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Research
Wai Leung Ambrose Lo
Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7350-2157
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Objectives
Executive function is considered to be a main factor that affects the rehabilitation outcome in people with stroke. The proactive and reactive control process required when executing a complex task remains unclear in patients with stroke.
Methods
Seventeen patients with chronic stroke and seventeen healthy individuals were recruited. Proactive and reactive controls of executive function were assessed the by the task-switching paradigm and the AX version of the Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT). General executive functions was assessed by the Color Trial Test (CTT) and Stroop Test. The behavioral data of the task-switching paradigm were analyzed by a three-way repeated-measures ANOVA, and the AX-CPT data were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.
Results
For efficiency scores in task switching paradigm, trial×group interaction effect was significant (p=0.006). Post hoc analysis on trial×group effect showed no significant between-trial difference in accuracy rate in the stroke group (p=0.187), whereas the accuracy rates in the repeat trial was significantly higher than the switch trial in the control group regardless of 100% or 50% validity (p<0.001). Participants in the stroke group had lower accuracy rates than the controls in both repeat (p=0.002) and switch trials (p=0.068). For the AX-CPT, the main effects of condition (p<0.001) and group (p=0.005) on response time were statistically significant. The interaction effect of condition×group was also significant (p=0.044). Post hoc analysis for condition×group indicated that the stroke groups had a significantly longer response time in the BX condition than the control group (p<0.001). The stroke cohort showed significantly longer completion time in CTT2 (p<0.001) and larger word interference for completion time in Stroop test (p=0.029) than the control cohort. The response time in BX condition was significant factor in the regression model (R2=0.688, B=0.829, p<0.001), but not significant in AY condition (p>0.050).
Conclusions
Post-stroke survivors showed deficits in the performance of proactive control but not in the performance of reactive control. Deficits in proactive control may be related to impairment of working memory. Interventions that focus on proactive control may result in improved clinical outcome.
Keywords
executive function, proactive control, reactive control, post-stroke, cognitive decline
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A new preprint design is coming!
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This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Research
Wai Leung Ambrose Lo
Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7350-2157
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
History
CURRENT STATUS: Posted
View the published article at Frontiers in Neurology.
Version 1
Posted 04 Jan, 2021
No community comments so far
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Physical Medicine & Rehab
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at Frontiers in Neurology.
Objectives
Executive function is considered to be a main factor that affects the rehabilitation outcome in people with stroke. The proactive and reactive control process required when executing a complex task remains unclear in patients with stroke.
Methods
Seventeen patients with chronic stroke and seventeen healthy individuals were recruited. Proactive and reactive controls of executive function were assessed the by the task-switching paradigm and the AX version of the Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT). General executive functions was assessed by the Color Trial Test (CTT) and Stroop Test. The behavioral data of the task-switching paradigm were analyzed by a three-way repeated-measures ANOVA, and the AX-CPT data were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.
Results
For efficiency scores in task switching paradigm, trial×group interaction effect was significant (p=0.006). Post hoc analysis on trial×group effect showed no significant between-trial difference in accuracy rate in the stroke group (p=0.187), whereas the accuracy rates in the repeat trial was significantly higher than the switch trial in the control group regardless of 100% or 50% validity (p<0.001). Participants in the stroke group had lower accuracy rates than the controls in both repeat (p=0.002) and switch trials (p=0.068). For the AX-CPT, the main effects of condition (p<0.001) and group (p=0.005) on response time were statistically significant. The interaction effect of condition×group was also significant (p=0.044). Post hoc analysis for condition×group indicated that the stroke groups had a significantly longer response time in the BX condition than the control group (p<0.001). The stroke cohort showed significantly longer completion time in CTT2 (p<0.001) and larger word interference for completion time in Stroop test (p=0.029) than the control cohort. The response time in BX condition was significant factor in the regression model (R2=0.688, B=0.829, p<0.001), but not significant in AY condition (p>0.050).
Conclusions
Post-stroke survivors showed deficits in the performance of proactive control but not in the performance of reactive control. Deficits in proactive control may be related to impairment of working memory. Interventions that focus on proactive control may result in improved clinical outcome.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
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