Haematology and serum biochemistry of West African dwarf goats fed Pleurotus tuber-regium treated cassava root sievate based diets

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1324593/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Haematology and serum biochemistry of West African dwarf goats fed Pleurotus tuber-regium treated cassava root sievate based diets

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1324593/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

You are reading this latest preprint version

The study aimed at determining the effect of Pleurotus tuber-regium treated cassava root sievate based diets on haematology and serum biochemistry of West African dwarf (WAD) goats. Thirty-two WAD goats between six and eight months old were randomly divided into four groups of eight goats each. The groups were randomly assigned to the four experiment diets (T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄) for 90 days in a completely randomized design. At the start of the experiment, packed cell volume (PCV) ranged from 24.90-29.49% and red blood cell (RBC) 9.42 – 10.44 x10 12/L while mean cell haemoglobin significantly (P0<0.5) ranged from 5.44 – 6.41pg. At the end of the experiment, PCV and RBC showed significant differences and were better (p<0.05) in T₂. At the start of the experiment, cholesterol ranged from 2.15 – 2.29 mmol/l, creatinine 75.72- 80.32 µmol/l, urea 16.39 – 16.72 mg/dl, total bilirubin, 0.25 – 0.28 µmol/l, total protein 61.73 – 63.16 g/I, globulin 29.08 -29.59 g/I and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 68.62 – 71.06 U/L. At the end of the trial, cholesterol values was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T₁. Urea was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in T₁. Total protein, globulin and total bilirubin increased (p<0.05) linearly from T₁ to T₄. AST was improved (p<0.05) at the end of the study. The study revealed that the inclusion of Pleurotus tuber-regium degraded cassava root sievate in the diets of West African Dwarf goats had no deleterious effects on the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of goats and could be included in goat diets up to 60%.

Goats

Solid state fermentation

Biodegradation

Cassava

Blood parameters

Protein is usually the most limiting nutrient in small ruminant feeding programme focused on poor quality tropical forages and agricultural wastes; thus, additional dietary protein may be needed to maintain an efficient rumen ecology that spurs enhanced nutrient intake and general performance. The use of unconventional feedstuffs for enhanced livestock production was enthused by the increased demand for conventional feedstuffs among humans and feed millers, as well as deficient animal protein intake in the diets of citizens of developing countries. Cassava wastes or by-products are one such feedstuffs that has been successfully employed in most developing countries to feed both ruminants and non-ruminants as an alternative to conventional feedstuff like maize. Cassava wastes or by-products have been fed to small ruminants with varying results (Anaeto et al. 2013; Jiwuba et al. 2018). Cassava root sievate is one such cassava waste that has been added to the diets of both ruminants and non-ruminants. Jiwuba et al. (2018) found high lignin content in cassava root sievate, indicating the need to improve the nutritional value of this agricultural waste.

White rot fungi have been widely used in the degrading of a variety of agricultural wastes in recent years. These ligninolytic enzymes are responsible for starting the depolymerization of lignin owing to its high oxidative activity and limited substrate specificity (Barde et al. 2014). Pleurotus tuber regium also has potential in the production of mycopharmaceuticals, as well as the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into more palatable animal feeds, human food (mushrooms), and bioremediation (Mshandete and Mgonja, 2009). As a result, biodegradation of agricultural waste is a cost-effective and safe process in which agro-wastes such as cassava root sievate are digested in a controlled environment by mono or mixed cultures of microorganisms to improve the nutritional value and aesthetic value of the waste. The use of Pleurotus tuber regium to break the complex carbohydrate bonds formed during biodegradation can be used to improve the nutritional value of cassava root sievate and other agricultural wastes, which are abundant, resulting in a higher inclusion of such feedstuff in livestock feeding programme.

Blood parameters are thought to be important indicators of a farm animal's physiological stage, demonstrating the link between diet and health (Jiwuba et al. 2016). Nutrition, breed, sex, age, and stress (Balikci et al. 2007) have all been found to have an impact on haematological and biochemical parameters, and are thought to play a crucial part in the differences in haematological and biochemical indices recorded between tropical and temperate animals (Opara and Fagbemi 2009). Haematological and biochemical parameters, according to Orheruata and Akhuomobhogbe (2006), may provide useful information on the performance abilities of West African dwarf goats. Because goat breeds have such a wide range of haematological and biochemical indicators (Tambuwal et al. 2002), implementing a universal metabolic profile test for goats could be difficult. These discrepancies have emphasized the necessity for suitable physiological baseline values for various livestock breeds in the tropics, which could help in a realistic assessment of management practices, nutrition, and disease diagnostics (Opara et al. 2010). There has been little or no research on the haematology and serum biochemistry of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats fed Pleurotus tuber-regium treated cassava root sievate. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different quantities of Pleurotus tuber-regium-treated cassava root sievate on the haematology and serum biochemistry of WAD goats.

The experiment was conducted in the Federal College of Agriculture's sheep and goat unit, Ishiagu, Ivo L.G.A., Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The College is located at about 3 km from the major town of Ishiagu. The College is located at latitude 5.56⁰ N and longitude 7.31⁰ E, with an average annual rainfall of 1653 mm, a prevailing temperature of 28.50⁰C, and a relative humidity of approximately 80%.

The cassava root sievate (CRS) from TME419 was sourced from Akawa, Nneato, Umunneochi L.G.A., Abia State. The sievates were obtained after the cassava roots meant for fufu (a common stable food in Nigeria) were peeled or not, rinsed clean, then retted for 3-5 days to lower hydrogen cyanide levels and soften the roots before sieving. After that, the retted cassava roots were sieved, the sievates (wastes) were collected, and the cassava roots were sundried for about 7 days to reduce the moisture content to around 10 - 15% and any anti-nutrient that were not removed during the retting process. To minimize the particle size and increase surface area, the sundried cassava root sievate were coarsely crushed using a blur mill, to create a greater surface area for microbial activity.

The inoculation room was properly swept, scrubbed, and disinfected with Izal in water (1 litre Izal to 4 litres of water). To destroy any remaining contaminants, the floor was mopped clean and the doors were allowed to dry before being shut for twenty one days. Following that, the milled cassava root sievates were thoroughly mixed with water at a ratio of 1.0 kg sievate to 1.0 litre water to ensure complete wetting of the cassava root sievates. The Pleurotus tuber-regium (PTR) tubers were weighed, washed, divided into smaller pieces, and soaked in water for two hours before being removed and placed in white transparent buckets and covered for three days to allow the tubers to develop spores. To establish an airtight atmosphere, the ends of the poly-ethene sheets were pulled together and sealed with masking tape. The inoculation room's doors were closed after water was poured on the floor and some left in buckets. Over the 45th day bioconversion, the mass of composted CRS now colonized by mycelium of the fungi revealing whitish growths were removed from the inoculation trays and sun-dried by spreading thinly on a drying surface to stop the fungi growth and dry the materials. The materials were placed in sacks and kept in storage until they were needed.

The experimental diets designated as T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄ were formulated from non-treated cassava root sievate, brewers dried grain, palm kernel meal, soybean meal, bone meal, salt and premix to contain 0, 20, 40 and 60% Pleurotus tuber-regium treated cassava root sievate (PTR-CRS) (Table 1).

Table 1

Gross composition of *Pleurotus Tuber-regium* treated cassava root sievate based diets
Ingredients (%)	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄
Non-Treated cassava root sievate	60.0	40.0	20.0	0.0
Treated cassava root sievate	0.0	20.0	40.0	60.0
Brewers dried grain	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0
Palm kernel meal	14.0	14.0	14.0	14.0
Soya bean meal	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0
Bone meal	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0
Salt	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Premix*	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Total	100	100	100	100
Vitamin and mineral premix contributed the following to each kilogram of diet: vitamin A 500 IU, vitamin D 1500 IU, vitamin E 3 IU, vitamin K 2 mg, riboflavin 3 mg, pantothenic acid 6 mg, niacin 15 mg, vitamin B12 0.8 mg, choline 3 mg, folic acid 4 mg, manganese 8 mg, zinc 0.5 g, iodine 1.0 mg, Co 1.2 mg

Thirty-two WAD bucks of about 6 to 8 months of age and weighing about 5.26 kg were sourced from Nkwo, Achara, Uturu, Isukwuato, L.G.A., Abia State. The goats were quarantined for 21 days before the trial.

The goats were injected against internal and external parasites with Ivermectin (1 ml/10 kg body weight (injected subcutaneously) and Albendazole (0.1 mg/kg BW given orally) before the experiment commenced. The goats were vaccinated against Peste' Petit de' Ruminante' (PPR) with PPR vaccine at a dosage of 1ml per 10 kg of body weight. For a preliminary period of 21 days, each animal got a specified treatment diet in the morning and 1 kg of chopped basal Panicum maximum, and also were fed the experimental diets at 3.5 per cent of their body weight. This was done to increase the appetite of each animal for the concentrate diet. According to the authorization and instructions of the Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Animal Ethics Committee, the experimental animals were acclimatized for 21 days before the start of the study.

The goats were separated into four experimental groups, each with eight animals. The four experimental diets (T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₄) were assigned to the groups at random in a completely randomized design (CRD). The animals were kept in separate pens with well-ventilated cement floors with feeds and drinkers. For 90 days, each animal was fed a specific treatment diet in the morning (08:00 hr). Feeding was based on 3.5 per cent body weight per day, in addition to 1 kg wilted chopped Panicum maximum supplied at 16:00 hours. Fresh drinking water was made available regularly.

On the first and last days of the feeding study, blood samples (10 mL) were taken from each goat through the jugular vein. According to Dacie and Lewis (1991), blood samples were separated into two lots and used to determine biochemical and haematological components The first batch (5 mL) was collected in sterile bijou bottles with 1 mg/mL ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA). The haematological components (packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cell, and white blood cell) were determined using this method. The second batch (5ml) was collected in sample bottles that were devoid of anticoagulants. Within 3 hours of collection, the blood samples were allowed to clot at room temperature and the serum was separated by centrifugation.

Triplicate sample of the Pleurotus tuber-regium treated cassava root sievate based diets were analysed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ash, ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and organic matter (OM) according to the methods of AOAC (2000). The fibre fractions such as neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were determined according to the methods of Van Soest et al. (1991).

Gross Energy determination: The gross energy was calculated using the formula

T = 5.72Z1 + 9.50Z2 + 4.79Z3 + 4.03Z4 ± 0.9%; according to Nehring and Haelein (1973).

where;

T = Gross energy;

ZI = Crude protein;

Z2 = Crude fat;

Z3 = Crude fibre;

Z4 = Nitrogen free extract.

The silver titration method as described by Oboh et al. (2002) was used to determine the cyanide content.

Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) as described by SAS (2008). Significant means were separated using the Duncan multiple new range test (Duncan, 1955) at p<0.05.

Table 2 shows the chemical content of the experimental diets. The treatment diets had a significant (P0<.0.05) effect on CP, ash, NFE, NDF, ADF, and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), but had no effect on DM, CF, EE and gross energy (GE). With increasing levels of PTR-CRS in the diets, the CP of the treatment diets increased. T₃ and T₄ CP values, on the other hand, were significantly (P0<.05) higher than T₁ and T₂. With increasing PTR-CRS in the diets, ash values for the treatment diets improved (p0<.05). With increasing levels of PTR-CRS in the diets, there was a lowering (p0<.05) trend in NDF and ADF. The haematology of West African Dwarf goats fed Pleurotus tuber regium treated cassava root sievate based diets is shown in Table 3. Packed cell volume (PCV) ranged from 24.90 to 29.49% at the start of the experiment, while haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), mean cell cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and white blood cell (WBC) ranged from 8.57 to 9.44 g/dL, 9.35 to 10.49 10¹²/L, 20.01 to 20.88 fl, 29.03 to 31.22% and 5.98x10⁹/L respectively and were not significantly (p>0.05). Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) was affected significantly (p0<.05) and ranged between 5.44 and 6.41 pg at the start of the study. The results of all of the haematological indices studied improved at the end of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, PCV and RBC values were significantly improved (p<0.05). The blood biochemistry of West African Dwarf goats fed Pleurotus tuber regium treated cassava root sievate based diets is shown in Table 4. All serum biochemical indices were not significantly different (P>0.05) at the commencement of the experiment. Cholesterol levels in the diets containing 20%, 40%, and 60% Pleurotus tuber regium treated cassava root sievate decreased (P<.0.05) at the end of the experiment. Blood glucose slightly decreased (P>0.05) from the values at the start of the experiment. The T₄ creatinine value was statistically (P<0.05) higher than the T₂ creatinine value. In comparison to T₁, T₄ produced significantly lower urea (P0<.05). With increasing PTR-CRS dietary levels, total protein, globulin, and total bilirubin levels increased (P<0.05). The treatment diets had no effect (P>0.05) on albumin and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The dietary treatment resulted in a significant (P<0.05) increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels.

Table 2

Chemical composition of the experimental diets
Parameters (%)	T₁ (0%)	T₂ (20%)	T₃ (40%)	T₄ (60%)	SEM
Dry matter	91.33	91.90	91.55	91.84	0.83
Crude protein	9.28^b	9.82^b	14.12^a	16.06^a	1.11
Crude fibre	14.57	13.35	11.52	9.62	1.00
Ether extract	0.84	0.72	0.72	1.02	0.19
Ash	8.26^c	12.17^b	12.71^ab	13.03^a	0.73
Organic matter	83.08	79.73	80.7	78.81	0.95
Nitrogen free extract	58.39^a	55.85^ab	52.49^b	52.12^b	1.04
Gross Energy (Kcal/g)	3.66	3.51	3.54	3.59	0.77
Neutral detergent fibre	55.57^a	49.30^b	34.44^c	31.18^c	3.84
Acid detergent fibre	49.50^a	39.15^b	29.78^c	21.91^d	3.92
Hydrogen cyanide (mg/kg)	2.25^a	1.67^ab	1.23^ab	0.56^c	0.27
^a−d means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05)

Table 3

Haematology of West African Dwarf goats fed *Pleurotus tuber regium* treated cassava root sievate based diets
At the start of the experiment
Parameters	Normal range	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	SEM
Packed cell volume (%)	22-38	29.31	29.49	24.90	26.90	1.22
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	8.0-12.0	9.44	9.23	8.57	8.91	0.40
Red blood cell (x10 ¹²/L)	8.0-18.0	9.42	10.49	9.44	9.35	0.22
Mean cell volume (fL)	16-25	20.07	20.01	20.39	20.88	0.62
Mean cell haemoglobin conc. (%)	30.0-36.0	30.69	29.03	31.22	30.43	0.61
Mean cell haemoglobin (Pg)	5.2-8.0	5.94^ab	5.44^b	6.41^a	5.47^b	0.17
White blood cell (x10⁹/L)	4.0-13.0	5.98	5.98	5.54	5.87	0.11
At the end of the experiment
Packed cell volume (%)	22-38	30.74^b	35.68^a	29.11^b	29.24^b	1.27
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	8.0-12.0	9.84	10.59	9.54	10.85	0.25
Red blood cell (X10 ¹²/L)	8.0-18.0	10.43^b	13.44^a	10.53^b	9.07^b	0.60
Mean cell volume (fL)	16-25	23.76	24.11	23.01	20.66	0.69
Mean cell haemoglobin conc. (%)	30.0-36.0	32.14	32.66	32.35	32.61	0.68
Mean cell haemoglobin (pg)	5.2-8.0	6.55	7.14	7.10	6.57	0.32
White blood cell (x10⁹/L)	4.0-13.0	6.98	7.37	7.21	7.24	0.26
^a−c means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05)

The normal range according to Radostits et al. (2006)

Table 4

Serum biochemistry of West African Dwarf goats fed *Pleurotus tuber regium* treated cassava root sievate based diets
At the start of the experiment
Parameters	Normal range	T₁	T₂	T₃	T₄	SEM
Cholesterol (mmol/l)	2.07-3.37	2.27	2.29	2.30	2.15	0.07
Glucose (mmol/l)	2.78-4.16	3.12	3.02	3.11	3.00	0.08
Creatinine (µmol/l)	88.4-159	79.89	75.72	78.00	80.32	3.69
Urea (mg/dl)	10-20	16.48	16.39	16.56	16.72	0.15
Total protein (g/I)	64.0-70.0	62.60	62.00	63.16	61.73	0.52
Globulin (g/I)	27.0-41 .0	29.08	29.08	29.57	29.59	0.32
Albumin (g/I)	27.0-39.0	33.52	33.84	33.91	32.14	0.30
Total bilirubin (µmol/l)	0-1.71	0.27	0.24	0.25	0.28	0.02
AST (U/L)	167-513	68.97	71.06	68.62	70.98	1.45
ALT (U/L)	6-19	28.51	28.5	29.21	28.35	0.90
At the end of the experiment
Cholesterol (mmol/l)	2.07-3.37	3.13^a	2.46^bc	2.41^c	2.81^b	0.09
Glucose (mmol/l)	2.78-4.16	2.86	2.88	2.89	3.12	0.14
Creatinine (µmol/ l)	88.4-159	93.30^ab	95.73^b	99.23^ab	117.09^a	9.65
Urea (mg/dl)	10-20	15.67^a	14.83^ab	13.60^b	13.32^b	1.35
Total protein (g/I)	64.0-70.0	64.09^d	65.60^c	68.86^b	70.66^a	0.70
Globulin (g/I)	27.0-41 .0	29.09^c	35.12^b	35.73^b	38.88^a	0.93
Albumin (g/I)	27.0-39.0	35.00	30.48	33.13	31.78	0.14
Total bilirubin (µmol/l)	0-1.71	0.46^d	0.63^c	0.91^b	0.98^a	0.05
AST (U/L)	167-513	75.15^b	80.98^b	93.14^a	95.58^a	2.45
ALT (U/L)	6-19	36.47	36.52	36.7	37.15	0.48
^a−d means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05)

The normal range according to Aiello and Mays (1998) and Kaneko et al. (1997)

The crude protein content of all the diets was higher than the acceptable 7% CP for ruminant maintenance as advised by ARC (1980) and 8% for ruminal function as proposed by Norton (1994). The increased CP in the treatment diets could help to balance out the amino acid imbalances that may have occurred during protein degradation. The findings in this study could be attributable to the fungi mycelial biomass during bioconversion. The variations in the NFE values could be attributed to the influence of graded levels of PTR-CRS on the diets. NFE contains starches as well as a small amount of hemicellulose and lignin (Khan et al. 2003). The decline in NDF was not so rapid as to pose a problem, since David (2012) observed that ruminant diets should contain at least 20% NDF on a DM basis to maintain optimal roughage digestion. The neutral detergent fibre fraction contains hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, resulting in enhanced fibre that aids in rumen motility stimulation. The biological treatment nutritional superiority was shown by the reduction in ADF. David (2012) reported in a previous study that diets with lower ADF values are of good nutritional value. In comparison to the control diet containing non-treated cassava root sievate, the lower NDF and ADF values in PTR-CRS containing diets may indicate that Pleurotus tuber regium solubilized and utilized the cell walls as carbon sources, altering the ratio of insoluble to soluble carbohydrates in the diets. The PTR-CRS in the diets may be responsible for the decrease in HCN levels. The ability of Pleurotus spp. to release amylase, xylanase, and linamarase enzymes to form hydrolytic complexes bound to the cyanide molecule was attributed by Padmaja (1995) and Aro (2008) to reduce cyanogenic glycosides during hydrolysis.

The PCV values found in this study are within the Daramola et al. (2005) reference range of 21 to 35 per cent for clinically healthy WAD goats. The biologically active compounds in the treatment diets may have improved nutrition utilization or oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, resulting in improved PCV at the end of the trial. The Hb range reported herein was within the physiological ranges of 7–15 g/dl and 8-16 g/dl for clinically healthy WAD goats reported by Daramola et al. (2005) and Olaifa and Opara (2011), respectively, and 8.50 – 11.40 g/dl for WAD goats fed fungal treated rice straw reported by Wuanor and Carew (2018). The results are lower than those reported by Barde et al. (2014) for WAD goats fed Pleurotus tuber regium treated cassava peel based diets and 13.2 g/l by Taiwo and Ogunsanmi (2003) for clinically healthy WAD goats, but higher than those reported by Jiwuba et al. (2018) for WAD goats fed fufu sievate meal-based diets. All of the diets appeared to be capable of supporting high oxygen-carrying capacity blood among the goats, owing to the relatively higher Hb concentration obtained in this investigation. Furthermore, the Hb concentration of WAD goats on the diets could indicate that the dietary proteins were of good quality. The RBC counts found in this investigation were within the physiological ranges reported by Daramola et al. (2005) and Olaifa and Opara (2011) for apparently healthy WAD goats, which were 9.2-13.5g/l and 7–21 10⁶/L, respectively. The within normal physiological range for seemingly healthy WAD goats found in this study, on the other hand, indicated that the diets supported good health status and hence the animals were unlikely to suffer from anaemia-related problems. The non-significant effects observed in this study for MCV, MCH and MCHC are in agreement with Wuanor and Carew (2018) for WAD goats fed fungal treated rice straw. This implies that the nutritional quality of the diets was not impaired. The normal ranges for RBC differentials reported in this investigation demonstrated the absence of anaemia among the experimental goats. Because the WBC counts were within the normal physiological range of 6.8–20.1 x 10³/l for clinically healthy goats reported by Daramola et al. (2005), the likelihood of leukocytosis was ruled out. The increased WBC counts in this study could be attributable in part to enhanced nutrition utilization in all groups. This indicated active immunity, implying that the goats were in good health condition. Ahamefule et al. (2005) linked high WBC counts to recent parasitism, the presence of foreign body or antigen in the circulating medium. WAD goats, on the other hand, appear to have a defence system that provides immediate and effective protection against any infectious organism, which could be the physiological basis for this species' adaption to its ecological zone.

The cholesterol levels found in this investigation were within the ranges described by Kaneko et al. (1997) and Aiello and Mays (1998) for clinically healthy goats: 2.07–3.37 mmol/l and 1.7–3.5 mmol/l, respectively. Because a high amount of serum cholesterol is a sign of heart-related disease, the findings of the study suggest that the goats were normal and not susceptible to heart diseases. Furthermore, goats in the treatment groups showed significantly decreased cholesterol levels, demonstrating that PTR-CSR reduces cholesterol levels in goats. Huang et al. (2014) previously reported Pleurotus tuber regium's antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects. The glucose levels reported here varied from 2.86 to 3.12 mmol/L, which were within the physiological ranges of 2.7–4.2 mmol/L reported by Aiello and Mays (1998) and 2.78–4.16 mmol/l reported by Kaneko et al. (1997) for clinically healthy goats. This could indicate the ability of the diets to offer the goats enough energy needed for improved performance. The absence of muscle wastage or catabolism, as appraised by serum creatinine, suggested that the animals did not survive to the detriment of body reserve. In animals, creatinine levels are directly related to muscle mass and kidney function (Prvulovic et al. 2012). The results also show that the WAD goats consume enough protein from their diet. With increasing levels of PTR-CRS, serum urea dropped, with animals on T₁ and T₂ having the highest values and those on T₃ and T₄ having the lowest. Eggum (1970) linked a high blood urea level to low protein quality in animals. This could indicate that the protein quality in T₃ and T₄ was higher, confirming Khan and Tania (2012) assertion that Pleurotus tuber regium is high in proteins with essential amino acids. Creatinine and urea are used as markers for renal function, the results of this investigation could indicate that the kidneys of the goats were in good condition. The progressive increase and significant effect on total protein and globulin reported in this current study are similar to the findings of Barde et al. (2014) for WAD goats fed Pleurotus tuber regium treated cassava peel based diets and Wuanor and Carew (2018) for WAD goats fed fungal treated rice straw. The higher total protein and globulin values in the treatment groups suggested that PTR-CRS improved the dietary protein and immunity of the animals. Pleurotus tuber regium has previously shown to have medicinal, antioxidant, pharmacological, and immunity-boosting activities (Wong et al. 2011). The albumin concentrations were within the normal physiological ranges of 24 – 36 g/L and 27.0-39.0 g/L for clinically healthy goats, as reported by Aiello and Mays (1998) and Kaneko et al. (1997), respectively. This indicates that the diets met the rumen microbial protein requirements. Jiwuba et al. (2017) reported total bilirubin values of 0.45–0.80 for WAD goats, which are similar to the values obtained in our investigation. Since bilirubin is considered an index of liver function, the values reported herein fell within the range of 0 – 1.7 mol/l reported by Kaneko et al. (1997) for clinically healthy goats, suggesting that the diets were not harmful to the liver. Within normal range for aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (66 – 230 U/L) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (15 – 52 U/L) by Aiello and Mays (1998) for clinically healthy goats, are an indication of high quality of the test diets and that there was no hepatocellular damage among the goats.

It is concluded from this study that Pleurotus tuber-regium degraded cassava root sievate can be included in the diets of goats up to 60% without deleterious effects on the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of West African Dwarf goats.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Department of Animal Health and Production Technology, Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, for the technical support. We also express our gratitude to the management of National Root Crop Research Institute, Umudike, for the support towards achieving biodegradation of cassava root sievate.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Funding

Not funded

Ethical approval

This paper followed all the guidelines for the care and use of the laboratory animal model of the Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

Consent for publication

The authors have their consent to publish the paper in Tropical Journal of Animal Health and Production at no free access (no publication fees to the authors)

Availability of data and material

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Authors’ contributions

PCJ - designed the study, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript

KI - reviewed the experimental design managed the analyses of the study and performed the statistical analysis

LCJ – sourced the white-rot fungi and carried out the inoculation of the cassava root sievate.

LEO, WA and SUI - sourced the experimental goats, performed the chemical and blood analyses and carried out the literature search

UK and FOA - guidance and monitoring of experiment and critical revision on the initial draft and approval of the final manuscript

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ahamefule, F. O., Ibeawuchi, J. A. and Okoye, F. C. (2005). Blood biochemistry and haematology of West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks fed pigeon pea-cassava peel based diets. Journal Anim Vet Adv., 4 (12): 1016-1020.
Aiello, S. E. and Mays, A. (1998). The Merck veterinary manual. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc. 8, 2187–2197.
Anaeto, M., Sawyerr A.F., Alli, T.R., Tayo, G.O., Adeyeye, J.A. and Olarinmoye, A.O. (2013).Cassava leaf silage and cassava peel as dry season feed for West African dwarf sheep. Global journal of science frontier research agriculture and veterinary sciences.13 (2).
AOAC, (2000). Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Official Methods of Analysis. 6th Edition. Washington DC, USA.
ARC (1980). The nutrient requirement of ruminant livestock. CABI. Farnham Royal, U.K.
Aro, S.O. (2008). Improvement in the nutritive quality of cassava and its by-products through microbial fermentation. Afr J Biotechnol, 7: 4789-4797.
Balikci, E., Yildiz, A. and Gurdogan, F. (2007). Blood metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and post-partum in Akkaraman ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 67, 247–251.
Barde, R.E., Ayoade, J.A., Attah, S. and Musa, I.S. (2014). Effect of Pleurotus tuber regium treated cassava peel based diets on haematological and serum biochemical parameters of WAD bucks. PAT, 10 (1): 135-143.
Dacie, J. V. and Lewis, M. (1991). Practical haematology. 8th edition. Longman group ltd. London. Pp 88-96.
Daramola, J. O., Adeloye, A. A. Fatoba, T. A and Soladoye, A. O. (2005). Haematological and Biochemical parameters of WAD goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 17: www. Cipav.org.co/lrrd.
David, L. (2012). Nutritive value of feeds for beef cattle. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets.
Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range test and multiple F-tests. Biometrics, 1: 1-42.
Eggum, O.L. (1970). The protein quality of cassava leaves. British Journal of Nutrition, 24:761-769.
Huang, H., Korivi, M., Yang, H., Huang, C., Chaing, Y. and Tsai, Y. (2014). Effect of Pleurotus tuber-regium polysaccharides supplementation on the progression of diabetes complications in obese-diabetic rats. Chinese Journal of Physiology, 57(4): 198-208. DOI: 10.4077/CJP.
Jiwuba, P. C. Assam, E. M. and Eka, E.C. (2018). The effects of different levels of fufu sievate meal on the blood chemistry and haematological characteristics of WAD goats. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 6(1): 1-10.
Jiwuba, P.C., Ahamefule F.O., Ogbuewu I.P. and Ikwunze K. (2017). Blood chemistry and haematology of West African Dwarf goats fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) in their diets. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 26: 621-624.
Jiwuba, P.C., Ikwunze, K., Dauda, E and Ugwu, D.O. (2016). Haematological and serum biochemical Indices of growing rabbits fed diets containing varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. British Biotechnology Journal, 15(2): 1-7.
Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W., Bruss, M. L. (1997). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 5th ed. New York, Academic Press.
Khan, A. and Tania, M. (2012). Nutritional and Medicinal Importance of Pleurotus Mushrooms: An Overview. Journal food reviews, 28(3):313-329.
Khan, M.A., Mahr-un-nisa, M. and Sarwar, M. (2003). Techniques measuring digestibility for the nutritional evaluation of feeds. Int. J. Agri. Bio. 5: 132-141.
Mshandete,A. M. and Mgonja J.R. (2009). Submerged liquid fermentation of some Tanzanian basidiomycetes for the production of mycelial biomass, exopolysaccharides and mycelium protein using wastes peels media. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 4, 1-13.
Norton, B.W.B., Lowry, C. and Sweeney, M.C. (1994).The nutritive value of Leucaena species. Paper presented at Int’l. Workshop on Leucaena. R.D. Bogor, Indonesia. 20-29 January 1994.
Oboh, G., Akindahunsi, A.A. and Oshodi, A.A. (2002). Nutrient and anti-nutrient content of Aspergillus niger fermented cassava products (flour and gari). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 15(5), 617-622.
Olaifa, A. K. and Opara, M. N. (2011). Haematological and biochemical parameters of West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks castrated by the burdizzo method. Vet. Arhiv 81, 743-750.
Opara, M.N. and Fagbemi, B.O. (2009). Dietary influences of feed types on the haematological indices of captive-reared grasscutters experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. In: Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Conference of the Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, June 28-July 3, Lubeck, Germany, 63–67.
Opara, M.N., Udevi, N. and Okoli, I.C. (2010). Haematological parameters and blood chemistry of apparently healthy West African dwarf (WAD) goats in Owerri, southeastern Nigeria. New York Science Journal, 3(8): 68-72.
Orheruata, A. M., Akhuomobhogbe, P. U., 2006. Haematological and blood biochemical indices in West African dwarf goats vaccinated against Pestes des petit ruminants (PPR). African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(9), 743–748
Padmaja, G. (1995). Cyanide detoxification in cassava for food and feed uses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 35: 299-339.
Prvulovic, D., Kosarcic, S., Popovic, M., Dimitrigevic, D., Grubor-Lajsic, G. (2012): The influence of hydrated aluminosilicate on biochemical and haematological blood parameters, growth performance and carcass traits of pigs. J Anim and Vet Adv., 11(1), 134–140.
Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W., Constable, P.D. (2006). Veterinary Medicine E-Book: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 10th ed. Saunders, Elsevier New York.
SPSS. (2008). Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Procedures and facilities for release. McGraw-Hill Book Co. NY.
Taiwo, V.O. and Ogunsanmi, A.O. (2003). Haematology, plasma, whole blood and erythrocyte biochemical values of clinically healthy captive-reared grey duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and West African Dwarf sheep and goats Ibadan, Nigeria. Israel J. Vet. Med.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods of dietary fibre, neutral detergent and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92: 499-503.
Wong, K.H., Lai, C. K. M. and Cheung, P. C. K. (2011). Immunomodulatory activities of mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides,” Food Hydrocolloids, 25(2):150–158.
Wuanor, A. and Carew, S. N. (2018). Feed Efficiency and Blood Profiles of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Pleurotus tuber-regium Biodegraded Rice Straw and Maize Offal -Brewer Yeast Slurry Mixture. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research Internationa,l 14(1): 1-10.

Download PDF

Reviews received at journal
22 Feb, 2022
Reviewers invited by journal
22 Feb, 2022
Editor assigned by journal
06 Feb, 2022
First submitted to journal
03 Feb, 2022

You are reading this latest preprint version

Haematology and serum biochemistry of West African dwarf goats fed Pleurotus tuber-regium treated cassava root sievate based diets

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Status:

Version 1