Table 1: Statistical analysis of variables
Variable name
|
Observation
|
Mean
|
Standard deviation
|
Minimum
|
Max
|
PI
|
2970
|
7.055
|
1.139
|
3.393
|
11.309
|
G
|
2970
|
0.211
|
0.071
|
0.000
|
0.432
|
structure
|
2970
|
3.297
|
2.276
|
0.310
|
26.443
|
fdi
|
2970
|
0.020
|
0.025
|
0.000
|
0.233
|
urban
|
2970
|
0.491
|
0.163
|
0.052
|
1.000
|
infrastructure
|
2970
|
1.936
|
0.626
|
0.000
|
6.808
|
finance
|
2970
|
-1.947
|
0.459
|
-3.188
|
0.405
|
leverage
|
2970
|
0.781
|
0.476
|
0.114
|
7.500
|
The relevant results are calculated and calculated by the author.
|
Table 2: Empirical results of the basic model
|
FGLS
|
FGLS
|
FGLS
|
IV-FE
|
PCSE
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
G
|
4.7982***
|
3.1629***
|
5.5079***
|
66.0115***
|
21.4761***
|
|
(0.8210)
|
(0.9212)
|
(0.8255)
|
(2.1157)
|
(1.0397)
|
G2
|
-9.0286***
|
-6.2594***
|
-9.9112***
|
-158.3804***
|
-38.9369***
|
|
(1.5781)
|
(1.9006)
|
(1.5761)
|
(5.7311)
|
(2.6228)
|
structure
|
|
0.1313***
|
0.0639***
|
0.0791***
|
0.1538***
|
|
|
(0.0066)
|
(0.0079)
|
(0.0138)
|
(0.0139)
|
FDI
|
|
-3.4081***
|
-1.5986***
|
-0.5583
|
0.0683
|
|
|
(0.6362)
|
(0.4604)
|
(1.2923)
|
(0.6684)
|
urban
|
|
4.7010***
|
1.1784***
|
6.2350***
|
5.7086***
|
|
|
(0.1579)
|
(0.1658)
|
(0.2421)
|
(0.2702)
|
infrastructure
|
|
-0.2187***
|
-0.0248
|
0.0214
|
0.1246***
|
|
|
(0.0313)
|
(0.0214)
|
(0.0557)
|
(0.0331)
|
finance
|
|
0.0663**
|
0.1061***
|
1.0875***
|
-0.3857***
|
|
|
(0.0268)
|
(0.0411)
|
(0.0876)
|
(0.0519)
|
leverage
|
|
0.0554*
|
-0.0395*
|
-0.2478***
|
0.0697***
|
|
|
(0.0322)
|
(0.0221)
|
(0.0668)
|
(0.0252)
|
Constant
|
6.4904***
|
3.4259***
|
5.9122***
|
-
|
-
|
|
(0.1022)
|
(0.1679)
|
(0.1744)
|
-
|
-
|
Year effect
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
Regional effect
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
N
|
2970
|
2970
|
2970
|
2700
|
2970
|
Standard errors in parentheses*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. The same below.
|
Table 3: Robustness test
|
Bilateral tailing 1%
|
Bilateral censoring 1%
|
Index replacement (explained variable)
|
Index substitution (control variable)
|
GMM
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
G
|
5.0361***
|
5.0503***
|
2.0350**
|
4.5114***
|
39.1387***
|
|
(0.8054)
|
(0.7946)
|
(0.8139)
|
(0.8935)
|
(13.2726)
|
G2
|
-9.2249***
|
-8.5501***
|
-3.7544**
|
-8.8586***
|
-73.1503***
|
|
(1.5377)
|
(1.5187)
|
(1.5541)
|
(1.6913)
|
(21.3550)
|
structure
|
0.0619***
|
0.0666***
|
-0.0119
|
0.0516***
|
0.0462
|
|
(0.0077)
|
(0.0076)
|
(0.0078)
|
(0.0083)
|
(0.1268)
|
FDI
|
-1.4674***
|
-1.5564***
|
-1.2206***
|
-2.1649***
|
12.3335
|
|
(0.4492)
|
(0.4351)
|
(0.4540)
|
(0.4976)
|
(10.9449)
|
urban
|
1.1654***
|
1.1294***
|
0.0844
|
0.8993***
|
-1.0203
|
|
(0.1618)
|
(0.1584)
|
(0.1635)
|
(0.1743)
|
(2.6086)
|
infrastructure
|
-0.0257
|
-0.0295
|
-0.0270
|
-0.0104
|
1.9001**
|
|
(0.0208)
|
(0.0203)
|
(0.0211)
|
(0.0261)
|
(0.8440)
|
finance
|
0.1106***
|
0.1478***
|
0.1684***
|
0.0920**
|
-0.4255
|
|
(0.0401)
|
(0.0395)
|
(0.0406)
|
(0.0430)
|
(0.2936)
|
leverage
|
-0.0368*
|
-0.0326
|
0.0036
|
-0.0156
|
-0.1360
|
|
(0.0215)
|
(0.0209)
|
(0.0218)
|
(0.0223)
|
(0.1755)
|
Constant
|
5.9952***
|
6.0395***
|
-2.9506***
|
6.2426***
|
-
|
|
(0.1702)
|
(0.1680)
|
(0.1720)
|
(0.1837)
|
-
|
Hansen test
|
|
|
|
|
0.690
|
Year effect
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Regional effect
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
N
|
2970
|
2911
|
2970
|
2700
|
2700
|
Table 4: Analysis of heterogeneity
|
east
|
Central
|
west
|
High capital-labor ratio
|
Low capital-labor ratio
|
Big city
|
Medium and small cities
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
(7)
|
G
|
2.4460**
|
3.1655**
|
10.7011***
|
7.1576***
|
3.1275***
|
2.8631***
|
5.4476***
|
|
(1.0148)
|
(1.3480)
|
(2.3445)
|
(1.3218)
|
(1.2108)
|
(1.0219)
|
(1.1166)
|
G2
|
-5.3740***
|
-6.1485**
|
-18.7065***
|
-12.7948***
|
-5.6176**
|
-7.0222***
|
-9.3843***
|
|
(1.8562)
|
(2.7630)
|
(4.2812)
|
(2.8543)
|
(2.1898)
|
(1.9146)
|
(2.1258)
|
structure
|
0.0471***
|
0.0111
|
0.0996***
|
0.1037***
|
0.0356**
|
0.1026***
|
0.0514***
|
|
(0.0105)
|
(0.0121)
|
(0.0189)
|
(0.0095)
|
(0.0145)
|
(0.0145)
|
(0.0093)
|
FDI
|
-1.5628***
|
-0.4971
|
0.0882
|
-1.1421**
|
-1.8759*
|
-1.2536**
|
-1.6254**
|
|
(0.4377)
|
(0.8703)
|
(1.9374)
|
(0.4708)
|
(1.0961)
|
(0.4936)
|
(0.6344)
|
urban
|
0.6794***
|
1.5806***
|
1.2906***
|
1.9661***
|
0.7564***
|
0.8115***
|
1.1609***
|
|
(0.1886)
|
(0.3324)
|
(0.4439)
|
(0.2233)
|
(0.2603)
|
(0.2271)
|
(0.2114)
|
infrastructure
|
-0.0723***
|
-0.0033
|
-0.0010
|
-0.0349
|
-0.0331
|
-0.1233***
|
-0.0060
|
|
(0.0239)
|
(0.0334)
|
(0.0575)
|
(0.0381)
|
(0.0265)
|
(0.0334)
|
(0.0255)
|
finance
|
0.2490***
|
0.1474*
|
-0.0247
|
0.1465***
|
0.0157
|
0.5568***
|
0.0216
|
|
(0.0572)
|
(0.0759)
|
(0.0857)
|
(0.0559)
|
(0.0600)
|
(0.0801)
|
(0.0479)
|
leverage
|
0.0049
|
-0.0335
|
-0.0381
|
0.0644
|
-0.0638**
|
-0.0229
|
-0.0477*
|
|
(0.0428)
|
(0.0218)
|
(0.0719)
|
(0.0403)
|
(0.0281)
|
(0.0354)
|
(0.0267)
|
Constant
|
7.4074***
|
5.9822***
|
4.5569***
|
5.6574***
|
5.9057***
|
7.9083***
|
5.6409***
|
|
(0.2449)
|
(0.3123)
|
(0.4169)
|
(0.2786)
|
(0.2241)
|
(0.3279)
|
(0.2072)
|
Year effect
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Regional effect
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
N
|
1111
|
946
|
913
|
1276
|
1694
|
726
|
2244
|
Table 5: Mechanism verification
|
consumption
|
HC
|
PI
|
PI
|
PI
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
G
|
-0.4180***
|
0.1268***
|
-17.6954***
|
-31.4185***
|
-29.8216***
|
|
(0.0644)
|
(0.0230)
|
(1.9620)
|
(4.1762)
|
(4.1513)
|
consumption
|
|
|
-0.3546***
|
|
-0.2203**
|
|
|
|
(0.0967)
|
|
(0.1011)
|
HC
|
|
|
|
-3.5454***
|
-2.1611***
|
|
|
|
|
(0.4137)
|
(0.4565)
|
G·consumption
|
|
|
2.1491***
|
|
1.6854***
|
|
|
|
(0.2314)
|
|
(0.2611)
|
G·HC
|
|
|
|
13.8210***
|
6.9450***
|
|
|
|
|
(1.7944)
|
(2.0211)
|
structure
|
0.0109***
|
0.0012**
|
0.0654***
|
0.0580***
|
0.0606***
|
|
(0.0017)
|
(0.0005)
|
(0.0079)
|
(0.0079)
|
(0.0079)
|
FDI
|
2.0173***
|
0.1454***
|
-1.2260***
|
-1.3373***
|
-1.0416**
|
|
(0.1398)
|
(0.0442)
|
(0.4583)
|
(0.4599)
|
(0.4578)
|
urban
|
1.4520***
|
0.0784***
|
0.9517***
|
1.1268***
|
0.9362***
|
|
(0.0327)
|
(0.0134)
|
(0.1797)
|
(0.1642)
|
(0.1792)
|
infrastructure
|
0.0129**
|
0.0098***
|
-0.0325
|
-0.0226
|
-0.0285
|
|
(0.0059)
|
(0.0020)
|
(0.0211)
|
(0.0213)
|
(0.0211)
|
Table 6: Test results of the relationship between urban-rural income gap and environmental pollution with the introduction of spatial correlation
|
Nationwide
|
east
|
Central
|
west
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
G
|
4.1892***
|
2.0397**
|
3.4986***
|
6.3366***
|
|
(0.7926)
|
(0.9583)
|
(1.2920)
|
(2.2096)
|
G2
|
-8.3445***
|
-5.0871***
|
-6.9825***
|
-11.8560***
|
|
(1.5402)
|
(1.8163)
|
(2.6647)
|
(4.0756)
|
structure
|
0.0745***
|
0.0736***
|
0.0103
|
0.1228***
|
|
(0.0080)
|
(0.0109)
|
(0.0106)
|
(0.0166)
|
FDI
|
-1.2251***
|
-1.4210***
|
-0.4386
|
-0.6735
|
|
(0.4549)
|
(0.4330)
|
(0.8091)
|
(1.9019)
|
urban
|
2.1977***
|
1.4535***
|
2.2049***
|
3.2940***
|
|
(0.1749)
|
(0.2073)
|
(0.3140)
|
(0.3833)
|
infrastructure
|
0.0085
|
-0.0422*
|
0.0295
|
0.0403
|
|
(0.0210)
|
(0.0236)
|
(0.0318)
|
(0.0553)
|
finance
|
0.0086
|
0.2635***
|
-0.0611
|
0.0468
|
|
(0.0421)
|
(0.0558)
|
(0.0668)
|
(0.0792)
|
leverage
|
-0.0073
|
0.0621
|
-0.0204
|
0.0161
|
|
(0.0215)
|
(0.0382)
|
(0.0207)
|
(0.0654)
|
ρ
|
0.4296***
|
0.4653***
|
0.5802***
|
0.5250***
|
|
(0.0905)
|
(0.1686)
|
(0.1389)
|
(0.1735)
|
Constant
|
3.7872***
|
5.3418***
|
5.3061***
|
4.3938***
|
|
(0.7045)
|
(0.4009)
|
(0.4343)
|
(0.5423)
|
Year effect
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Regional effect
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
N
|
2970
|
1111
|
946
|
913
|
Table 7: Urban-rural income gap and the impact of environmental pollution: re-examination based on the effects of environmental regulations
|
G
|
PI
|
PI
|
PI
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
G
|
|
|
0.5801**
|
-0.6121**
|
|
|
|
(0.2613)
|
(0.2769)
|
lnreg
|
-0.0067***
|
-0.7142***
|
|
-0.7208***
|
|
(0.0010)
|
(0.0604)
|
|
(0.0605)
|
lnreg2
|
|
0.0549***
|
|
0.0552***
|
|
|
(0.0076)
|
|
(0.0076)
|
structure
|
0.0002
|
0.1307***
|
0.0605***
|
0.1309***
|
|
(0.0005)
|
(0.0074)
|
(0.0079)
|
(0.0074)
|
FDI
|
-0.2820***
|
-0.8959
|
-1.9107***
|
-1.0672*
|
|
(0.0401)
|
(0.6044)
|
(0.4610)
|
(0.6089)
|
urban
|
-0.3291***
|
4.3412***
|
1.0774***
|
4.1390***
|
|
(0.0071)
|
(0.1076)
|
(0.1662)
|
(0.1412)
|
infrastructure
|
0.0154***
|
0.0699***
|
-0.0229
|
0.0794***
|
|
(0.0016)
|
(0.0248)
|
(0.0215)
|
(0.0251)
|
finance
|
0.0140***
|
-0.3289***
|
0.1256***
|
-0.3206***
|
|
(0.0026)
|
(0.0392)
|
(0.0413)
|
(0.0394)
|
leverage
|
0.0072***
|
0.1391***
|
-0.0429*
|
0.1435***
|
|
(0.0020)
|
(0.0307)
|
(0.0222)
|
(0.0308)
|
Constant
|
0.3935***
|
5.4490***
|
6.5644***
|
5.6943***
|
|
(0.0051)
|
(0.1289)
|
(0.1412)
|
(0.1700)
|
Year effect
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Regional effect
|
No
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
N
|
2970
|
2970
|
2970
|
2970
|