Table 1: Characteristics of the participants in different groups of UACR
Variable
|
Total
|
UACR<30mg/g
|
UACR≥30mg/g
|
P-value
|
N
|
43591
|
37392
|
6199
|
|
Age, years
|
57.51 (52.19- 63.90)
|
57.03 (51.87-63.01)
|
61.04 (54.46-69.13)
|
<0.001
|
SBP, mmHg
|
131.00 (118.00-147.00)
|
130.00 (117.00-145.00)
|
141.00 (124.00-158.00)
|
<0.001
|
DBP, mmHg
|
77.00 (70.00- 85.00)
|
77.00 (70.00-85.00)
|
79.00 (72.00-88.00)
|
<0.001
|
Pulse
|
79.00 (72.00- 87.00)
|
78.00 (72.00-86.00)
|
80.00 (72.00-88.00)
|
<0.001
|
FBG, mmol/L
|
5.53 (5.11- 6.18)
|
5.50 (5.10-6.10)
|
5.80 (5.21-6.90)
|
<0.001
|
PBG, mmol/L
|
7.46 (6.08- 9.80)
|
7.31 (6.00- 9.47)
|
8.56 (6.61-12.30)
|
<0.001
|
HbA1c, %
|
5.90 (5.60- 6.30)
|
5.90 (5.60-6.20)
|
6.10 (5.70-6.70)
|
<0.001
|
ALT, U/L
|
15.00 (11.00- 21.00)
|
15.00 (11.00-21.00)
|
15.00 (11.00-22.00)
|
<0.001
|
AST, U/L
|
20.00 (17.00- 24.00)
|
20.00 (17.00-24.00)
|
21.00 (17.00-26.00)
|
<0.001
|
GGT, U/L
|
20.00 (15.00- 31.00)
|
20.00 (14.00-31.00)
|
22.00 (15.00-35.00)
|
<0.001
|
TG, mmol/L
|
1.35 (0.96- 1.95)
|
1.32 (0.95-1.91)
|
1.55 (1.09-2.24)
|
<0.001
|
TC, mmol/L
|
5.02 (4.28- 5.76)
|
5.03 (4.29-5.77)
|
4.95 (4.21-5.71)
|
<0.001
|
LDL, mmol/L
|
2.91 (2.33- 3.53)
|
2.92 (2.34-3.54)
|
2.82 (2.23-3.43)
|
<0.001
|
HDL, mmol/L
|
1.28 (1.08- 1.51)
|
1.29 (1.09-1.52)
|
1.23 (1.04-1.45)
|
<0.001
|
eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2
|
95.37 (90.96- 99.12)
|
95.67 (91.45-99.41)
|
93.11 (87.87-97.63)
|
<0.001
|
Sex, %
|
|
|
|
<0.001
|
Male
|
13119 (30.10%)
|
11483 (30.71%)
|
1636 (26.39%)
|
|
Female
|
30472 (69.90%)
|
25909 (69.29%)
|
4563 (73.61%)
|
|
Drinking status, %
|
|
|
|
<0.001
|
No
|
32666 (74.94%)
|
27706 (74.10%)
|
4960 (80.01%)
|
|
Occasional drinkers
|
8161 (18.72%)
|
7253 (19.40%)
|
908 (14.65%)
|
|
Regular drinkers
|
2764 (6.34%)
|
2433 (6.51%)
|
331 (5.34%)
|
|
Smoking
|
|
|
|
<0.001
|
No
|
37222 (85.39%)
|
31804 (85.06%)
|
5418 (87.40%)
|
|
Occasional smokers
|
1357 (3.11%)
|
1198 (3.20%)
|
159 (2.56%)
|
|
Regular smokers 5012 (11.50%)
|
4390 (11.74%)
|
622 (10.03%)
|
|
Cardiovascular 2371 (5.44%) events
|
1824 (4.88%)
|
547 (8.82%)
|
<0.001
|
Hypertension 18293 (41.97%)
|
14571 (38.97%)
|
3722 (60.04%)
|
<0.001
|
Type 2 Diabetes 6642 (15.24%) mellitus
Anthropometric indices
|
4903 (13.11%)
|
1739 (28.05%)
|
<0.001
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
24.25 (22.08- 26.57)
|
24.19 (22.04-26.47)
|
24.71 (22.46-27.17)
|
<0.001
|
BMI Z score
|
-0.06 (-0.65- 0.57)
|
-0.08 (-0.66-0.54)
|
0.06 (-0.55-0.73)
|
<0.001
|
WC, cm
|
85.50 (79.00- 93.00)
|
85.00 (79.00-92.00)
|
88.00 (80.50-95.00)
|
<0.001
|
WC Z score
|
0.01 (-0.64- 0.75)
|
-0.04 (-0.64-0.65)
|
0.25 (-0.49-0.95)
|
<0.001
|
WHR
|
0.89 (0.84- 0.93)
|
0.89 (0.84-0.93)
|
0.89 (0.85-0.94)
|
<0.001
|
WHR, Z score
|
0.01 (-0.61- 0.61)
|
-0.01 (-0.62-0.59)
|
0.12 (-0.49-0.73)
|
<0.001
|
WHtR
|
0.53 (0.49- 0.58)
|
0.53 (0.49-0.57)
|
0.55 (0.51-0.59)
|
<0.001
|
WHtR Z score
|
-0.01 (-0.65- 0.66)
|
-0.05 (-0.67-0.60)
|
0.23 (-0.45-0.93)
|
<0.001
|
BRI
|
3.93 (3.16- 4.82)
|
3.88 (3.14-4.75)
|
4.25 (3.39-5.21)
|
<0.001
|
BRI Z score
|
-0.07 (-0.66- 0.60)
|
-0.11 (-0.67-0.54)
|
0.17 (-0.48-0.89)
|
<0.001
|
Data of characteristics expressed as median (25th percentile-75th percentile) for continuous variables of non-normal distribution and percentage (%) for categorical variables. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; FBG: 0-hour fasting blood glucose; PBG: 2-hour postprandial blood glucose; HbA1c: haemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumstance; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; ABSI: a body shape index; BRI: body roundness index.
Table 2: Associations between obesity indicators and UACR in total population
Variable Non-adjusted
|
Model I
|
Model II
|
OR (95% CI) P-value
|
OR (95% CI) P-value
|
OR (95% CI) P-value
|
traditional indices of adiposity
BMI Z score 1.14 (1.11, 1.17) <0.0001
|
1.12 (1.09, 1.15) <0.0001
|
1.00 (0.97, 1.04) 0.9093
|
WHR Z score 1.15 (1.12, 1.18) <0.0001
|
1.07 (1.04, 1.10) <0.0001
|
1.00 (0.96, 1.04) 0.9689
|
WC Z score 1.24 (1.20, 1.27) <0.0001
|
1.17 (1.14, 1.20) <0.0001
|
1.03 (0.98, 1.08) 0.2827
|
newly developed indices of adiposity
WHtR Z score 1.30 (1.27, 1.34)<0.0001
|
1.16 (1.13, 1.19) <0.0001
|
1.08 (1.02, 1.13) 0.0075
|
BRI Z score 1.29 (1.25, 1.32) <0.0001
|
1.15 (1.12, 1.18) <0.0001
|
1.22 (1.11, 1.33) <0.0001
|
Non-adjusted model for none.
Model I adjusted for age and sex.
Model II adjusted for age, sex, BMI, center, SBP, DBP, pulse, LDL, HDL, TG, FBG, PBG, HbA1c, ALT, AST, GGT, eGFR, BMI Z score, WHR Z score, ABSI Z score, BRI Z score, smoking status, drinking status, history of hypertension, cardiovascular history, diabetes history, medication history.
Table 3: Associations between anthropometric indices and UACR in different subgroups
Subgroups
|
BMI Z score
|
WHR Z score
|
WC Z score
|
WHtR Z score
|
BRI Z score
|
OR ( 95%CI) P-value
|
OR (95CI) P-value
|
OR (95% CI) P-value
|
OR (95% CI) P-value
|
OR (95% CI) P-value
|
Age
Age < 55 years
|
1.01
(0.95, 1.08) 0.7443
|
1.04
(0.97, 1.12) 0.2809
|
0.99
(0.90, 1.10) 0.9051
|
1.08
(0.98, 1.20) 0.1370
|
1.41
(1.20, 1.66) <0.0001
|
55≥age<64years
|
0.99
(0.93, 1.05) 0.7063
|
0.97
(0.90, 1.04) 0.3372
|
1.01
(0.93, 1.10) 0.7461
|
1.05
(0.96, 1.14) 0.2800
|
1.19
(1.03, 1.38) 0.0203
|
Age ≥ 65 years
|
1.00
(0.94, 1.07) 0.8948
|
1.00
(0.93, 1.08)0.9444
|
1.08
(0.98, 1.18) 0.1198
|
1.10
(1.00, 1.20) 0.0491
|
1.11
(0.95, 1.29) 0.2096
|
Sex
men
|
1.01
(0.93,1.09) 0.8322
|
1.01
(0.92, 1.10) 0.8486
|
1.09
(0.98, 1.22) 0.1160
|
1.13
(1.00, 1.28) 0.0495
|
1.16
(0.95, 1.40) 0.1411
|
women
|
1.01
(0.97, 1.05) 0.7829
|
1.01
(0.96, 1.05) 0.7883
|
1.03
(0.97, 1.09) 0.3963
|
1.08
(1.02, 1.15) 0.0083
|
1.29
(1.16, 1.43) <0.0001
|
Hypertension
Yes
|
1.07
(1.02, 1.12) 0.0075
|
1.00
(0.95, 1.06) 0.9490
|
1.05
(0.98, 1.13) 0.1518
|
1.09
(1.01, 1.17)0.0242
|
1.14
(1.01, 1.28) 0.0341
|
No
|
0.95
(0.89, 1.00) 0.0645
|
1.01
(0.95, 1.07)0.7085
|
1.01
(0.94, 1.10) 0.7341
|
1.07
(0.99, 1.16) 0.0790
|
1.29
(1.12, 1.48) 0.0004
|
Diabetes
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
1.05
(0.99, 1.12) 0.1061
|
1.06
(0.98, 1.14) 0.1524
|
1.11
(1.01, 1.23) 0.0313
|
1.20
(1.09, 1.33) 0.0004
|
1.33
(1.13, 1.57) 0.0007
|
No
|
1.03
(1.00, 1.07) 0.0823
|
1.01
(0.97, 1.06) 0.5021
|
1.05
(1.00, 1.11) 0.0508
|
1.09
(1.03, 1.15) 0.0023
|
1.17
(1.07, 1.28) 0.0009
|
Model II adjusted for age, sex, BMI, center, SBP, DBP, pulse, LDL, HDL, TG, FBG, PBG, HbA1c, ALT, AST, GGT, eGFR, BMI Z score, WHR Z score, ABSI Z score, BRI Z score, smoking status, drinking status, history of hypertension, cardiovascular history, diabetes history, medication history.
Table 4: Associations between anthropometric indices and UACR in IFG, IGT, IFG+IGT
Subgroups IFG
|
IGT
|
IFG+IGT
|
OR (95% CI) P-value
|
OR (95% CI) P-value
|
OR (95% CI) P-value
|
traditional anthropometric indices
BMI Z score 1.04 (0.89, 1.20) 0.6419
|
0.99 (0.95, 1.03) 0.6455
|
1.10 (1.00, 1.21) 0.0595
|
WHR Z score 1.00 (0.82, 1.22) 0.9873
|
1.00 (0.96, 1.05) 0.8413
|
0.97 (0.87, 1.08) 0.5799
|
WC Z score 1.24 (0.97, 1.58) 0.0801
|
1.02 (0.96, 1.08) 0.5168
|
1.02 (0.89, 1.17) 0.8046
|
newly developed anthropometric indices
WHtR Z score 1.19 (0.91, 1.55) 0.2116
|
1.06 (1.00, 1.12) 0.0669
|
1.08 (0.94, 1.24) 0.2676
|
BRI Z score 0.84 (0.53, 1.34) 0.4717
|
1.20 (1.08, 1.33) 0.0005
|
1.34 (1.03, 1.74) 0.0320
|
Model II adjusted for age, sex, BMI, center, SBP, DBP, pulse, LDL, HDL, TG, FBG, PBG, HbA1c, ALT, AST, GGT, eGFR, BMI Z score,WHR Z score, ABSI Z score, BRI Z score, smoking status,drinking status, history of hypertension, cardiovascular history, diabetes history, medication history.
Table 5: Associations between anthropometric indices and UACR in different subgroups of eGFR
Subgroups
|
eGFR < 90
|
eGFR≥ 90
|
OR (95% CI) P-value
|
OR (95% CI) P-value
|
traditional anthropometric indices
BMI Z score 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) 0.5201
|
1.01 (0.97, 1.06) 0.5514
|
WHR Z score 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) 0.7590
|
0.99 (0.95, 1.04) 0.7812
|
WC Z score 1.09 (0.99, 1.20) 0.0768
|
1.01 (0.95, 1.07) 0.8554
|
newly developed anthropometric indices
WHtR Z score 1.12 (1.01, 1.23) 0.0235
|
1.06 (0.99, 1.13) 0.0980
|
BRI Z score 1.12 (0.95, 1.31) 0.1708
|
1.26 (1.13, 1.41) <0.0001
|
Model II adjusted for age, sex, BMI, center, SBP, DBP, pulse, LDL, HDL, TG, FBG, PBG, HbA1c, ALT, AST, GGT, eGFR, BMI Z score, WHR Z score, ABSI Z score, BRI Z score, smoking status, drinking status, history of hypertension, cardiovascular history, diabetes history, medication history.