than that in the PPP group, but there was more neovascularization. In the control group, the small amount of new bone tissue was scattered.

By the 8th week, new bone had formed in the extraction alveolus in the CGF group, the new bone trabeculae were closely connected and arranged similarly to the normal state, and the trabeculae were thick and calcified, but there was still a small amount of fibrous connective tissue. The new bone in the extraction sockets was thinner in the PPP group followed by the PFR group than that in the CGF group, but the bone tissue of the medial wall of the tooth extraction fossa was more mature and partially fused with the surrounding bone tissue. New bone formation could be seen in the control group, but it was significantly less extensive than in the experimental group, and osteoblasts and blood vessel density were relatively rare (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5).

2.4. RT-qPCR analysis

Expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP): The expression of ALP in the PPP group was the highest at 2 weeks after surgery (P < 0.05). At 4 weeks, ALP expression was significantly higher in the CGF group than in the other three groups. By the 8th week, there was no significant difference in ALP activity among the four groups (Fig. 6).

Expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2): BMP expression was significantly higher in the PRF group than in the other groups at 2 weeks. The PRF group still had the highest expression at 4 weeks, and at the same time, the expression of BMP in the PPP group and CGF group was gradually increasing. By the 8th week, with the development of bone remodeling, BMP expression was the highest in the CGF group, followed by the PRF group and PPP group, which all showed higher expression than the control group (P<0.05) (Fig. 7).

A series of events occur during the healing of tooth extraction sockets, including (1) blood clot formation, (2) fibroblast infiltration and vascular endothelial cell proliferation, (3) connective tissue hyperplasia, (4) fibrous bone formation, and (5) mature bone tissue establishment. The healing process involves interaction between various cells and growth factors [24]. Therefore, improving the microenvironment of the tooth extraction sockets can promote healing [25] and induce bone tissue regeneration.

PRF and CGF are platelet concentrates containing a large number of growth factors [26], including transforming growth factor (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF). These growth factors participate in events such as osteoblastic movement, proliferation and differentiation [27], so as to regulate the activity of osteoblasts and promote bone regeneration.

PPP is the upper component of autologous plasma products. Compared with PRF and CGF, it contains fewer platelets, but is rich in plasma growth factor and fibrinogen. Chen et al [28] showed that fibrinogen may have a more significant effect on bone regeneration, suggesting that PPP has the potential to promote bone regeneration in the early stages of healing. In this study, PPP, CGF and PRF were used in extraction sockets separately to determine their effect on alveolar bone healing and resorption, with a view to developing new clinical approaches.

The radiographic and histological analyses revealed large areas of new alveolar bone in all three experimental groups at all time points, except for the control group, where only a small amount of new alveolar bone was generated, similar to the findings of other scholars. For example, Hatakeyama et al [29] found that in their vivo study of rat calvarial bone defects, the bone defects were almost filled with bone tissue 8 weeks after surgery and treatment with CGF and PPP gel, while a few control (untreated) defects were still apparent at 8 weeks. Similarly, Kim et al [30] observed that in their comparative study on rabbit-skull defect healing, the PRP, PRF and CGF groups had all formed a higher amount of new bone than the control group by the 6th week after surgery.

Overall, CGF and PPP were slightly more effective than PRF at promoting extraction socket healing during the time points observed in our study. The reason for this may be that the fibrin network of insoluble fibrin provides a scaffold for the cells and serves as a substrate for the continuous release of growth factors, and the cells are exposed to fibrin molecules exhibiting three-dimensional cell–cell interactions [31], allowing the growth factors to continuously act on the extraction sockets, promoting osteoblast proliferation and differentiation as well as reducing the absorption of the alveolar bone. Moreover, Hatakeyama et al [29] showed that significantly more fibrinogen was contained within PPP than in PRF, and Isobe et al [32] found that CGF gels contained thicker fibrin fibers than PRF gels based on scanning electron microscopic examination. Both findings support our results. In addition, both the PRF and CGF groups displayed fewer functions at 2 weeks. This may be because CGF and PRF, which contain a large number of platelets, are not only reservoirs of growth factors but also immune nodes containing a large number of inflammatory mediators. Inflammatory factors such as α -granules released after their activation may limit the differentiation of osteoblast-related cells during early healing process [33–34].

During the growth of osteoblasts, the expression of specific genes varies at different stages [35]. The peak expression of genes reflects the developmental sequence of osteocyte differentiation, which can be divided into three main stages: proliferation, extracellular matrix maturation and mineralization. Some scholars have proposed that the regulation of genes in this developmental sequence depends on the maturation of osteoblasts [36]. ALP activity is closely related to bone growth and remodeling, and its expression can reflect the early differentiation of osteoblasts and the maturity of bone tissue [37]. BMP-2 promotes the maturation and function of osteoblasts and bone remodeling by inducing the differentiation of mesenchymal bone progenitor cells [38]. It is a representative osteogenic product in the late stage of osteogenic differentiation. Our results showed that ALP was highly expressed in early osteogenesis and BMP was highly expressed in late osteogenesis, which was similar to other scholars' studies. Lu et al. showed high levels of expression of ALP in the early stage of osteogenesis, but with the development of bone maturation and matrix mineralization, it reduced gradually, and the late marker of osteoblast differentiation increased [39]. In addition, our results suggested that the PPP group expressed a high level of ALP in 2 weeks, but CGF group reach the high level significantly in the 4 weeks, the reasons for this phenomenon may be credit to their different biological structures. CGF owns dense fiber structure and slow release of growth factors [40].

One limitation of the study is that it failed to further explore the molecular biological mechanisms underlying the effect of PRF, CGF and PPP on the healing of tooth extraction sockets. However, real time PCR were preliminarily used to observed the expression level of osteogenic genes in different groups. In addition, platelet concentrates could be used in combination with other material to optimize their effects. Further clinical study would be conducted to verify and supplement the results of this study.

PPP, PRF and CGF can promote the healing of tooth extraction sockets, promote new bone formation, reduce bone resorption, and improve the expression of osteogenesis-related genes. Yet considering their long-term effects, CGF shows greater benefits in osteogenesis, resulting in efficient bone induction and tissue regeneration. Since the components of PPP, CGF and PRF are all derived from autologous blood without immunogenicity, their preparation is simple. Furthermore, they have good biocompatibility and appropriate biodegradability when they are implanted into the tooth extraction sockets.

Funding

The authors sincerely appreciate the financial support from National Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates of China (S202010632035, S202010632002), Office of Science & Technology and Talent Work of Luzhou (2021-JYJ-67) and Southwest Medical University (2021ZKZD007).

Author Contributions

The first two authors (Siying Li and Hongyi Yang) contributed equally to this work and they are co‑first authors. Siying Li, Hongyi Yang and Yun He contributed to the conception and design of the study. Siying Li, Hongyi Yang, Qinyu Duan, Hongyu Bao, Aodi Li, and Wei Li performed the acquisition of the data (laboratory or clinical) and the statistical analysis. Siying Li, Hongyi Yang wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Siying Li, Hongyi Yang and Yun He approved the final version of manuscript. All authors approved the submitted version.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethics approval

The study was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the ARRIVE guidelines(2010).All of the research protocols used in study were approved by the ethical committee of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China (Certificate number 201906-1).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to the ongoing related further research projects but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

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TABLE 1

Resorption of Alveolar Bone Height and Width at Week 2 According to Groups

Group	Absorption of ABW (mm)	Absorption of ABH (mm)
control PPP	0.21±0.03 0.13±0.02^{a, d}	0.63±0.06　 0.44±0.03^{a, d}
CGF	0.18±0.04	0.51±0.03^a
PRF	0.20±0.03^b	0.56±0.08^b
F	4.000	13.544
P-value	＜0.05	＜0.05
ABW, alveolar bone width; ABH, alveolar bone height; PPP, Platelet-Poor Plasma; CGF, Concentrated Growth Factor; PRF, Platelet-Rich Fibrin
Data represent mean ± SD. ^a Statistically significant difference compared to the control group (P＜0.05). ^b Statistically significant difference compared to the PPP group (P＜0.05). ^c Statistically significant difference compared to the CGF group (P＜0.05). ^d Statistically significant difference compared to the PRF group (P＜0.05).

TABLE 2

Resorption of Alveolar Bone Height and Width at Week 4 According to Groups

Group	Absorption of ABW (mm)	Absorption of ABH (mm)
control PPP	0.72±0.08　 0.55±0.06^a	1.21±0.06 0.91±0.08^{a, c, d}
CGF	0.48±0.03^{a, d}	0.76±0.08^{a, b, d}
PRF	0.63±0.05^c	1.10±0.05^{b, c}
F	9.582	26.600
P-value	＜0.05	＜0.05
ABW, alveolar bone width; ABH, alveolar bone height; PPP, Platelet-Poor Plasma; CGF, Concentrated Growth Factor; PRF, Platelet-Rich Fibrin
Data represent mean ± SD. ^a Statistically significant difference compared to the control group (P＜0.05). ^b Statistically significant difference compared to the PPP group (P＜0.05). ^c Statistically significant difference compared to the CGF group (P＜0.05). ^d Statistically significant difference compared to the PRF group (P＜0.05).

TABLE 3

Resorption of Alveolar Bone Height and Width at Week 8 According to Groups

Group	Absorption of ABW (mm)	Absorption of ABH (mm)
control PPP	1.53±0.05　 0.79±0.05 ^{a, c, d}	1.93±0.04 1.42±0.04^{a, d}
CGF	0.66±0.05^{a, b, d}	1.37±0.04 ^{a, d}
PRF	0.98±0.07^{a, b, c}	1.68±0.05^{a, b, c}
F	142.129	101.570
P-value	＜0.05	＜0.05
ABW, alveolar bone width; ABH, alveolar bone height; PPP, Platelet-Poor Plasma; CGF, Concentrated Growth Factor; PRF, Platelet-Rich Fibrin
Data represent mean ± SD. ^a Statistically significant difference compared to the control group (P＜0.05). ^b Statistically significant difference compared to the PPP group (P＜0.05). ^c Statistically significant difference compared to the CGF group (P＜0.05). ^d Statistically significant difference compared to the PRF group (P＜0.05).

No competing interests reported.

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A Comparative Study of the Effects of Platelet-Rich Fibrin, Concentrated Growth Factor and Platelet-Poor Plasma on the Healing of Tooth Extraction Sockets in Rabbits

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Abstract

Figures

Background

Materials And Methods

1.1 Sample size calculation

1.2 Animals and study design

1.3 Preparation of autologous PPP, CGF, and PRF

1.4 Surgical procedure

1.5 Radiographic analysis

1.6 Histological analysis

1.7 Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

1.8. Statistical analysis

Results

2.1. Clinical results

2.2. Radiological analysis

2.3. Histological analysis

2.4. RT-qPCR analysis

Discussion

Conclusions

Declarations

Funding

Author Contributions

Acknowledgements

Competing interests

Ethics approval

Availability of data and materials

Consent for publication

References

Tables

Additional Declarations

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