1. Jawad M, Charide R, Waziry R, Darzi A, Ballout RA, Akl EA. The prevalence and trends of waterpipe tobacco smoking: A systematic review. PloS one. 2018;13(2):e0192191.
2. World Health Organization. Tobacco key facts. Geneva,Switzerland: World Health Organization;. June 9, 2019 [ https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco.Accessed].
4. Drop in cigarette consumption offset by increases in other forms of
smoked tobacco [press release]. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention;,. 2012.
5. Danaei M, Jabbarinejad-Kermani A, Mohebbi E, Momeni M: Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking Prevalence and Associated Factors in the Southeast of Iran. Addiction & health 2017, 9(2):72.
6. Nemati S, Rafei A, Freedman ND, Fotouhi A, Asgary F, Zendehdel K: Cigarette and Water-Pipe Use in Iran: Geographical Distribution and Time Trends among the Adult Population; A Pooled Analysis of National STEPS Surveys, 2006–2009. Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM) 2017, 20(5).
7. Meysamie A, Ghaletaki R, Haghazali M, Asgari F, Rashidi A, Khalilzadeh O, Esteghamati A, Abbasi M: Pattern of tobacco use among Iranian adult population: results of the national Survey of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases (SuRFNCD-2007). Tobacco control 2009:tc. 2009.030759.
8. Khan MT, Hashmi S, Zaheer S, Aslam SK, Khan NA, Aziz H, Rashid N, Shafique K: Burden of waterpipe smoking and chewing tobacco use among women of reproductive age group using data from the 2012–13 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. BMC public health 2015, 15(1):1113.
9. Azab M, Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Anabtawi MM, Quttina M, Khader Y, Eissenberg T:Exposure of pregnant women to waterpipe and cigarette smoke. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2012, 15(1):231–237.
10. Chaaya M, Jabbour S, El-Roueiheb Z, Chemaitelly H: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of argileh (water pipe or hubble-bubble) and cigarette smoking among pregnant women in Lebanon. Addictive Behaviors 2004, 29(9):1821–1831.
11. Dadipoor S, Kok G, Aghamolaei T, Heyrani A, Ghaffari M, Ghanbarnezhad A: Factors associated with hookah smoking among women: A systematic review. Tobacco prevention & cessation 2019, 5:26.
12. Baheiraei A, Sighaldeh SS, Ebadi A, Kelishadi R, Majdzadeh SR: Psycho-social needs impact on hookah smoking initiation among women: A qualitative study from Iran. International journal of preventive medicine 2015, 6.
13. Eshah NF, Froelicher ES: Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and patterns of waterpipe use among Jordanian adults who exclusively smoke waterpipes. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2018, 17(1):85–92.
14. Salameh P, Khayat G, Waked M: Lower prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe smoking, but a higher risk of waterpipe dependence in Lebanese adult women than in men. Women & health 2012, 52(2):135–150.
15. Shearston JA, Park SH, Lee L, Oshinsky C, Sherman S, Weitzman M: Increasing hookah use among adolescent females in the US: analyses from the 2011–2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS). Tobacco Prevention & Cessation 2016, 2(September).
16. Villanti AC, Cobb CO, Cohn AM, Williams VF, Rath JM: Correlates of hookah use and predictors of hookah trial in US young adults. American journal of preventive medicine 2015, 48(6):742–746.
17. Daou KN, Bou-Orm IR, Adib SM: Factors associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking among Lebanese women. Women & health 2018:1–11.
18. Waziry R, Jawad M, Ballout RA, Al Akel M, Akl EA: The effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking on health outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology 2016, 46(1):32–43.
19. Alberg AJ, Samet JM: Epidemiology of lung cancer. Chest 2003, 123(1):21S-49S.
20. Tansaz M, Adhami S, Mokaberinejad R, Namavar Jahromi B, Atarzadeh F, Jaladat AM:An overview of the causes and symptoms of male infertility from the perspective of traditional persian medicine. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2016, 18(182):11–17.
21. Sarokhani M, Veisani Y, Mohamadi A, Delpisheh A, Sayehmiri K, Direkvand-Moghadam A, Aryanpur M: Association between cigarette smoking behavior and infertility in women: a case-control study. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2017, 4(10):1705–1715.
22. Barati M, Hidarnia A, Niknami S, Allahverdipour H: Factors associated with tobacco smoking among male adolescents: The role of psychologic,behavioral, and demographic risk factors. Avicenna J Neuro Psych Physio 2015, 2(1):e27152.
23. Melki I, Beydoun H, Khogali M, Tamim H, Yunis K: Household crowding index: a correlate of socioeconomic status and inter-pregnancy spacing in an urban setting. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2004, 58(6):476–480.
24. Robinson JN, Wang B, Jackson KJ, Donaldson EA, Ryant CA: Characteristics of hookah tobacco smoking sessions and correlates of use frequency among US adults: findings from wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2017, 20(6):731–740.
25. Akl EA, Jawad M, Lam WY, Obeid R, Irani J: Motives, beliefs and attitudes towards waterpipe tobacco smoking: a systematic review. Harm reduction journal 2013, 10(1):12.
26. Labib N, Radwan G, Mikhail N, Mohamed MK, El Setouhy M, Loffredo C, Israel E:Comparison of cigarette and water pipe smoking among female university students in Egypt. Nicotine & tobacco research 2007, 9(5):591–596.
27. Sadeghi R, Mahmoodabad SSM, Fallahzadeh H, Rezaeian M, Bidaki R, Khanjani N: Predictive factors for preventing hookah smoking and health promotion among young people based on the protection motivation theory. Journal of Education and Health Promotion 2019, 8(1):169.
28. Walters ST, Matson SA, Baer JS, Ziedonis DM: Effectiveness of workshop training for psychosocial addiction treatments: a systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2005, 29(4):283–293.
29. Momenabadi V, Hashemi SY, Borhaninejad VR: Factors affecting hookah smoking trend in the society: A review article. Addiction & health 2016, 8(2):123.
30. Khor PY, Harun NB, Ishak FB, Anuar NAIM, Karim NA, Azman A, Mahmood TST: Contributory factors to the smoking of shisha among teenagers in the Perak City of Ipoh: A preliminary qualitative survey. International Journal of Public Health Research 2012, 2(1):80–84.
31. Mandil A, BinSaeed A, Ahmad S, Al-Dabbagh R, Alsaadi M, Khan M: Smoking among university students: a gender analysis. Journal of infection and public health 2010, 3(4):179–187.
32. JOVEYNI H, DEHDARI T, GOHARI MR, GHARIBNAVAZ H: The survey of attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control of college students about hookah smoking cessation. 2012.
33. Jamil H, Elsouhag D, Hiller S, Arnetz JE, Arnetz BB: Sociodemographic risk indicators of hookah smoking among White Americans: a pilot study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010, 12(5):525–529.
34. Rezaei F, Noroozi M, Mansourian M, Safari O, Jahangiry L: the role of social and familial factors as predicting factors related to hookah and cigarette smoking among adolescents in Jahrom, South of Iran. International Journal of Pediatrics 2017, 5(5):4929–4937.
35. Baheiraei A, Hamzehgardeshi Z, Mohammadi MR, Nedjat S, Mohammadi E: Personal and family factors affecting life time cigarette smoking among adolescents in Tehran (Iran): a Community Based Study. Oman medical journal 2013, 28(3):184.
36. Dar-Odeh N, Abu-Hammad O, Al-Abdalla M, Shakhatreh F, Al-Abedalla K, Khdairi N,Prime S: Narghile smoking among Jordanian educated working women: attitudes and beliefs. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 2013:483–490.
37. Baheiraei A, Sighaldeh SS, Ebadi A, Kelishadi R, Majdzadeh R: The role of family on hookah smoking initiation in women: a qualitative study. Global journal of health science 2015, 7(5):1.
38. Huang L-L, Sutfin EL, Kowitt S, Patel T, Ranney L, Goldstein AO: Trends and correlates of hookah use among high school students in North Carolina. North Carolina medical journal 2017, 78(3):149–155.
39. Sotodeh A, Tahmasebi R, Noroozi A: Application of health belief model to predict factors of nicotine dependece among water pipe smoking women in 2015. Journal of Health 2016, 7(4):425–434.
40. Asfar T, Ward KD, Eissenberg T, Maziak W: Comparison of patterns of use, beliefs, and attitudes related to waterpipe between beginning and established smokers. BMC public health 2005, 5(1):19.
41. Griffiths MA, Ford EW: Hookah smoking: behaviors and beliefs among young consumers in the United States. Social work in public health 2014, 29(1):17–26.
42. Dillon KA, Chase RA: Secondhand smoke exposure, awareness, and prevention among African-born women. American journal of preventive medicine 2010, 39(6):S37-S43.
43. Mandil A, Hussein A, Omer H, Turki G, Gaber I: Characteristics and risk factors of tobacco consumption among University of Sharjah students, 2005. 2007.
44. Guliani H, Gamtessa S, Çule M: Factors affecting tobacco smoking in Ethiopia: evidence from the demographic and health surveys. BMC public health 2019, 19(1):938.
45. Jawad M, Abdulrahim S, Daouk A: The social patterning of tobacco use among women in Jordan: the protective effect of education on cigarette smoking and the deleterious effect of wealth on cigarette and waterpipe smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2015, 18(4):379–385.
46. Kim SS, Kim S, Seward G, Fortuna L, McKee SA: Korean American women's experiences with smoking and factors associated with their quit intentions. ISRN Addiction 2013, 2013.
47. Jun H-J, Acevedo-Garcia D: The effect of single motherhood on smoking by socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. Social science & medicine 2007, 65(4):653–666.
48. Majdzade S: Survey of tendency of Hormozgan people to using of Hubble-Bubble smoking. Hakim J 2001, 4(3):298–304.
49. Stone E, Peters M: Young low and middle-income country (LMIC) smokers—implications for global tobacco control. Translational lung cancer research 2017, 6(Suppl 1):S44.
50. Baheiraei A, Sighaldeh SS, Ebadi A, Kelishadi R, Majdzadeh R: Factors that contribute in the first hookah smoking trial by women: a qualitative study from Iran. Iranian journal of public health 2015, 44(1):100.
51. Nakkash RT, Khalil J, Afifi RA: The rise in narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipe tobacco smoking: a qualitative study of perceptions of smokers and non smokers. BMC public health 2011, 11(1):315.
52. Afifi R, Khalil J, Fouad F, Hammal F, Jarallah Y, Farhat HA, Ayad M, Nakkash R:Social norms and attitudes linked to waterpipe use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Social Science & Medicine 2013, 98:125–134.
53. Zhang X, Martinez-Donate AP, Kuo D, Jones NR, Palmersheim KA: Trends in home smoking bans in the USA, 1995–2007: prevalence, discrepancies and disparities. Tobacco Control 2012, 21(3):330–336.
54. Dadipoor S, Kok G, Aghamolaei T, Ghaffari M, Heyrani A, Ghanbarnezhad A: Explaining the determinants of hookah consumption among women in southern Iran: a qualitative study. BMC public health 2019, 19(1):1–13.
55. Makvandi Z, Sharifi M, Barati M: Assessment of Factors Associated With Hookah Consumption Among College Students of Asad Abad City Base on The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in 2015–2016. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2017, 5(4):270–279.
56. Alami A, Rezaeian-Kochi M-H, Moshki M: Application of Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Intention and Action of Preventing Tobacco Use among Students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2016, 3(4):340–348.
57. Sidani JE, Shensa A, Naidu MR, Yabes JG, Primack BA: Initiation, progression, and sustained waterpipe use: a nationally representative longitudinal study of US young adults. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 2017, 26(5):748–755.