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Research article
Standardization of Three-Dimensional Pose of Cylindrical Implants From Intraoral Radiographs
Saverio Cosola
Istituto Stomatologico Toscano
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9107-8011
License:
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Background
To introduce a theoretical solution to a posteriori describe the pose of a cylindrical dental fixture as appearing on radiographs; to experimentally validate the method described.
Methods
The pose of a conventional dental implant was described by a triplet of angles (phi-pitch, theta-roll, and psi-yaw) which was calculated throughout vector analysis. Radiographic- and simulated-image obtained with an algorithm were compared to test effectiveness, reproducibility, and accuracy of the method. The length of the dental implant as appearing on the simulated image was calculated by the trigonometric function and then compared with real length as it appeared on a two-dimensional radiograph.
Results
Twenty radiographs were analyzed for the present in silico and retrospective study. Among 40 fittings, 37 resulted as resolved with residuals ≤1mm. Similar results were obtained for radiographic and simulated implants with absolute errors of -1.1±3.9° for phi; -0.9±4.1° for theta; 0±1.1° for psi. The real and simulated length of the implants appeared to be heavily correlated. Linear dependence was verified by the results of the robust linear regression: 0.9757 (slope), +0.1344mm (intercept), and an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.9054.
Conclusions
The method allowed clinicians to calculate, a posteriori, a single real triplet of angles (phi,theta,psi) by analyzing a two-dimensional radiograph and to identify cases where standardization of repeated intraoral radiographies was not achieved. The a posteriori standardization of two-dimensional radiographs could allowed the clinicians to minimize the patient's exposure to ionizing radiations for the measurement of marginal bone levels around dental implants.
Trial registration
The Human Investigation Committee (IRB) of University of Pisa approved present retrospective data analysis (Ethical Approval Form 2626/2008 Protocol Number 58183)
Keywords
Dental informatics/bioinformatic, Computer simulation, Dental implant(s), Digital imaging/radiology, Mathematical modeling
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CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 1
Posted 18 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 22 Dec, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 21 Dec, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 20 Dec, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 20 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 17 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 15 Dec, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 14 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 14 Dec, 2020
Editor assigned
On 13 Dec, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 11 Dec, 2020
Editor invited
On 07 Dec, 2020
First submitted
On 01 Dec, 2020
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This preprint is under consideration at BMC Oral Health. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Standardization of Three-Dimensional Pose of Cylindrical Implants From Intraoral Radiographs
Saverio Cosola
Istituto Stomatologico Toscano
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9107-8011
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 1
Posted 18 Dec, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 22 Dec, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 21 Dec, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 20 Dec, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 20 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 17 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 15 Dec, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 14 Dec, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 14 Dec, 2020
Editor assigned
On 13 Dec, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 11 Dec, 2020
Editor invited
On 07 Dec, 2020
First submitted
On 01 Dec, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background
To introduce a theoretical solution to a posteriori describe the pose of a cylindrical dental fixture as appearing on radiographs; to experimentally validate the method described.
Methods
The pose of a conventional dental implant was described by a triplet of angles (phi-pitch, theta-roll, and psi-yaw) which was calculated throughout vector analysis. Radiographic- and simulated-image obtained with an algorithm were compared to test effectiveness, reproducibility, and accuracy of the method. The length of the dental implant as appearing on the simulated image was calculated by the trigonometric function and then compared with real length as it appeared on a two-dimensional radiograph.
Results
Twenty radiographs were analyzed for the present in silico and retrospective study. Among 40 fittings, 37 resulted as resolved with residuals ≤1mm. Similar results were obtained for radiographic and simulated implants with absolute errors of -1.1±3.9° for phi; -0.9±4.1° for theta; 0±1.1° for psi. The real and simulated length of the implants appeared to be heavily correlated. Linear dependence was verified by the results of the robust linear regression: 0.9757 (slope), +0.1344mm (intercept), and an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.9054.
Conclusions
The method allowed clinicians to calculate, a posteriori, a single real triplet of angles (phi,theta,psi) by analyzing a two-dimensional radiograph and to identify cases where standardization of repeated intraoral radiographies was not achieved. The a posteriori standardization of two-dimensional radiographs could allowed the clinicians to minimize the patient's exposure to ionizing radiations for the measurement of marginal bone levels around dental implants.
Trial registration
The Human Investigation Committee (IRB) of University of Pisa approved present retrospective data analysis (Ethical Approval Form 2626/2008 Protocol Number 58183)
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Due to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF.