Descriptive statistics for agro-morphological traits
Quantitative and qualitative descriptive statistics were performed for evaluation and characterization of lentil genotypes grown in 2018 and 2019. Mean, variances, standard error of mean were analyzed for quantitative traits while frequency distribution was determined for qualitative traits. Results revealed that genotypes 6122 (Sheikhupura, Pak) was considered as the best genotypes based on quantitative traits. It performed best for 6 quantitative traits out of 12 that are Seed yield (68 ± 1.7), biological yield (264 ± 2.8), pod size (0.61 ± 0.01), seed per pod (2), cooking time (11 minutes), Hard seed (0). Descriptive statistics for quantitative traits of lentil genotypes showed that mean ± SE values of seed yield (30.08 ± 0.98 g) were higher in 2018 as compared to seed yield (25.26 ± 0.87 g) in 2019 (Table 1). Check varieties showed reduced seed yield in 2019 as compared to yield of 2018.
Seed yield ranged from 5.0 to 85.00 g and 3.00 to 76.00 g in 2018 and 2019 respectively. Genotype 6084 (Narowal, Pak) depicted highest seed yield in 2018 (85 ± 0.07 g) in 2019 (76 ± 2.9 g). Whereas lowest seed yield (5 ± 0.5 g) was noted in genotype 5475 (Gujranwala, Pak) in 2018 while during 2019 lowest seed yield (3 ± 0.3 g) was noted in 5494 (Okara, Pak) and 5475 (Gujranwala, Pak). Genotypes 6052 (Syria), 5583 (Muzaffargarh, Pak) and 5556 (Hyderabad, Pak) produced highest hundred seed weight 3.65 g, 3.64 g and 2.97 g respectively in 2018 whereas during 2019 genotypes 5583 (Muzaffargarh, Pak), 6052 (Syria) and 5684 (Narowal, Pak) produced 3.28 g, 3.2 g and 2.71 g hundred seed weight, respectively.
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for quantitative traits of lentil grown in 2018 and 2019.
During 2018
|
During 2019
|
Traits
|
Mean
|
Min.
|
Max
|
V (n)
|
SD
|
VC(n)
|
Mean
|
Min.
|
Max.
|
V (n)
|
SD
|
VC(n)
|
SY
|
30.08 ± 0.9
|
5
|
85
|
211
|
14.52
|
0.48
|
25.26 ± 0.8
|
3
|
76
|
166.8
|
12.91
|
0.51
|
HSW
|
1.71 ± 0.02
|
1.05
|
3.65
|
0.12
|
0.35
|
0.2
|
1.68 ± 0.01
|
1.17
|
3.28
|
0.07
|
0.28
|
0.16
|
BY
|
114.6 ± 3.0
|
42
|
264
|
1977
|
44.4
|
0.38
|
94.13 ± 2.2
|
34
|
187
|
1074
|
32.77
|
0.34
|
PH
|
44.73 ± 0.4
|
27.38
|
71.12
|
47.08
|
6.86
|
0.15
|
46.7 ± 0.4
|
29.6
|
69
|
48.28
|
6.94
|
0.14
|
LPH
|
14.97 ± 0.1
|
9.14
|
32.16
|
5.49
|
2.34
|
0.15
|
14.98 ± 0.1
|
10.72
|
33.34
|
4.15
|
2.03
|
0.13
|
PS
|
0.3 ± 0.0
|
0.2
|
0.7
|
0.007
|
0.08
|
0.22
|
0.3 ± 0.00
|
0.2
|
0.7
|
0
|
0.08
|
0.22
|
SP
|
2.00 ± 0.0
|
1
|
3
|
0.02
|
0.16
|
0.08
|
2.00 ± 0.01
|
1
|
3
|
0.08
|
0.28
|
0.14
|
MD
|
184 ± 0.3
|
161
|
198
|
25.5
|
5.05
|
0.02
|
186 ± 0.34
|
161
|
198
|
25.5
|
5.05
|
0.02
|
CT
|
14.55 ± 0.1
|
10
|
18
|
2.32
|
1.52
|
0.1
|
16.15 ± 0.1
|
10
|
18
|
2.32
|
1.52
|
0.1
|
HS
|
0.37 ± 0.0
|
0
|
2
|
0.37
|
0.61
|
1.65
|
0.41 ± 0.04
|
0
|
2
|
0.37
|
0.61
|
1.65
|
NP
|
2.04 ± 0.0
|
2
|
3
|
0.03
|
0.19
|
0.09
|
2.00 ± 0.01
|
1
|
3
|
0.02
|
0.16
|
0.08
|
SY = Seed yield, HSW = Hundred seed weight, BY = Biological yield, PH = Plant height, LPH = Lower pod height, PS = Pod size, MD = Maturity day, CT = Cooking time, HS/hs = Hard seed/hundred seed, NP = Numbers of pod, SP = Seed per pod Standard deviation (n) = SD (n), Variation coefficient (n) = CV, Standard error of mean = SE, |
Mean ± SE of biological yield for all genotypes was 114.6 ± 3.0 g during 2018 while during 2019 it was 94.13 ± 2.0 g. Genotypes 6122 (Sheikhupura, Pak), 5689 (Sialkot, Pak), 5730 (Layyah, Pak), 6037 (Syria) produced highest biological yield 264 ± 2.8 g, 258 ± 1.0 g, 254 ± 1.5 g, and 254 ± 2.0 g respectively in 2018. Whereas genotypes 6042 (Syria), 6087 (Narowal, Pak) and 5689 (Sialkot, Pak) produced highest biological yield i.e. 187 ± 1.3 g, 183 ± 0.9 g and 179 ± 1.3 g respectively in 2019. Mean values ± SE of plant height in 2018 had 44.73 ± 0.46 cm which was less than recorded in 2019 (46.7 ± 0.4 cm). Genotype 5593 (Hyderabad, Pak) depicted highest plant height (71.12 ± 1.7 cm) during 2018 while during 2019 genotype 6062 (Syria) had highest plant height (69.00 ± 2.1 cm). Genotypes originated from Pakistan showed best performance under conditions as compared to germplasm acquired from Syria and USA.
Mean value ± SE of lower pod height during 2018 had 14.97 ± 0.15 cm whereas during 2019 lower pod height had 14.98 ± 0.13 cm. Largest pod size attained a length of about 0.7 ± 0.1 cm during 2018 whereas during 2019 it had 0.7 ± 1.1 cm. Mean values ± SE of seeds per pod were 2.00 ± 0.01 in 2018 and similar results were also recorded in 2019. Genotypes 6074 (Bahawalnagar Pak), 5595 (Kharan, Pak), 6075 (Bahawalnagar, Pak) had 3.00 ± 0.0 seed per pod in 2018 while highest number of seed per pod (3.00 ± 0.0) during 2019 were reflected by genotypes 5550 (Hyderabad, Pak), 5637 (Hyderabad, Pak), 5625 (Muzaffargarh, Pak), 5555 (Hyderabad, Pak), 5677 (Layyah, Pak), 5630 (Rajanpur, Pak), 5538 (Thatta, Pak), 5583 (Muzaffargarh, Pak), 5654 (Mianwali, Pak) and 5518 (Muzaffargarh, Pak). Days to maturity ranged from 161 to 198 days in 2018 and similar results were found in 2019 but mean values of days to maturity were 184 ± 0.34 during 2018 while 186 ± 0.34 during 2019. Highest days to maturity (196 to 198 days) was counted in 5684 (Narowal, Pak), 5988 (USA), 5979 (USA), 5679 (Narowal, Pak), 5982 (Narowal, Pak), 5683 (Narowal, Pak), 24786 (unknown), 5623 (Faisalabad), 6077 (Bahawalnagar, Pak) and 5684 (Narowal, Pak) while earliest maturing (161 to 178 days) genotypes 5698 (Sialkot, Pak), 6015 (USA), 5667 (Layyah, Pak), 5748 (Gujranwala, Pak), 5555 (Hyderabad, Pak), 6017 (USA), 5700 (Sialkot, Pak), 5571 (Jacobabad, Pak), 5580 (Ghotki, Pak), 5981 (USA) were recorded in 2018. Similar genotypes were also shown highest and lowest days to maturity in 2019.
Mean value of hard seeds was 0.37 ± 0.04 in 2018 and 0.41 ± 0.04 in 2019. Highest number of hard seeds noted in 2018 and 2019 was 2. Number of pods per peduncle ranged from 2 to 3 during 2018 and 1 to 3 during 2019. Mean value of the number of pods per peduncle in 2018 were 2.04 ± 0.01 whereas in 2019 was 2.00 ± 0.01. Two check varieties including Markaz 2009 and Punjab 2009 were also analyzed. Descriptive statistics of check varieties revealed that seed yield, hundred seed weight, and biological yield was higher in 2018 (Table 2) as compared to 2019 in both Markaz 2009 and Punjab 2009 varieties. Variance in seed yield (211), hundred seed weight (0.12), biological yield (1977), plant height (47.08), lower pod height (5.49), pod size (0.007), seed per pod (0.02), days to maturity (25.5), cooking time (2.32), hard seed (0.37) and number of pods per peduncle (0.03) were recorded in 2018. Traits with highest variance were biological yield (1977), seed yield (211) and plant height (47.08) in 2018. Whereas lowest variance in 2018 was recorded in pod size (0.007) and seed per pod (0.02). Similarly, biological yield (1074), seed yield (166.8) and plant height (48.28) were considered the highest variant traits in 2019 (Tables 1 and 2).
Table 2
Best genotypes performed during 2018 and 2019 to specific traits. SY = seed yield, HSW = hundred seed weight, BY = biological yield, PH = plant height, LPH = lower pod height, PS = pod size, SP = seed per pod, MD = maturity day, CT = cooking time, HS = hard seed, NP = numbers of pod
List of best genotypes during two years
|
Traits
|
During 2018
|
During 2019
|
SY > 40
|
6084 ,6062, 6122, 6058, 6087, 5689, 6042, 6074, 5664, 5687, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
6084, 6062, 6122, 6058, 6087, 5689, 6074, 6042, 5664,5687, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
HSW > 1.91
|
6052, 5583, 5556, 6101, 6124, 5684, 5856, 23776, 6054, 5643, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
5583, 6052, 5684, 6062, 6101, 5556, 5643, 5553, 6086, 2377 Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
BY > 87.5
|
6122, 5689, 5730, 6037, 6042, 5600, 5653, 5982, 5658, 6084, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
6042, 6087, 5689, 6012, 6037, 6052, 6060, 24786, 24783, 6090 Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
PH > 55.1
|
5593, 5549, 5694, 5687, 5518, 5472, 5622, 5500, 5506, 5723, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
6062, 6067, 6060, 6074, 5485, 5562, 6104, 24783, 5538, 6064, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
LPH > 15.6
|
5527, 6062, 6013, 6041, 6042, 5518, 5686, 5993, 5529, 6002, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
6099, 5717, 5695, 6097, 5684, 6101, 6124, 6060, 5693, 5667 Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
PS > 1.36
|
6010, 6013, 6041, 23776, 6124, 6122, 6043, 5996, 6059, 6076, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
5550, 5556, 5570, 5667, 5665, 5661, 5575, 5531, 5628, 5623, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
SP > 2
|
6074, 5595, 6075, 6010, 6013, 6041, 23776, 6124, 6122, 6043, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
5550, 5637, 5625, 5555, 5677, 5630, 5538, 5583, 5654, 5518, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
DM < 170
|
5698, 6015, 5667, 5748, 5555, 6017, 5700, 5571, 5580, 5981, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
6092, 6099, 5511, 5518, 5517, 6097, 6014, 5628, 5677, 6082, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
CT < 12.09
|
6074, 5595, 6075, 6010, 6013, 6041, 23776, 6124, 6122, 6043, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
6092, 6099, 5511, 5518, 5517, 6097, 6014, 5628, 5677, 6082, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
HS < 2
|
6074, 5595, 6075, 6010, 6041, 23776, 6124, 6122, 6043, 5996, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
5529, 5555, 5636, 5485, 5553, 5861, 5677, 5643, 5856, 5650, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
NP > 2
|
5995, 5861, 5691, 5671, 6045, 5689, 5537, 5685, 6047, 6074, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
5595, 6075, 6074, 5480, 5532, 23779, 5742, 5637, 5700, 5694, Markaz 2009, Punjab 2009
|
Phenotypic traits data analysis
Ground color of testa exhibit four categories out of which grey color showed highest frequency distribution (51.82%) while brown (33.64%), black (13.19%) and green (1.37%) ranked as second, third and fourth respectively during both years (2018 and 2019). Cotyledon color had the highest frequency (96.37%) of orange/ red color out of three categories during both years. Color of pattern on testa had five categories. Highest frequency (59.54%) was recorded for category 2 (grey). Pod dehiscence was very low during both years. About 89.10% of lentil genotypes had low pod dehiscence frequency while high pod dehiscence was observed only in 0.90% genotypes. Other qualitative traits with frequency distribution are given in Table 3.
Correlation Matrix (Pearson)
Correlation matrix for 11 quantitative traits of lentil genotypes grown in 2018 revealed that seed yield showed a significant positive correlation with biological yield (0.73*), pod size (0.32*), seeds per pod (1.50*) and number of pods per peduncles (0.18*), as shown in Table 4. Hundred seed weight exhibits a significant positive correlation with pod size (0.29*). Similarly, biological yield also showed a positive correlation with pod size (0.34*). Whereas plant height and pod size showed a significant positive correlation with seed per pod (0.17*) and maturity days (0.15*) respectively. Whereas lentil genotypes grown in 2019 indicated that seed yield exhibits a significant positive correlation with a hundred seed yield (0.27*), biological yield (0.83*), plant height (0.21*). Hundred seed weight also showed a positive correlation with biological yield (0.31*), similarly, biological yield showed a positive correlation with plant height (0.16). Positive combinations and coordination describes high potential of the germplasm for its utilization in future crop improvement programs.
Table 3
Frequency distribution of qualitative traits of lentil during 2018 and 2019
Variable
|
No. of categories
|
Categories
Name
|
Frequency (%)
|
Variable
|
No. of
categories
|
Categories
name
|
Frequency (%)
|
Ground color of testa
|
4
|
Green
|
1.36
|
Pod shedding
|
3
|
Low
|
59.54
|
|
Grey
|
51.81
|
|
Medium
|
27.27
|
|
Brown
|
33.63
|
|
High
|
13.18
|
|
Black
|
13.18
|
Tendril length
|
1
|
Prominent
|
100
|
Cotyledon color
|
3
|
Yellow
|
2.27
|
Ground color of flower
|
1
|
White blue lines
|
100
|
|
Orange/ red
|
96.36
|
Leaflet size
|
3
|
Small
|
62.72
|
|
Olive-green
|
1.36
|
|
Medium
|
28.18
|
Color of pattern on testa
|
5
|
Absent
|
0.90
|
|
Large
|
9.09
|
|
|
Olive
|
7.72
|
Pod pigmentation
|
2
|
Absent
|
69.09
|
|
|
Grey
|
59.54
|
|
|
Present
|
30.90
|
|
|
Brown
|
13.63
|
Leaf pubescence
|
2
|
Slight
|
85
|
|
|
Black
|
18.18
|
|
|
Dense
|
15
|
Pod dehiscence
|
4
|
None
|
0.90
|
Seedling stem pigmentation
|
2
|
Absent
|
69.09
|
|
Low
|
89.09
|
|
Present
|
30.91
|
|
Medium
|
9.09
|
|
|
|
|
|
High
|
0.90
|
|
|
|
|
Table 4.
Correlation matrix (Pearson) for quantitative traits of lentil grown in 2018 and 2019.
Traits
|
Years
|
HSW
|
BY
|
PH
|
LPH
|
PS
|
SP
|
MD
|
CT
|
HS
|
NP
|
SY
|
2018
|
0.09
|
0.73*
|
-0.09
|
0.03
|
0.32*
|
0.15*
|
0.01
|
-0.05
|
0.11
|
0.18*
|
|
2019
|
0.27*
|
0.83*
|
0.21*
|
-0.11
|
-0.11
|
-0.11
|
-0.05
|
-0.19*
|
-0.01
|
0.08
|
HSW
|
2018
|
|
0.06
|
-0.13
|
-0.05
|
0.29*
|
-0.04
|
0.05
|
0.04
|
-0.09
|
-0.01
|
|
2019
|
|
0.31*
|
0.05
|
-0.06
|
-0.04
|
0.03
|
-0.05
|
-0.01
|
-0.03
|
-0.05
|
BY
|
2018
|
|
|
-0.02
|
-0.04
|
0.34*
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
-0.02
|
0.06
|
0.13
|
|
2019
|
|
|
0.16*
|
-0.16*
|
-0.10
|
-0.08
|
-0.08
|
-0.08
|
-0.04
|
0.06
|
PH
|
2018
|
|
|
|
0.03
|
-0.12
|
0.17*
|
-0.04
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
-0.06
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
0.12
|
0.05
|
0.01
|
-0.12
|
-0.05
|
0.06
|
0.05
|
LPH
|
2018
|
|
|
|
|
-0.07
|
-0.02
|
-0.09
|
0.03
|
-0.06
|
0.02
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
|
-0.03
|
-0.00
|
0.11
|
-0.05
|
0.05
|
-0.05
|
PS
|
2018
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.00
|
0.15*
|
0.01
|
-0.06
|
-0.06
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.10
|
-0.00
|
0.10
|
-0.04
|
-0.09
|
SP
|
2018
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.00
|
0.07
|
-0.04
|
0.00
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.09
|
0.18
|
-0.02
|
0.00
|
DM
|
2018
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.00
|
-0.04
|
0.03
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-0.08
|
-0.08
|
0.00
|
CT
|
2018
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-0.04
|
0.03
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-0.13*
|
-0.13
|
HS
|
2018
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.06
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.00
|
SY = seed yield, HSW = hundred seed weight, BY = biological yield, PH = plant height, LPH = lower pod height, PS = pod size, SP = seed per pod, MD = maturity day, CT = cooking time, HS = hard seed, NP = numbers of pod |
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Principal component analysis based on the performance of traits studied in 2018 indicated that first five components have more than one eigenvalue such as 2.09, 1.37, 1.19, 1.08, 1.02 for F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 respectively, which have cumulative percentage up to 19.03, 31.54, 42.42, 52.33 and 61.67 (Table 5). Whereas other Principal components (F6 to F10) show less than 1 eigen value. Contribution of variables indicated that seed yield (35.15) biological yield (33.84) and pod size (19.37) represent highest F1 values whereas in F2 highest values were shown by hundred seed weight (23.41) plant height (15.62), and hard seed (13.26). Diverse genotypes have been divided into components that reflect PCA as an artificial tool for further selection of characters based on genetic variability. PCA indicated that the F1 component showed 19.05% total variation while F2 showed 12.51% total variation. Factors loading in F1 showed seed yield (0.84), biological yield (0.84), and number of pods per peduncle (0.02) had highest values. While the F2 component showed highest factor loading with highest positive values for hundred seed weight (0.32), pod size (0.63) and maturity days (0.15). Total variation between F1 and F2 components was observed on PCA was 31.54% (Fig. 1). Selection can be made for individual as well as a whole principal component for improvement of crop.
Scattered diagram obtained from PCA analysis during 2018 indicated that lentil was classified into two factors i.e F1 and F2 (Fig. 2). F1 contributed 19.04% variability and F2 indicated 12.19% variability. Following genotypes (5638, 5583, 6124, 6052, 6010, 5684, 5979, 6101) were noted to be present in the extreme upper left side of the scattered plot. Genotypes (6054, 5556, 23776, 5650) were placed at an extreme of the upper right side. Similarly, on the lower left side of scattered plot genotypes 6122, 6084, 5689, 5590 were present. Likewise, few genotypes viz., 5595, 5593, 5518 5549 showed their presence at extreme lower right side. Material with distinct output could be used for new combinations during breeding are suggested.
Similarly, principal component analysis of lentil genotypes grown in 2019 indicated that first five components have more than one eigen value such as 2.19, 1.34, 1.15, 1.11, 1.03 for F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 respectively, having cumulative percentage up to 19.91%, 32.10%, 42.62%, 52.78%, and 62.67% respectively (Table 6). Remaining principal components (F6 to F10) show less than 1 eigen value. Contribution of variables indicated that SY (37.46) BY (36.51) and HSW (9.87) represent highest F1 values whereas in F2 highest values were shown by CT (31.77) SP (14.37) and HS (12.19). Separation of genotypes and their accumulation in the particular principal component indicates divergence like yield and yield contributing traits towards one PC that proves PCA a tool for further selection of characters for handling and crop improvement. PCA indicated that the F1 component showed 19.91% total variation while F2 showed 12.19% total variation. Total variation between F1 and F2 components was observed on PCA 32.10% (Fig. 3).
Table 5
Principal component analysis for quantitative traits of lentil studied during 2018
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
F4
|
F5
|
F6
|
F7
|
F8
|
F9
|
F10
|
F11
|
Eigenvalue
|
2.09
|
1.37
|
1.19
|
1.08
|
1.02
|
0.95
|
0.89
|
0.80
|
0.76
|
0.57
|
0.23
|
Variability (%)
|
19.03
|
12.50
|
10.88
|
9.90
|
9.34
|
8.63
|
8.09
|
7.31
|
6.91
|
5.19
|
2.17
|
Cumulative %
|
19.03
|
31.54
|
42.42
|
52.33
|
61.67
|
70.30
|
78.39
|
85.71
|
92.62
|
97.82
|
100
|
Contribution of variables (%)
|
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
F4
|
F5
|
F6
|
F7
|
F8
|
F9
|
F10
|
F11
|
SY
|
35.15
|
6.56
|
0.06
|
0.56
|
0.50
|
0.24
|
0.03
|
0.69
|
0.20
|
5.30
|
50.65
|
HSW
|
4.89
|
23.41
|
1.73
|
2.17
|
0.00
|
10.01
|
2.33
|
41.90
|
0.48
|
12.89
|
0.15
|
BY
|
33.84
|
4.56
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.87
|
0.01
|
0.55
|
4.91
|
3.89
|
6.65
|
44.65
|
PH
|
2.07
|
15.62
|
20.24
|
4.11
|
2.06
|
0.53
|
7.19
|
8.68
|
38.17
|
0.24
|
1.05
|
LPH
|
0.33
|
3.01
|
0.00
|
51.58
|
2.12
|
4.49
|
25.60
|
6.59
|
5.44
|
0.24
|
0.56
|
PS
|
19.37
|
11.21
|
2.96
|
0.27
|
2.64
|
0.91
|
2.42
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
60.18
|
0.01
|
SP
|
0.45
|
8.64
|
35.05
|
0.88
|
0.01
|
5.98
|
17.71
|
4.00
|
24.71
|
0.44
|
2.09
|
MD
|
1.10
|
7.98
|
2.06
|
16.08
|
16.97
|
20.89
|
28.48
|
0.43
|
1.71
|
4.22
|
0.03
|
CT
|
0.11
|
0.00
|
19.90
|
6.22
|
23.84
|
30.67
|
2.95
|
14.79
|
0.96
|
0.40
|
0.12
|
HS
|
0.25
|
13.26
|
11.02
|
15.05
|
0.02
|
24.41
|
7.63
|
9.61
|
17.83
|
0.39
|
0.50
|
NP
|
2.40
|
5.70
|
6.94
|
3.03
|
50.93
|
1.83
|
5.06
|
8.37
|
6.56
|
8.99
|
0.15
|
Table 6
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for quantitative traits studied during 2019
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
F4
|
F5
|
F6
|
F7
|
F8
|
F9
|
F10
|
F11
|
|
Eigenvalue
|
2.19
|
1.34
|
1.15
|
1.11
|
1.03
|
0.95
|
0.92
|
0.78
|
0.69
|
0.65
|
0.15
|
|
Variability (%)
|
19.91
|
12.19
|
10.52
|
10.16
|
9.37
|
8.65
|
8.41
|
7.13
|
6.30
|
5.90
|
1.42
|
|
Cumulative %
|
19.91
|
32.10
|
42.62
|
52.78
|
62.15
|
70.81
|
79.22
|
86.36
|
92.66
|
98.57
|
100
|
|
Contribution of variables (%)
|
|
|
F1
|
F2
|
F3
|
F4
|
F5
|
F6
|
F7
|
F8
|
F9
|
F10
|
F11
|
|
SY
|
37.46
|
0.18
|
0.02
|
1.52
|
0.00
|
0.15
|
0.62
|
5.78
|
1.65
|
2.67
|
49.91
|
|
HSW
|
9.87
|
7.68
|
0.00
|
1.89
|
6.70
|
10.36
|
1.16
|
56.41
|
0.00
|
5.80
|
0.07
|
|
BY
|
36.51
|
2.26
|
0.20
|
0.43
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.09
|
6.02
|
3.70
|
1.79
|
48.90
|
|
PH
|
4.26
|
0.57
|
41.65
|
3.35
|
6.62
|
6.10
|
1.17
|
0.42
|
14.59
|
21.09
|
0.13
|
|
LPH
|
1.85
|
9.83
|
11.96
|
27.26
|
5.26
|
1.94
|
11.24
|
1.62
|
15.00
|
13.83
|
0.10
|
|
PS
|
2.12
|
11.95
|
9.81
|
0.45
|
1.20
|
6.99
|
53.47
|
4.28
|
8.67
|
1.03
|
0.00
|
|
SP
|
1.93
|
14.37
|
1.09
|
13.19
|
17.28
|
26.95
|
0.44
|
1.27
|
8.20
|
15.23
|
0.00
|
|
MD
|
1.23
|
1.127
|
16.04
|
46.05
|
0.10
|
0.62
|
6.80
|
3.87
|
0.65
|
23.43
|
0.04
|
|
CT
|
3.54
|
31.77
|
0.97
|
0.95
|
0.06
|
0.02
|
17.92
|
7.31
|
24.94
|
11.64
|
0.83
|
|
HS
|
0.01
|
12.90
|
14.35
|
4.65
|
0.39
|
46.69
|
5.62
|
2.99
|
9.28
|
3.08
|
0.00
|
|
NP
|
1.16
|
7.32
|
3.86
|
0.23
|
62.32
|
0.11
|
1.43
|
9.97
|
13.21
|
0.36
|
0.00
|
|
Genotypes at extreme of upper left side of the scattered plot including (5506, 5729, 5510, 5672, 5636, 5581, 5491, 5483) while in lower left side genotypes (5472, 5512, 5479, 5486, 5650, 5600, 5531) were placed at a lower extreme which showed wide variation in genotypes. Similarly, at upper right side of scattered plot, genotypes (6080, 6043, 5653, 6043, 6002, 6060, and 5677) showed at extreme point while in lower right-side genotypes 23787, 24787, 23779, 5742, 5712 were placed at extreme variability point (Fig. 4).
Hierarchical cluster analysis
The cluster analysis based on agro-morphological data (obtained in 2018) distributed 220 lentil genotypes into 4 main clusters at linkage distance (LD) of 14.5 (Fig. 5). Cluster C1 further subdivided at LD 9.4 into two sub-cluster i.e C2a and C2b. C2a have only one genotype (5698 Sialkot, Pak) while C2b further subdivided into two sub-clusters i.e., C2bi and C2bii. C2bi consisted of 32 genotypes whereas C2bii consisted of 51 genotypes. Cluster C1 further subdivided into two sub clusters i.e., C1a and C1b. C1a consist of only one genotype (6015 USA) while C1b further subdivided into C1bi having 32 genotypes and C1bii having 64 genotypes at LD 4.4. Cluster C3 consisted of two sub-clusters C3a and C3b at LD 9.4. Sub-cluster C3a consist of only 3 genotypes (5689 Sialkot, 5687 Narowal, 6084 Narowal) belonged to Pakistan while sub-cluster C3b further subdivided into C3bi and C3bii with 10 and 6 genotypes respectively. Cluster C4 also subdivided into two sub-clusters one is C4a having 6 genotypes and other is C4b with 3 genotypes at LD 9.4. Highest number of genotypes were found in cluster 1 (115genotypes) While C4 has lowest number of genotypes (9 genotypes) in 2018. The hierarchical dendrogram obtained from lentil agro-morphological data (2019) indicated 7 main clusters named as C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7 at 50% LD (8.4) (Fig. 6). Cluster C1 consisted of 37 genotypes while cluster C2 subdivided into two sub-clusters C2a and C2b. C2a consisted of 35 genotypes while C2b further subdivided into C2bi and C2bii. Sub-cluster C2bi consisted of 35 genotypes while sub-cluster C2bii consisted of only 4 genotypes (6099 Rawalpindi, 6092 Rawalpindi, 5511 Muzaffargarh, 5517 Muzaffargarh) of Pakistan origin. Cluster C4 consisted of only 12 genotypes whereas cluster C5 and C6 consisted of 1 (24783 of unknown origin) and 4 genotypes (6084 Narowal-Pak, 5056 Syria, 6062 Syria, and 6122 Sheikhupura-Pakistan) respectively. Cluster C6 consists of two sub-cluster i.e C6a and C6b with 17 and 32 genotypes. Cluster C7 consisted of only 2 genotypes (5664 Layyah and 6074 Bhawalnager) belonged to Pakistan.
Structural Equational Model (SEM)
Structural Equational Model (SEM) was built for seed yield (SY) based on covariance study as shown in Table 7. Seed yield was taken as a dependent variable whereas other traits such as SW, BY, PH, LPH, PS, MD, CT, HC, NP, and NSP were taken as independent variables (Fig. 7). Contribution of independent variables like LPH (P-values = 0.76), PS (P-values = 0.91), MD (P-values = 0.66), CT (P-values = 0.70), HC (P-values = 0.98), NP (P-values = 0.94), NSP (P-values = 0.93) observed significant (significant level < 1) for yield as dependent variable which showed that relationship is perfect as indicated via SEM. This was further verified by lowest error variance of multiple linear regressions. Value of coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.683) of this multiple linear relationship supports this hypothesis that real yield contributors are given in equation.
Heritability analysis
Heritability is a statistical tool that estimates the degree of variation in phenotypic traits in a population based on genetic variation. Current studies revealed that heritability ranged from 0 to 1. Heritability was highest for pod pigmentation (1), leaf pubescence (1), seedling stem pigmentation (1), leaf size (0.99), hundred seed weight (0.93), seed yield (0.87), biological yield (0.72), pod size (0.64), pod shedding 0.64 while heritability was low in cooking time 0.9, and ground color of testa 0.17, while remaining traits had zero heritability. Values less than 1.00 elaborated that genes do not contribute at all to phenotypic individual differences whereas heritability values 1.00 mean genes are the only reason for individual differences (Table 8).