Optimum Composition of Developed Additive Based Insect Repellent Paint

Background Active compounds of Cymbopogon winterianius, Cymbopogoncitratus, Rosmarinus ocinalis, Cedrus, and Eugenol, have been reported to have different insect repellant compounds. Control and development of natural insect repellent additive based decorative coating has driven this work to incorporate the essential oils with long chain fatty acids in water-based lab developed conventional paint. Methods In this work, the Additive based Paint was formulated and its ability to repel different insects was determined. The optimum composition of developed additive based paint was determined by three standard paint analyses which were adhesion, elasticity and insect repellency. Results As per of is by testing on The best composition of additive in was be Where to Pavement Ants, non-biting Flies, Mosquitoes and Black eld ant with 80% eciency.


Introduction
Arthropod bites remain a major cause of patient morbidity. These bites can cause local or systemic effects that may be infectious or in ammatory in nature. Arthropods, notably insects and arachnids, are vectors of potentially serious ailments including malaria, West Nile virus, dengue, and Lyme disease [1].
Synthetic organic insecticides used to control insects have produced a feedback of environmental ill effect, non-targets organisms being affected and most mosquito species have becoming physiologically resistant to synthetic insecticides [2]. The application of synthetic repellents may cause allergic to some of people. Higher concentration or frequent application of N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) exposure causes insomnia, mood disturbances and impaired cognitive function [3]. While, Plant essential oils have many useful applications beyond those in the fragrance and avoring industries, among which are their uses as pesticides and insect repellents. An emerging body of scienti c literature reports the e cacy of various essential oils for use against pests of public health, stored product pests, and agricultural pests [4]. Generally, EOs cause neurotoxic effects in insects [5].The current study reports the composition and insect repellent activity of a latex coating made by using essential oils fromCitronella (winterianius),Cymbopogon citratus, Rosmarinus o cinalis, Lemongrass, Cedrusand Eugenol against several reported insects.
Paint is a liquid which spreads over a substrate in the form of thin layer and it is transformed into a solid adherent lm [6]. There are two major functions of paint. One protection and other is decoration. The earliest known use of paints dates back more than 30,000 years to cave paintings in Spain [7].
Differences in the composition of the various coatings systems are presented in Table 1. Common to all three coating systems are the resin and additive [8].  Additive Preparation: Total 100 Citronella oil is one of the most widely used natural insect repellents. So, pre mixture of others Essential oils in Citronella Oil is made up using percentagesmentioned in Table 3.
Then 30% Potassium Hydroxide salt of long chain fatty acids is mixed with70% of Essential oils premix for nalizing insect Repellent Additive.

Insect Repellent Emulsion:
Conventional Water based latex emulsion was prepared up as per previously reported method (9). Six different samples were made with different percentages of added additive, and marked as bellow,

Results
Field test for ants Ants leave pheromones after them and it helps them nd their way back to the nest. Calcium carbonate interferes with the navigational system of ant and prevents them from following pheromone trail left behind earlier. The necessary oils get absorbed by smell receptors. These receptors are located in the ant's nose and smells head towards brain's limbic system. It is this part of the ant's body that controls all the movements of the ant through mood, memory, emotions etc. Thus, the oils used keep the ants away from the coatings.
Graph 1 describes the results of ant's repellency test as sample A1 with 20% Additive shows the best results at which only one ant appears in 20 minutes. B3 shows good resistance better than C2 but less effective than A1 as there were 3 ants in starting after 5 minutes at C2 while there was not a single ant at B3. After 20 minutes only 3 ants come at B3 and counting at C2 was 13. Gradually D4 is better than F6 and E5 as contain only 2% additive. At E5 initially observed more ants than F6 but with passing time ants preferred to move from that coating, in case of F6 inverse case of E5 is observed.

Cage test for Flies
The Eugenoloil, used, has natural Permethrin, proving best as ies repellant. Figure 3 describes the results of non-biting ies test performed in a glass Squair and note the landing ies on coated surface after different time intervals, we found that there was only 1 y land on A1 formula coated surface in 10 minutes and only 2 ies in 20 minutes. All others formulas results are comparable as in initial ve minutes there was 1 y landed on B3, 2 ies on C2, 2 ies on D4, 4 ies on E5 and 3 ies on F6. After 10 minutes the counting was 3,3,4 & 4 ies simultaneously. Sample A1 resist better thanall other samples due to presence of higher concentration of Eugenol.

Cage test for Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes have acute receptors on their antennae, head etc. These receptors can direct the mosquitoes from one hundred feet distance. Scents are mainly responsible and helpful source for mosquitoes tempting them to prey. Citronella masks these scents which cause attraction for mosquitoes towards lactic acid, saccharides, carbon dioxide, blood etc. Higher concentration proves great repellence of mosquitoes as is shown in g 4 only one Mosquito was landed after 20 minutes on A1. B3 and C2 resist against mosquitoes better than E5 and F6.
Black Field Ants: Black eld ants (Carpenter ants) are also tested on coated plates and found only 1 Black eld ant at start but it also leaves the surface in 15 minutes and did not come back even after 20 minutes, while B3, C2 and D4 also resist better one reason is of such good results is also that all these coated plates are tested The concentrated paints with VOC may cause loss of scrub resistance. There are different scrub tests for varying paint products identi ed to be conventional interior paints. The convention interior paints can manage to resist upto 16 scrubs and the exterior paint can go good against upto 4000 scrubs with only a little loss of gloss. The concentrated paints with VOC may cause loss of scrub resistance. There are different scrub tests for varying paint products identi ed to be conventional interior paints. The convention interior paints can manage to resist upto 16 scrubs and the exterior paint can go good against upto 4000 scrubs with only a little loss of gloss. Availability of data and material All data used in this manuscript are available and can be provided on request.
Competing interests The authors have no competing interests.

Funding
The authors received no speci c funding for this work.
Authors' contributionsZeeshan Ahmad: Additive has been developed by Zeeshan Ahmad.
Sana Noor: Optimization of additive dosage in paint has been done by Sana Noor.
Khalid Rashid: Testing's are conducted and results are noted by Khalid Rashid. Figure 1 Chemical Structures of Essential Oil House hold Flies test  Film Formation