Cesar G Victora et al. | Lancet | 2008 | Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines, and South Africa. Undernutrition of mother and child | School delays, lower income and scarce assets, low birth weight, lower body mass, higher glucose concentration and blood pressure | Adverse | The damage happened in early life due to stunting leads to permanent damage thus affecting economic growth, and might also affect future generations. |
Lim et al. | Lancet | 2018 | 195 countries, including SAARC Countries; India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Human capital investment | Higher education, training and better health | Expansion in economic growth | Three countries; India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh came in 10 top countries out of 195 countries having the highest human capital but with marked variation in GDP from a developed country. |
Dewey K.G. & Begum K. | Maternal and child nutrition | 2011 | Brazil, India, Philippines and South Africa (in addition to the Guatemala trial). Stunting | Impaired health and education | Impaired economic growth | Summarizes the review on the long term impact of stunting in later life. |
Emanuela Galasso & Adam Wagstaff | Economics and Human Biology; Elsevier | 2019 | 1-Stunting 2-Nutritional intervention | 1-lesser years of school and lower cognitive skills 2-more schooling and better cognition | 1-lower wages & lower country’s per capita 2-multiplied rate of return | Lower capita in present due to the fraction of the workforce stunted in childhood in developing countries that includes SAARC countries too. |
Emma Batha | Reuters | 2016 | 34 developing countries including SAARC countries; Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan Poverty, less investment in early child development, nutrition, sanitation and inadequate simulation | Higher health investment in later life, frequent infections and low cognition | More poverty, lower earnings and low future economic growth | Evidence-based study shows that there is strong evidence linking child stunting and poverty. 65% of the children in South Asian states are at risk of stunting due to poverty. Harvard study says that developing countries including south Asia can lose more than $177 billion in the lifetime earning of its people due to stunting. |
F. H. G. Ferreira & N. Schady | World Bank | 2008 | India along with other developing countries and developed countries. Microeconomic crises, drought and reduced investment in child human capital | Lesser school years, lower health and tension between income and substitution effect | Transmitted poverty to next generation, pro-cyclical mortality rate, decrease in school enrollment and fall in nutrition level | Economic shocks have a pro-cyclical effect on health in Asia |
Fink G. et al | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | 2016 | Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh included in 38 LMICs Early growth faltering | Loss in education attainment | Loss in economic growth | Human capital losses are largest in South Asia due to stunting |
TGP | The Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition | 2016 | Pakistan, India and Bangladesh were mentioned particularly when the report writes on Asian countries. Investment in human capital, actions for better maternal and child nutrition | Forgone economic growth both of individual and country | Decline in global economy | Stunting, vitamin and mineral deficiencies together result in losses of up to 3% of GDP in low-income developing countries including South Asian countries. |
Jessica Fanzo | Journal of International Affairs | 2014 | Asian Country including India. Long-term insufficient nutrients intake and frequent infections before 2 years of age | Delayed motor development, impaired cognition and poor school performance | Poverty | SDG's goal of reducing stunting depends on the government strategy and favorable environment. |
J. Hoddinott et al. | Maternal and Child Nutrition, Wiley | 2013 | Developing countries and India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal. Stunting, low age at first birth and more pregnancies | Low test scores and nonverbal cognitive disorders, lower household per capita expenditure and higher poverty | Adverse consequences on human, social and economic capital | Summary of repercussions of stunting in the initial 1000 days including enneadic months in mother’s womb till the old age and cost-benefit ratios of nutritional interventions to reduce stunting. |
PRB | Population Reference Bureau | 2012 | India and Senegal. 1-Intervention in proper nutrition 2-High income/ economic growth | 1-better performance in school, higher lifetime earnings and increased productivity in labor force 2-Wealthier population, higher purchasing power and more essential nutrients | 1-effective interventions 2-better health and larger increase in economic growth | There is more to stunting than just economic growth and that is lack of action in interventions and poor strategy by the policymakers |
Milman et al. | American Society for Nutritional Sciences | 2005 | Bangladesh India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan 85 countries. Reduced stunting by long-term and specified interventions | Reduced stunting prevalence | Increase in country’s economic performance | Child stunting is associated with impact over long-term development and specific interventions needed to curb it |
M. Shekar et al. | Maternal & Child Nutrition, Wiley | 2016 | South Asia including India. 1-Stunting 2-Intervention in nutrition | 1-increased mortality, morbidity, decrease cognitive abilities, poor education outcomes and loss in earnings 2-Reduced poverty | 1-Loss in national economic productivity 2-High economic growth | Stunting can result in loss of earnings leading to losses to national economic productivity. |
Rudra & Kurian | Observer Research Foundation | 2017 | India. Stunting | Hindrances in physical and mental development high risk of diabetes, obesity and hypertension in future | Reduced earnings | Stunting has permanent and irreversible consequences leading to poor performance in school leaning and lesser earnings in adulthood. |
Pakistan Scaling Up Nutrition and United Nations World Food Programme | United Nations World Food Programme | 2017 | Pakistan. Malnutrition | Loss of laborer, higher healthcare expenses and lower productivity | Low GDP | The consequences of poor nutrition – includes lost laborers, increase healthcare expenses and lesser productivity that costs Pakistan US$7.6 billion, or 3 percent of GDP every year |
Shreya Raman | IndiaSpend | 2018 | India. Childhood stunting | Impaired brain development, lower cognitive and socio-emotional skill, lower attainment of schooling | Lesser earnings by workforce and reduced per-capita income | South Asia is topping the list in the WHO Report on stunting that the present working force is earning 10% lesser because they are stunted in childhood. |
McGoovern. et al | International Journal of Epidemiology | 2017 | South Asian Countries and Africa including SAARC countries India. Childhood stunting | Poverty | Reduced economic growth | Summarizes the pathway linking stunting and economic growth. The preferred studies state that 1-cm increase in stature with respect to height is associated with a 4% higher wages in men and a 6% higher wage in women. |
Subramanian & Subramanyam | Journal of Korean Medical Science | 2015 | India. Undernourishment | Poverty | Lack in strategic intervention | Evidence from study on India along with other developing countries shows that economic growth has little to no impact on increasing child’s nutritional level. |
S.V. Subramanian et al | Maternal & Child Nutrition, Wiley | 2016 | India. Child growth faltering | Benefits in cognitive and economic development | Macroeconomic growth | Summary of different approaches to reduce stunting from India. Integrated and structural factors policy suggestions. |
W. Joe et al. | Maternal & Child Nutrition, Wiley | 2016 | India. 1-public development expenditure 2-increase in aggregate income poverty level | Failure in reduced child undernutrition | Lack of planning in intervention | Macroeconomic growth didn't translate into maternal and child health and reduction in poverty. |