Bjorkman et al. 2019 [37]
|
Finland
|
Porvoo Sarcopenia and Nutrition Trial, Prospective
|
428
|
4 yrs
|
75 yrs and + 66.59 %
|
RAND-36 PF
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-unit increase
|
PF: 0.988 (0.979 - 0.997)
|
age, sex, comorbidity and CRi-SMI
|
Brown et al.2015 [38]*
|
USA
|
Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (Cohort 6-8), Prospective
|
191,001
|
2.5 yrs
|
65 yrs and + 58.30 %
|
CDC HRQOL-4
|
all-cause
|
HR, Excellent vs. Poor
HR, 0 days vs. 21-30 days
|
GH: 0.24 (0.21 – 0.27)
Days of not good in Physical Health
0.82 (0.77 – 0.88)
Days of not good in Mental Health
1.12 (1.04 – 1.22)
Days of activity limitation
0.74 (0.68 – 0.79)
|
age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, range of other health and lifestyle factors
|
Cavrini et al. 2012 [39]
|
Italy
|
Pianoro Study, Prospective
|
5,256
|
2 yrs
|
65 yrs and + 55.3 %
|
EQ-5D
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-unit increase
|
0.42 (0.35 - 0.50)
|
sex, age, BMI, education, health and lifestyle factors
|
Chwastiaket al. 2010 [40]
|
USA
|
1999 Large Health Survey of Veteran Enrollees, Prospective
|
559,985
|
9 yrs
|
64.1 (12.9) yrs 4.1 %
|
SF-36 PCS
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-unit increase
|
PCS: 0.97 (0.96 - 0.98)
|
age, race, sex, education, disability, comorbidity, BMI, lifestyle factors
|
De Buyser et al. 2016 [41]*
|
Belgium
|
Prospective cohort
|
171
|
15 yrs
|
71 yrs and + 0 %
|
SF-36 PFI
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-unit increase
|
PF: 1.01 (0.99 - 1.02)
|
age, polypharmacy, depression, and disability
|
De Buyser et al. 2013 [42]*
|
Belgium
|
Prospective cohort
|
352
|
15 yrs
|
71 to 86 yrs 0 %
|
SF-36 PFI
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-unit increase
|
PF: 0.992 (0.986 - 0.999)
|
age, BMI and smoking
|
DeSalvo et al. 2005 [43]
|
USA
|
VAAC Quality Improvement Project, Prospective
|
21,732
|
1 yr
|
64 (12) yrs 3.6 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
AUC
|
PCS: 0.73 (0.71 - 0.75) MCS: 0.68 (0.66 - 0.70)
|
age
|
Dominick et al. 2002 [44]*
|
USA
|
Pennsylvania's Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly, Prospective
|
84,065
|
1 yr
|
78.7 (6.9) yrs 78.0 %
|
Core CDC HRQOL items
|
all-cause
|
RR, Excellent vs. Poor
RR, 0 days vs. 21-30 days
|
GH: 0.24 (0.17 – 0.33)
Days of not good in Physical Health
0.42 (0.38 – 0.45)
Days of not good in Mental Health
0.53 (0.50 – 0.59)
Days of activity limitation
0.40 (0.37 – 0.42)
|
age, sex, race, marital and residential status, income and comorbidity
|
Dorr et al.2006 [45]*
|
USA
|
Intermountain Health Care Network, Prospective
|
2,166
|
2.3 yrs
|
77.9 (6.8) yrs 54.9 %
|
SF-12 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
OR, Quartile 4 (Highest) vs. Quartile 1 (Lowest)
|
PCS: 0.16 MCS: 0.40
|
age, sex, and comorbidity
|
Drageset et al. 2013 [46]
|
Norway
|
Study of Nursing Home Residents without cognitive impairment (2004-2005), Prospective
|
227
|
5 yrs
|
65 to 95 yrs and + 72.25 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-unit increase
|
PF: 0.99 (0.98 - 0.99)
|
age, sex, marital status, education and comorbidity
|
Fan et al.2004 [24]*
|
USA
|
VAAC Quality Improvement Project, Prospective
|
7,702
|
1 yr
|
65.4 (10.6) yrs 3.4 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
OR, 1-unit increase
|
PCS: 0.956 (0.943 – 0.969) MCS: 0.981 (0.971 – 0.990)
|
age, site, distance to the VA, and comorbidity
|
Fan et al. 2006 [47]
|
USA
|
VAAC Quality Improvement Project, Prospective
|
14,192
|
3 yrs
|
64.4 (11.3) yrs 3.5 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCs
|
all-cause
|
AUC
|
PCS: 0.721 (0.708 - 0.733) MCS: 0.689 (0.675 - 0.702)
|
age and sex
|
Feeny et al. 2012 [48]
|
Canada
|
1994/95 Canadian National Population Health Longitudinal Survey, Prospective
|
12,375
|
12 yrs
|
18 - 80 yrs + 52 %
|
HUI3
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-level increase
|
Hearing: 0.18 (0.06 – 0.57)
Ambulation: 0.10 (0.04 – 0.23)
Pain: 0.53 (0.29 – 0.96)
|
age, sex, socioeconomic, disease condition, and lifestyle factors
|
Forsyth etal. 2018 [27]*
|
Australia
|
RCT of a case Management Intervention for Adult transitioning from prison to the community, Prospective
|
1,320
|
4.7 yrs
|
32.7 (11.1) yrs
21.10%
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
HR, High vs. Low
|
PCS: 0.48 (0.18 – 1.20) MCS: 0.38 (0.16 – 0.91)
*(CI is 99%CI)
|
age, sex and indigenous status
|
Franks et al.2003 [49]*
|
USA
|
Household Survey component of the National Medical Expenditure, Prospective
|
21,363
|
5 yrs
|
21 yrs +
55.39%
|
SF-20
|
All-cause
|
HR, 1-point increase
|
HP: 0.993 (0.990 – 0.996)
PF: 0.995 (0.992 – 0.997)
RF: 0.996 (0.994 – 0.998)
MH: 1.00 (0.996 – 1.003)
|
age, sex, race, ethnicity, education and income
|
Gomez-Olive et al. 2014 [25]*
|
South Africa
|
Population under the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Prospective
|
4,047
|
3 yrs
|
50 yrs + 75.8 %
|
WHO QOL
|
all-cause
|
HR, Highest vs. Lowest
|
Overall: 0.61
|
age, sex, education and union status, HH assets, and Disability Assessment
|
Han et al.2009 [50]
|
South Korea
|
Korea Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging, Prospective
|
944
|
3.25 yrs (median)
|
76.0 (8.6) yrs 54.9 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS (K.V)
|
all-cause
|
HR, Tertile 3 (High) vs. Tertile 1 (Low)
|
PCS: 0.35 (0.19 - 0.64) MCS: 0.39 (0.22 - 0.70)
|
age, sex, smoking, range of serum measures
|
Haring et al. 2011 [51]*
|
Germany
|
Population-based Study of Health in Pomerania, Prospective
|
4,261
|
9.7 yrs (mean)
|
20-79 yrs 50.93 %
|
SF-12 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
HR, Highest Quartile vs. Lowest Quartile
|
PCS: 0.56 (0.42 – 0.75)*
PCS: 0.63 (0.47 – 0.84)# MCS: 0.94 (0.73 - 1.22)*
MCS: 1.04 (0.81 – 1.35)#
|
age, sex,
* behavioural factors, # comorbidities
|
Higueras-Fresnillo et al. 2018 [52]*
|
Spain
|
UAM Cohort, Prospective
|
3,922
|
14 yrs (median)
|
71.82 (7.94) yrs 56.38 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
HR, Good vs. Poor
|
Physical: 0.74 (0.65 – 0.85) Mental: 0.85 (0.74 – 0.98) Social: 0.73 (0.63 – 0.85)
|
age, sex, education, lifestyle factors, BMI, waist circumference, comorbidity
|
Jia et al.2018 [53]*
|
USA
|
Medicare Health Outcomes Survey Cohort 15, Prospective
|
105,473
|
2 yrs
|
65 yrs + 58.30 %
|
SF-6D and dEQ-5D
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1stQuintile vs. 5th Quintile
|
SF-6D: 0.77 (0.71 – 0.80) dEQ-5D: 0.45 (0.43 – 0.49)
|
age, sex, socioeconomic, marital status, smoking, BMI, chronic conditions
|
Kao et al.2005 [54]
|
Taiwan
|
Prospective Cohort
|
689
|
2 yrs
|
65 yrs + 0 %
|
WHOQOL-(BREF)
|
all-cause
|
RR, 1-point change
|
Overall: 0.99 (0.77 - 1.26)
|
unadjusted RR
|
Kaplan et al.2007 [55]
|
Canada
|
1994/95 Canadian National Population Health Longitudinal Survey, Prospective
|
12,375
|
8 yrs
|
18 - 80 yrs + 52 %
|
HUI3
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-unit increase
|
0.61 (0.42 - 0.89)
|
age, sex, socioeconomics, other social/health, lifestyle factors
|
Kroenke et al. 2008 [56]
|
USA
|
Nurses' Health Study, Prospective
|
40,337
|
2.8 to 12 yrs
|
46 - 71 yrs 100 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
RRa, Severe Decline vs. No Change
RRb, Improve vs. No Change
|
Change in PCS 3.32a (2.45 - 4.50) 0.72b (0.56 - 0.91)
Change in MCS 1.86a (1.17 - 2.97) 0.77b (0.63 - 0.95)
|
age, baseline HRQoL, menopausal status, social integration, BMI, educational, husbands' education, lifestyle factors, PCS/MCS
|
Lawler et al.2013 [57]
|
USA
|
Oklahoma Longitudinal Assessment of Health Outcomes of Mature Adults Studies, Prospective
|
852
|
5 yrs
|
65 yrs + 56.81 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-unit increase
|
PF: 0.98 (0.97 - 0.98)
Bodily Pain: 1.01 (1.00 – 1.01)
|
age, sex, socioeconomic, BMI, morbidity, functional status, having a confidant
|
Lee et al. 2012 [58]*
|
Taiwan
|
Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey, Prospective
|
1,435
|
7.9 yrs
|
65 - 97 yrs 48.50 %
|
SF-36 PCS (T.V 1.0)
|
all-cause
|
HR, Highest PF vs. Lowest PF
|
PF: 0.29 (0.19 – 0.45)
|
age
|
Leigh et al.2015 [59]
|
Australia
|
Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, Prospective
|
10,721
|
15 yrs
|
70 - 75 yrs 100 %
|
SF-36 Vitality, Mental and PF
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-unit increase
|
PF: 0.992 (0.990 - 0.994) Mental:1.0 (0.997 - 1.002) Vitality: 1.0 (0.998 - 1.002)
|
age, socioeconomic, BMI, sleep, disease count, and other health factors
|
Liira et al.2018 [29]
|
Finland
|
a. The Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS) b. Spousal caregivers of people with dementia c. Nursing home residents d. Older persons suffering from loneliness e. Population Sample
|
a = 733 b = 209 c = 326 d = 208 e = 901
|
2 yrs
|
a. 77 (4) yrs
0 % b. 75 (7) yrs
64.6 % c. 84 (7) yrs
69.9 % d. 80 (4) yrs
75 % e. 85 (5) yrs
75.1 %
|
The 15D
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1SD (0.14) increase
|
a. 0.43 (0.31 - 0.63) b. 1.06 (0.43 - 2.63) c. 0.69 (0.58 - 0.85) d. 0.94 (0.47 - 1.87) e. 0.62 (0.49 - 0.72)
|
age and sex
|
Masel et al. 2010 [60]
|
USA
|
Hispanic Established Population for Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly, Prospective
|
1,008
|
2 yrs
|
74 - 101 yrs 63.2 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
OR, 1-point increase
|
PCS: 0.962 (0.941 - 0.984) MCS: 0.996 (0.974 - 1.018)
|
age, sex, education, marital status, financial strain, chronic illness, smoking, BMI, and frailty
|
Mold et al. 2008 [61]
|
USA
|
Oklahoma Longitudinal Assessment of Health Outcomes of Mature Adults Studies, Prospective
|
604
|
5 yrs
|
65 yrs + 56 %
|
SF-36 PF and bodily pain
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-unit increase
|
PF: 0.98 (0.97 - 0.99)
|
education, income, smoking, initial and instrumental activity of daily living, health utilities / conditions
|
Munoz et al. 2011 [62]
|
Spain
|
Prospective Cohort
|
3,724
|
6.3 yrs (median)
|
35 - 74 yrs 51.9 %
|
SF-12 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
HR, 3rdTertile vs.1st Tertile (Low)
|
PCS: 0.58 (0.39 - 0.87) MCS: 0.99 (0.69 - 1.42)
|
age, sex, marital status, education and cardiovascular risk factors
|
Murray et al. 2011 [63]
|
Scotland
|
Lothian Birth Cohort 1921, Prospective
|
448
|
9 yrs
|
79 yrs 56.70%
|
26-item WHOQOL-BREF
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1 tertile increase / 1-point increase
|
Overall: 0.84 (0.67 - 1.05)
GH: 0.75 (0.64 – 0.89)
Physical: 0.90 (0.86 – 0.95)
Psychological: 0.98 (0.91 – 1.06)
Social: 0.97 (0.91 – 1.04)
Environment: 0.96 (0.89 – 1.03)
|
age and sex
|
Myint et al.2006 [64]*
|
UK
|
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer -Norfolk, Prospective
|
17,777
|
6.5 yrs (mean)
|
41-80 yrs 56.25 %
|
SF-36 PCS (UK.V)
|
all-cause
|
RR, Quintiles 5 (Highest) vs. Quintiles 1
|
PCS
Men: 0.47 (0.33 – 0.65) Women: 0.41 (0.27 – 0.64)
|
age, BMI, SBP, blood cholesterol, smoking, diabetes and social class
|
Myint et al.2007 [65]*
|
UK
|
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer -Norfolk, Prospective
|
17,777
|
6.5 yrs (mean)
|
40-79 yrs 56.25 %
|
SF-36 MCS (UK.V)
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-point increase
|
MCS: 0.987 (0.981 – 0.993)
|
age, sex, PCS, lifestyle, BMI, SBP, blood cholesterol, diabetes, and social class
|
Myint et al.2010 [26]*
|
UK
|
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer -Norfolk, Prospective
|
17,736
|
6.5 yrs (mean)
|
40-79 yrs 56.23 %
|
SF-6D (UK.V)
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1 SD (0.12-point) increase
|
0.74 (0.69 – 0.79)
|
age, sex, BMI, SBP, blood cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, and social class
|
Nilsson et al. 2011 [66]*
|
Sweden
|
Inhabitants in the Swedish city of Vasteras, Prospective
|
417
|
10 yrs
|
75 yrs 51.08 %
|
PGWB
|
all-cause
|
RR, 1-unit change
|
Global Score Men: 0.984 (0.969 – 0.998) Women: 0.994 (0.978 - 1.010)
|
for men: smoking, obesity, living alone and other health conditions
|
Otero-Rodriguez et al. 2010 [67]*
|
Spain
|
Spanish Population-Based Cohort, Prospective
|
2,373
|
6 yrs
|
60 yrs +
57.5 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-point increase
|
PCS: 0.952 (0.935 – 0.969) MCS: 0.990 (0.976 - 1.006)
|
sex, age, HRQOL, education, marital status, BMI, other health and lifestyle factors, PCS/MCS
|
Perera et al.2005 [68]*
|
USA
|
Prospective cohort
|
439
|
5 yrs
|
65 yrs + 44.40 %
|
SF-36 PF
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-point increase
|
PF: 0.991 (0.945 - 1.036)
|
age, sex, measure of change, number of comorbid domains, hospitalization
|
Razzaque et al. 2014 [69]*
|
Bangladesh
|
Matlab HDSS, Prospective
|
4,037
|
2 yrs
|
50 yrs +
50.06%
|
WHOQOL
|
all-cause
|
RR, Good/Very Good vs. Bad/Very Bad
|
Men: 0.26 (0.16 – 0.41)
Women: 0.30 (0.10 – 0.86)
|
age and socio-demographic variables
|
Singh et al.2005 [70]*
|
USA
|
Prospective
|
40,508
|
1 yr
|
64.5 (13.7) yrs 4.2 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS (V.V)
|
all-cause
|
OR, 1-point increase
|
PCS: 0.933 (0.926 – 0.941) MCS: 0.968 (0.962 – 0.973)
|
age, sex, socioeconomic, smoking, VA eligibility status, and prior healthcare utilization
|
St.John et al. 2018 [71]*
|
Canada
|
Manitoba Follow-up Study, Prospective
|
734
|
9 yrs
|
85.5 (3.0) yrs 0 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
RR, High vs. Low
|
PCS: 0.50 (0.38 – 0.64) MCS: 0.55 (0.40 – 0.76)
|
age
|
Sutcliffe et al. 2007 [72]
|
UK
|
Prospective
|
308
|
0.75 yrs
|
60 - 90 yrs + 68.8 %
|
LQOLP-R - Spitzer
|
all-cause
|
HR, increased score
|
0.9805 (0.9704 - 0.9907)
|
unadjusted
|
Tibblin et al. 1993 [73]
|
Sweden
|
Study of men born in 1913, Prospective
|
787
|
18 yrs
|
50 yrs + 0 %
|
Goteborg QoL
|
all-cause
|
No Data
|
Only Health variable was significantly related to mortality
|
health, physical fitness, and appetite
|
Tice et al.2006 [74]
|
USA
|
B-FIT, Prospective
|
17,748
|
9 yrs
|
55 - 80 yrs + 100 %
|
SF-20 PF
|
all-cause
|
HR, Highest vs. Lowest
|
PF: 0.70 (0.60 - 0.90)
|
age, other health and lifestyle factors
|
Tsai et al.2007 [23]*
|
Taiwan
|
A 2000 Population-based survey in Taiwan, Prospective
|
4,424
|
3 yrs
|
65 yrs +
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
RR, 1-point increase
|
PCS: 0.954 (0.941 – 0.968) MCS: 0.985 (0.971 – 0.999)
|
age, sex, feel tired, other health and lifestyle factors
|
Ul-Haq et al. 2014 [75]*
|
Scotland
|
Scottish Health Survey 2003, Retrospective
|
5,272
|
7.6 yrs
(mean)
|
20 - 65 yrs + 54.80 %
|
SF-12 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
HR, Best vs. Worst
|
PCS: 0.36 (0.22 – 0.57) MCS:0.80 (0.61 - 1.05)
|
age, sex, SIMd, education, BMI, other health and lifestyle factors
|
Williams et al. 2012 [76]*
|
Australia
|
Australia Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study, Prospective
|
9,979
|
7.4 yrs
|
25 yrs + 55.00 %
|
SF-36 PCS and MCS
|
all-cause
|
HR, 1-point change
|
PF: 0.983 (0.979 - 0.987)
RP: 0.995 (0.993 – 0.997)
Bodily Pain: 0.996 (0.992 – 0.999)
GH: 0.985 (0.980 – 0.990)
Vitality: 0.992 (0.987 – 0.996)
Social F: 0.993 (0.990 – 0.996)
RE: 0.999 (0.996 – 1.001) MH: 0.999 (0.994 - 1.004)
|
age, sex, BMI, smoking, heath conditions, serum measures
|
Xie et al.2014 [77]*
|
China
|
PRC-USA Study, Prospective
|
1,739
|
10.1 yrs (median)
|
57.7 (8.4) yrs 64.2 %
|
Chinese (QOL-35)
|
all-cause
|
HR, Upper 50% vs. Lower 50%
|
0.69 (0.49 – 1.00)
|
age, sex, social-economic, other health and lifestyle factors
|