Using Allogenous Structural Bone Graft for Uncontained Tibial Bone Defects ≥ 10 mm in Depth in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty


 Background
 In primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA), tibial bone defects ≥ 10 mm in depth often become uncontained defects, a condition most surgeons find challenging to treat. Although the allogenous bone graft is a useful method, complications such as infection and nonunion are likely to occur. There are several reports on the use of allogenous bone graft in revision TKA; however, few studies have investigated its use in primary TKA. We performed primary TKA using the allogenous bone graft as a structural bone graft to treat uncontained defects ≥ 10 mm in depth. This study aimed to assess the clinical and radiographical results after primary TKA with allogenous structural bone graft (ASBG).
Methods
 Seventeen patients (mean age, 69.2 years) with a follow-up period of at least 7 years, were retrospectively reviewed. All cases had been treated for medial bone defects using the ipsilateral medial tibial allogenous bone. Clinical evaluation included the assessment of the knee and function scores and knee angle, and the hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, bone union, and radiolucent line (RL) were assessed radiologically.
Results
 The mean depth of the medial tibial defects after tibia cutting was 16.8 mm. Nonunion occurred in one case, and RL occurred in another. We observed a significant difference when the preoperative knee score and HKA angle of patients was compared with that at 1 year postoperatively and the final evaluation. No major complications were observed.
Conclusion
 The ASBG technique produced favorable surgical outcomes and may be an acceptable procedure for managing uncontained tibial bone defects ≥ 10 mm in depth in primary TKA.


Abstract Background
In primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA), tibial bone defects ≥ 10 mm in depth often become uncontained defects, a condition most surgeons nd challenging to treat. Although the allogenous bone graft is a useful method, complications such as infection and nonunion are likely to occur. There are several reports on the use of allogenous bone graft in revision TKA; however, few studies have investigated its use in primary TKA. We performed primary TKA using the allogenous bone graft as a structural bone graft to treat uncontained defects ≥ 10 mm in depth. This study aimed to assess the clinical and radiographical results after primary TKA with allogenous structural bone graft (ASBG).

Methods
Seventeen patients (mean age, 69.2 years) with a follow-up period of at least 7 years, were retrospectively reviewed. All cases had been treated for medial bone defects using the ipsilateral medial tibial allogenous bone. Clinical evaluation included the assessment of the knee and function scores and knee angle, and the hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, bone union, and radiolucent line (RL) were assessed radiologically.

Results
The mean depth of the medial tibial defects after tibia cutting was 16.8 mm. Nonunion occurred in one case, and RL occurred in another. We observed a signi cant difference when the preoperative knee score and HKA angle of patients was compared with that at 1 year postoperatively and the nal evaluation. No major complications were observed.

Conclusion
The ASBG technique produced favorable surgical outcomes and may be an acceptable procedure for managing uncontained tibial bone defects ≥ 10 mm in depth in primary TKA.

Background
Primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) produces good long-term results. However, we sometimes encounter cases with medial tibial uncontained bone defects, which require some ingenuity. Generally, uncontained bone defects < 5 mm in depth are lled with bone cement, while defects of 5-10 mm in depth are treated with bone graft, and defects ≥ 10 mm in depth are treated using metal augmentation [1]. When the bone defect is ≥ 10 mm in-depth, the management can be challenging. The use of metal augmentation for uncontained defects ≥ 10 mm in depth creates further bone loss and can make future revision surgery di cult. Although there have been a few reports of primary TKA with autologous bone graft for uncontained tibial bone defects ≥ 10 mm in depth [2,3], it is di cult to obtain a bone block ≥ 10 mm thick from the resected femoral or tibial bone. An allogenous bone graft is useful because it is freely shaped, is usually available in su cient quantity, and is usable as a structural bone graft. However, most of the reports using allogenous bone graft have been for revision TKA or primary and revision TKA, not for primary TKA alone. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to assess clinical and radiographical results following primary TKA with allogenous structural bone graft (ASBG).

Methods
We performed primary TKA using medial tibial allogenous bone as a structural bone graft for uncontained defects ≥ 10 mm in depth. Further, we assessed the clinical and radiographical results after primary TKA with ASBG for uncontained tibial bone defects ≥ 10 mm in depth.
For this study, we retrospectively enrolled 35 patients who underwent TKA with allogenous bone graft at a single institution between January 2008 and December 2014. The study included patients with a record of primary TKA for ≥ 10 mm deep uncontained medial bone defects following proximal tibial cutting, the use of the allogenous bone of ipsilateral medial condyle of tibia, and a clinical and radiological follow-up period of at least 7 years. Patients with valgus knees and patients who underwent revision TKA were excluded. Of the 35 patients, 21 underwent primary TKA using ASBG. Of these, the allogenous bone of the femoral head was used in three patients, and one patient relocated and could not be followed up for more than 7 years, resulting in a nal number of 17 patients (17 knees) who met all the inclusion criteria.
Fifteen women and two men constituted the study sample, and the mean age at surgery was 69.2 years (range, 50-83 years). The diagnoses were osteoarthritis (n = 11) and rheumatoid arthritis (n = 6). The mean follow-up duration was 96.4 months (range, 84-150 months).

Surgical procedures
The tibial bone was cut to a depth of 8 to 10 mm from the articular surface of the lateral tibial condyle.
No more than 10 mm of the tibia was removed because additional removal would have resulted in an unacceptably small tibial surface and a lower joint line. The sclerotic surface of the medial tibial bone defect was refreshed to expose a at cancellous bony surface. In the absence of anteroposterior cortical rims, the host bone was cut obliquely beneath the defect, resulting in a slope surface, to preserve as much bone as possible (Fig. 1a, b). Conversely, in the presence of anteroposterior cortical rims, the host bone was cut to form a basket shape (Fig. 2a-c). The bone defect was measured using a sterilized ruler (depth, anteroposterior width, and mediolateral width). For ASBG, we used the proximal medial tibial allogenous bone on the same side. The allogenous bone was carefully fashioned to t the bone defect and reconstruct the missing rim. A precision t of the bone graft to the defect was essential to prevent cement from entering the interface. Kirschner wires (1.5 mm) were used to provisionally stabilize the allogenous bone to the host bone (Fig. 1c, Fig. 2d) and were removed after cementing the tibial implant (Fig. 1d). In most of the cases (except case 6), tibial extension stems were added. The length of the extension stem was greater than the depth of the bone defect.
Postoperative rehabilitation was similar to that prescribed for patients without bone grafting. The day after surgery, patients started quadriceps femoris strengthening exercises, with no restriction placed on weight-bearing. The drainage catheter was removed on the second postoperative day, and the patients commenced with passive and active joint exercise.

Clinical assessments
The knee and function scores of the Knee Society clinical rating system [4] and the knee angle were evaluated preoperatively, 1 year postoperatively, and at the nal follow-up, and complications were identi ed from the medical records.

Radiological assessments
The hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle was measured preoperatively, 1 year postoperatively, and at the nal follow-up using weight-bearing anteroposterior radiographs. Bone union and radiolucent line (RL) were assessed immediately after surgery, 3 and 6 months after surgery, and at the nal follow-up using nonweight bearing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs (Fig. 3). RL > 2 mm was de ned as positive. Two orthopedic surgeons who were members of the Japanese Orthopedic Association evaluated the radiographs.

Statistical analysis
The normality of clinical and radiological parameters was con rmed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The postoperative course of these parameters was examined using repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance and multiple comparison test (Bonferroni method). Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, ver. 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, Tokyo, Japan). A p-value of ≤ 0.01 implied statistical signi cance.

Results
Patient demographic data and radiological outcomes are summarized in Table 1.
The mean size of the medial tibial defects after tibia cutting was 16.8 mm (range, 12-30 mm) in-depth, 34.4 mm (range, 24-40 mm) in anteroposterior width, and 25.4 mm (range, 17-35 mm) in medio-lateral width. Of the 17 cases, nonunion was observed in one patient (case 3, 5.9%), who showed resorption of the transplanted bone, and the presence of RL was observed in one patient (case 13, 5.9%). Bone union was con rmed in an average of 4.9 months. The results of the repeated measures one-way analysis of variance showed a signi cant improvement in the knee score and HKA 1 year postoperatively and at the nal evaluation compared with the preoperative assessment (Table 2). Preoperative function score, knee exion, and extension did not differ signi cantly from the assessment 1 year postoperatively and at the nal follow-up, although they showed a tendency to improve. No major complications, such as transmission of infection, dislocation of graft bone, or loosening of the prosthesis, were observed.

Discussion
In this study, primary TKA using ASBG was performed on 17 knees with uncontained defects ≥ 10 mm in depth. Bone union was achieved in 94% of the knees at 96.4 months follow-up. In addition, knee score and HKA angle showed sustained improvement until the nal follow-up when compared to the preoperative scores, and there were no major complications.
There are two types of bone defects in the proximal medial tibia: (i) contained defects showing that preservation of the cortical rim can support the tibial prosthesis, and (ii) uncontained defects without the cortical rim and cannot support the prosthesis. Uncontained defects are often observed in patients with severe varus deformity [5]. Dorr et al noted that prosthesis loosening and postoperative knee deformities are likely to occur in uncontained defects; they found that repairing the defect with bone cement was not adequate and promoted the use of bone graft as a useful treatment method [6]. Since then, although several authors reported satisfactory results following an autologous bone graft in primary TKA, most reports were of uncontained defects ≥ 5 mm in depth [6-8]. Generally, uncontained bone defects ≥ 10 mm in depth are treated using metal augmentation [1], and some reports [9,10] recommend TKA with metal augmentation as a useful method. However, the use of additional metal augmentation requires further bone cutting, including the cortical rim and can make future revision TKA di cult. On the other hand, there are only a few studies on treatment with autologous bone grafts for uncontained tibial bone defects ≥ 10 mm in depth [2,3], and no reports on primary TKA with allogenous bone graft.
The advantage of a bone graft is that once incorporated, it becomes a part of the proximal tibia and is, therefore, durable. The load transfer to the underlying tibia is more physiologic if the bone grafts are successful compared to using metal custom components without a bone cement composite. Moreover, structural bone grafts are superior to morselized bone grafts in the initial xation and are reported to yield good results in primary TKA [5,6,11]. However, with the combined use of autologous bone graft from a resected femoral or tibial bone, it is di cult to obtain a bone block ≥ 10 mm thick and reconstruct the rim, including the cortex [3]. Allogenous bone grafts can be freely sized and shaped, and it is possible to reconstruct a rim, including the cortex, with almost the same shape as bones used from the same site. In the present study, we were able to reconstruct the rim for any form of defect using ASBG.
Several authors [11][12][13] have associated allogenous bone graft with an increased risk of transmission of infection, nonunion, and resorption. However, almost all reports are on revision TKA with allogenous bone grafts. As primary TKA is less complicated with a shorter operation time than revision TKA, we considered that the risk of infection might be lower. In this study, we observed no infection and achieved bone union in 94% of the cases.
Generally, the grafted bone is xed with screws [6,8]. Although screws can achieve rigid initial xation, insertion of multiple screws may lead to fragmentation of the grafted bone, resulting in early failure of knee replacement [5]. As a device that does not use screw xing, Chon et al [2] used the oblique structural peg bone, while Yoon et al [7] applied a cement to the medial surface of the tibia to x the grafted bone. We temporarily xed the allogenous grafted bone with Kirschner wires and withdrew them after xation of the tibial component with extension stems. Extension stems may result in a future loss of bone stock when performing revision surgery. In addition, Scott et al [14] reported that extension stems might have disadvantages, including stress shielding along the length of the stem with associated reduction in bone density and a theoretical risk of subsidence and loosening, peri-prosthetic fracture, and end-of-stem pain. However, Rawlinson et al [15] used cadaver knees to biochemically con rm that using a tibial extension stem reduced bone stress and limited micromotion between the metal wedge and surrounding bone, and hence, recommended using a tibial extension stem. Baek et al [9] reported that bone grafting could not provide su cient stability for severe bone defects ≥ 10 mm in depth in primary TKA; thus, requiring an extension stem, particularly for uncontained bone defects where xation of the grafted bone was technically di cult. We did not x the grafted bone because we considered that we could obtain the initial strength with a combination of the tibial extension stem and performing ASBG, including the rim; we did not observe dislocation of the ASBG and/or implant.
We acknowledge that the present study had certain limitations. First, this was a single-center study, and the study sample (17 cases) was small. Although Chon et al [2] and Sugita et al [3] reported 40 cases and 44 cases, respectively, in the literature using autologous bone graft for bone defects ≥ 10 mm, in this study, only 21 (4%) of 525 primary TKAs from January 2004 to December 2014 had a medial tibial defect ≥ 10 mm in depth; thus, such defects can be considered rare. Second, we have not been able to compare this with other methods, such as autologous bone graft or metal augmentation. Sugita et al [3] reported 14% non-progressive RL with autologous bone graft, Beak et al [9] and Tsukada et al [16] reported nonprogressive RL in 10% and 33%, respectively, combined with metal augmentation. In this study, nonunion and presence of RL were 5.9% each, which did not differ from the other methods. Despite the absence of a control group, we believe that our ndings are adequate; thus, important conclusions can be drawn from them. Bone-grafting technique for defect with no anteroposterior rim (a) The bone defect before tibial osteotomy. (b) The host bone was cut obliquely to create a slope without anteroposterior rim after tibial osteotomy. (c) The allogenous structural bone graft (ASBG) temporarily xed to the host bone with Kirshner wires. (d) Kirshner wires were removed after cementing the tibial implant, and ASBG press-tted to the host bone.