Assessment of Coriandrum Sativum L., Trigonella Foenum Graecum L., Pimpinella Anisum L., and Their Combinations Effect on Growth Performance, Carcass Trait and Hematobiochemical Parameters in Broiler Chicken

This study has been designed to examine the effects of three phytogenic feed additives (PHT) on certain zootechnical and hematobiochemical parameters in broiler chicken. The PHT were formulated from Coriandrum sativum L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., and Pimpinella anisum L. 360 one-day-old Cobb broilers were randomly divided into 4 dietary treatment groups; a control group (CTLG), and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented respectively with 3% of Coriander (PHT1G), 3% of a combination 50% Coriander- 50% Fenugreek (PHT2G), and nally 3% of a combination 50% Coriander- 50% Anise (PHT3G). The results showed that the birds of PHT3 group realized the highest live body and internal organs weight. However, the weight of the abdominal fat was not affected. Broilers in the same group had a signicantly (P <0.05) higher lymphocyte level 120.10 3 /µl, followed by PHT2 group with 80.10 3 /µl. The level of monocytes in PHT2 and PHT3 groups was respectively 66.10 3 /µl and 60.10 3 / µl. Concerning the granulocytes, we noted 200.10 3 /µl in PHT2 group and 102.10 3 /µl in PHT3G. A signicant difference (P <0.05) was recorded in the uric acid levels with 50.4mg/l, 59.84mg/l, and 47.29mg/l respectively for PHT1G, PHT2G, and PHT3G groups. Levels of the uric acid were lower than the level recorded in the control group (84.36mg/l). The use of the phytogenic feed additives we formulated may have a positive effect both on weight gain and hematobiochemical parameters in broiler chicken, especially the levels of different types of white blood cells, and the uric acid rate.


Introduction
The utilization of herbs and spices was extensively studied in poultry diets as an alternative to antibiotics, and as growth promoters (Abd El-Hack et al., 2021; Kuralkar and Kuralkar, 2021;Paula et al., 2020). Feeding medicinal herbs to poultry is bene cial to respond to the consumer's needs and legislative limitations about avoiding the utilization of antibiotic growth promoters and ionophores in modern intensive poultry production (Adhikari et al., 2019). Consumers have interested in meat quality, which is produced through sustainable livestock products that are free of chemicals which harmful to health, and simultaneously have superior sensorial and preservation characteristics (Socaci et al., 2020). The effets of phytogenics are linked to their speci c phytochemical components. The bioactive molecules improve chicken potential production, through enhancing poultry immunity (Oladokun and Adewole, 2020; Rasouli et al., 2019) and improving the digestive process. They preserve the balanced gut micro ora and intestinal uptake (Kim et al., 2019), and reduce the disease spreading. These advantages can be achieved by including various medicinal plants in the feed or drinking water of broiler breeding (Seidavi et al., 2021). Another advantage of incorporating additives is to enrich the food with antioxidants and bioactif antimicrobial compounds (Hashemi et al., 2012). Among many spices, coriander is a medicinal and spice plant, that leaves, seeds, and fruits have many bene cial biological characteristics, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-in ammatory activities (Silva et al., 2020;Socaci et al., 2020). Considerable researches outline that the coriander seed in poultry feed has a positive impact on improving zootechnical performance, carcass yield, blood biochemical pro le, and mineral composition of chicken meat (Khubeiz and Shirif, 2020; Jameel, 2019). Hosseinzadeh et al. (2014) reported that the coriander seed powder has been used as an alternative to antibiotics against Newcastle and infectious bronchitis in the chicken feed.
Fenugreek is rich in avonoids, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, and other bioactive compounds (Akbari et al., 2020). It has many have interesting bioactivity characteristics such as antimicrobial, antioxidation, antifungal, antiviral properties, digestive stimulation, and immunomodulation (Srinivasa and Naidu, 2020). Recent studies in broiler chickens have shown that the supplementation of fenugreek reduces signi cantly blood cholesterol and Glycemia levels, promotes immune response, improved plasma total protein, and globulin Either individually or as a combined mixture, phytogenic herbs and species preserve broiler's safety and production (Hafeez et al., 2020;Meradi et al., 2020). Studies on the use of phytogenics as growth promoters in animal production are numerous, but the virtues of these natural products are still worth exploring. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the effects of Coriandrum sativum L. and its combination with Pimpinella anisum L., and Trigonella foenum graecum L. on growth performance, carcass trait, and hematobiochemical parameters in broiler chickens.
Material And Methods

Animals and diets
A total of 360 one-day-old, Cobb 500 broilers (non sexed) were purchased from a commercial hatchery, and raised in litter oor pens at the department of Agricultural sciences. University of Biskra. Algeria. The chicks had an initial body weight of 47.33 ± 0.10 g. 4 dietary treatment groups were formed: a control group fed a basal diet (CTLG), and three groups fed a basal diet supplemented with a Phytogenic formulation. A group with 3% of Coriander supplementation (PHT1G), a group with 3% of a combination 50% Coriander-50% Fenugreek (PHT2G), and nally a group with 3% of a combination 50% Coriander-50% Anise (PHT3G). Each experimental group contain 3 repetitions of 30 birds.
Feed and water were given ad libitum. The rations were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous according to NRC (1994) recommandations. In the table 1 the ingredients and nutrient compositions of basal diet are summarized.

Plant material
In our study, the three plants tested were used as a seeds. Within 6 days after collection, seeds were cleaned, air-dried and stored under correct conditions until used as phytogenics. The harvest of the three types of seeds (Coriandrum sativum L., Trigonella foenum graecum L., and Pimpinella anisum L.) was carried out during 2020 at Biskra province in Algeria.

Growth Performances and Carcass Trait
Zootechnical parameters were measured. Regularly, diets distributed and feed refused were weighted to determine the feed intake and the feed conversion ratio. However, weekly birds were weighed to calculate the average daily weight gain. At the end of the experiment period (day 42), ten subjects per replicate were randomly taken from each group, and individually weighed to determine live body weight. The selected birds were sacri ced, eviscerated. The carcasses and the internal organs: liver, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine were weighted. The abdominal fat, the breast, and the leg (thigh+drumstick) were measured. The carcass yield was expressed as a percentage of live body weight.

Hematobiochemical parameters
At the39th day, ten subjects were randomly chosen from each group. The blood samples were collected from the wing vain. Blood biochemistry (Glycemia, Total cholesterol, Total Proteins, Uric acid, Creatinine level, Globulin, and Albumin levels) were tested. An assessment of the blood cellular composition (Red Blood Cell, lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes) was performed.

Statistical analysis
Using SPSS, Data obtained on various parameters were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a comparison of means, according to the Newman and Keuls tests. The difference was considered signi cant when p<0.05.

Growth Performances
The analysis of the results shows that during 42days, the best live body weight and the highest average daily gain (ADG) were recorded in PHT3G with 2966.98g and 70.64g successively. However, the feed intake did not affect (P <0.05) among PHTG3, PHTG2, and the CTLG, which are successively 4206.

Hematobiochemical Parameters
Glycemia values of all groups have not affected by the phytobiotics compounds (P <0.05). However, the total cholesterol were signi cantly lower in PHT G 1, PHTG2, and PHTG3 groups than the CTLG (P <0.05), the cholesterol levels were 0.92 g/l; 0.95 g/l and 1.05 g/l for PHTG3, PHTG1, and PHTG2 successively.
The values of total protein with PHTG1, PHTG2 were highest than the control and PHTG3 (P <0.005), both coriander and PHTG2 caused an increase in plasma protein levels. Concerning globulin, we have recorded the highest value in PHTG1 and PHTG2 but without signi cant difference (P <0.05). The highest value of Albumin was recorded with PHTG2 followed by PHTG1 (12.19 g/ l, 11.41g/l and 10.81g/l) successively. Regarding the ratio (Albumin/Globulin), the most important value was recorded in PHTG3with 0.86 and in the CTLG with 0.76. The lowest ratio was recorded in PHTG1 and PHTG2 successively (0.37 and 0.43).
We have noted a signi cant difference in the uric acid levels (P <0.05), the lower values were registered in experimental groups 50.4mg/l, 59.84mg/l, and 47.29mg/l respectively in PHTG1, PHTG2, and PHTG3. In fact, we were recorded the lower value of red blood cells 3.48.10 6 / mm 3 in the CTLG and the highest lymphocyte level with PHTG3 group which is 120.10 3 /µl, followed by PHTG2 with 80. 10    In our study, the improvement of the growth performance with the phytogenic feed additive composed by coriander and green anise can be due to the enhancing of palatability and digestive enzymes, which are affected by the level of linalool (Brenes and Roura, 2010). Therefore, the antibacterial characterization of the spices against the development of damaging micro ora, which they act as phytogenic growth promoters (Pathak et al., 2011).

Carcass Trait
Results about the effect of phytobiotics on carcass and internal organ performance are in agreement with the results of several researchers, who have reported that natural products improve feed intake and live weight of birds, which affects carcass yield, liver, heart, and gut ( noted that incorporation of fenugreek in the diet has no negative effect on performance, carcass and internal organ weights of chicken. In fact, herbs and spices bioactive compounds have bene cial effects on animal welfare and enhance meat nutritional quality. Several strategies have been adopted to enrich animal products, especially the fatty acid pro le of meat by introducing plants into their diet by enriching them with Omega3 (Mourot, 2009). Phytobiotics promote digestion which can in uence weight gain, because it involved regulation and modulation of the metabolic and immune system (Gadde et al., 2017). Actually, much research focused on meat quality and the oxidation process. Lipid and protein oxidation is recognized as a major threat to the quality of poultry products. The implication of phytochemicals in the feed or directly in the meat product is a signi cant solution (Akram et al., 2020).
In our study the signi cant improvement of carcass parameters could be explained by the stimulatory effects of digestive enzymes secretions, which induce to better absorption of nutrients, such as amino acids, from the digestive tract (Rahimi et al., 2011). Furthermore, the antioxidants compound and phenolic substance in vegetables products improved the carcass breast of broiler by 1.2% (Abo Omar et al., 2016).

Hematobiochemical Parameters
Our hematobiochemical parameters results are in agreement with those obtained by Saeid and Al Nasry (2010), who noted tha the Glycemia level varied between (1,09g/l -2,13g/l) with different incorporating levels of coriander seeds in broiler's feed. Chettouh  that coriander seeds improve the hematological composition of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and plakets, while he found no difference in white blood cells in broiler chickens.

Conclusion
The effect of phytobiotic compound PHTG2 and PHTG3 are more importance than the effect of coriander used alone. However, indeed PHTG3 was the most interesting formulation, followed by PHTG2. Live body weight, Average Daily Gain, feed intake, FCR, and carcass yield have been improved. The percentage of the breast and the leg were enhanced. In fact, the abdominal fat was not affected by the phytobiotic compounds. The PHTG3 affectes positively the weight of the liver, proventriculus and gizzard. The association of Coriandrum sativum L. with Pimpinella anisum L. and Trigonella foenum graecum L. have a positive effect on hematobiochemical parameters in broiler chicken especially increasing the level of different types of white blood cells (lymphocyte, monocytes, and granulocytes). Further, the incorporation of these natural products reduced the total cholesterol, increase plasma protein levels. The ratio (Albumin / Globulin) was affected strongly. The uric acid levels were decreased signi cantly.

Declarations
This study followed the international guidelines of animal care and use in research and teaching (NRC, 2011). All procedures performed in this research were approved in the Scienti c and Technical Research Centre on Arid regions (CRSTRA)-University of Biskra.