(2011). "National Human Genome Research Institute." Retrieved 18 January, 2012, from http://www.genome.gov/27544865.
Ahmad, H., A. Palmer, C. JA, I. van der Mei and B. Taylor (2018). Health Economic Impact of Multiple Sclerosis in Australia in 2017. Hobart, Tasmania, Menzies Institute for Medial Research.
Australia, M. S. S. o. (2017). "Symptoms." 2019, from https://www.msaustralia.org.au/about-ms/symptoms.
Baranzini, S. E., J. Wang, R. A. Gibson, N. Galwey, Y. Naegelin, F. Barkhof, E. W. Radue, R. L. Lindberg, B. M. Uitdehaag, M. R. Johnson, A. Angelakopoulou, L. Hall, J. C. Richardson, R. K. Prinjha, A. Gass, J. J. Geurts, J. Kragt, M. Sombekke, H. Vrenken, P. Qualley, R. R. Lincoln, R. Gomez, S. J. Caillier, M. F. George, H. Mousavi, R. Guerrero, D. T. Okuda, B. A. Cree, A. J. Green, E. Waubant, D. S. Goodin, D. Pelletier, P. M. Matthews, S. L. Hauser, L. Kappos, C. H. Polman and J. R. Oksenberg (2009). "Genome-wide association analysis of susceptibility and clinical phenotype in multiple sclerosis." Hum Mol Genet 18(4): 767-778.
Bernfield, M., M. Gotte, P. W. Park, O. Reizes, M. L. Fitzgerald, J. Lincecum and M. Zako (1999). "Functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans." Annu Rev Biochem 68: 729-777.
Brady, S. T., A. S. Witt, L. L. Kirkpatrick, S. M. de Waegh, C. Readhead, P. H. Tu and V. M. Lee (1999). "Formation of compact myelin is required for maturation of the axonal cytoskeleton." J Neurosci 19(17): 7278-7288.
Browne, P., D. Chandraratna, C. Angood, H. Tremlett, C. Baker, B. V. Taylor and A. J. Thompson (2014). "Atlas of Multiple Sclerosis 2013: A growing global problem with widespread inequity." Neurology 83(11): 1022-1024.
Busse, M. and M. Kusche-Gullberg (2003). "In vitro polymerization of heparan sulfate backbone by the EXT proteins." J Biol Chem 278(42): 41333-41337.
Busse-Wicher, M., K. B. Wicher and M. Kusche-Gullberg (2014). "The exostosin family: proteins with many functions." Matrix Biol 35: 25-33.
Byun, E., S. J. Caillier, X. Montalban, P. Villoslada, O. Fernandez, D. Brassat, M. Comabella, J. Wang, L. F. Barcellos, S. E. Baranzini and J. R. Oksenberg (2008). "Genome-wide pharmacogenomic analysis of the response to interferon beta therapy in multiple sclerosis." Arch Neurol 65(3): 337-344.
Calboli, F. C., F. Tozzi, N. W. Galwey, A. Antoniades, V. Mooser, M. Preisig, P. Vollenweider, D. Waterworth, G. Waeber, M. R. Johnson, P. Muglia and D. J. Balding (2010). "A genome-wide association study of neuroticism in a population-based sample." PLoS One 5(7): e11504.
Capurro, M. I., Y. Y. Xiang, C. Lobe and J. Filmus (2005). "Glypican-3 promotes the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by stimulating canonical Wnt signaling." Cancer Res 65(14): 6245-6254.
Cassaro, C. M. and C. P. Dietrich (1977). "Distribution of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in invertebrates." J Biol Chem 252(7): 2254-2261.
Cavanillas, M. L., O. Fernandez, M. Comabella, A. Alcina, M. Fedetz, G. Izquierdo, M. Lucas, M. C. Cenit, R. Arroyo, K. Vandenbroeck, I. Alloza, M. Garcia-Barcina, A. Antiguedad, L. Leyva, C. L. Gomez, J. Olascoaga, D. Otaegui, Y. Blanco, A. Saiz, X. Montalban, F. Matesanz and E. Urcelay (2011). "Replication of top markers of a genome-wide association study in multiple sclerosis in Spain." Genes Immun 12(2): 110-115.
Celie, J. W., R. H. Beelen and J. van den Born (2009). "Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in extravasation: assisting leukocyte guidance." Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 14: 4932-4949.
Cenit, M. D., F. Blanco-Kelly, V. de las Heras, M. Bartolome, E. G. de la Concha, E. Urcelay, R. Arroyo and A. Martinez (2009). "Glypican 5 is an interferon-beta response gene: a replication study." Mult Scler 15(8): 913-917.
Chernousov, M. A., K. Rothblum, R. C. Stahl, A. Evans, L. Prentiss and D. J. Carey (2006). "Glypican-1 and alpha4(V) collagen are required for Schwann cell myelination." J Neurosci 26(2): 508-517.
Comabella, M., D. W. Craig, M. Camina-Tato, C. Morcillo, C. Lopez, A. Navarro, J. Rio, M. S. S. G. Biomarker, X. Montalban and R. Martin (2008). "Identification of a novel risk locus for multiple sclerosis at 13q31.3 by a pooled genome-wide scan of 500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms." PLoS One 3(10): e3490.
Compston, A. and A. Coles (2008). "Multiple sclerosis." Lancet 372(9648): 1502-1517.
David, G. (1993). "Integral membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans." FASEB J 7(11): 1023-1030.
Dreyfuss, J. L., C. V. Regatieri, T. R. Jarrouge, R. P. Cavalheiro, L. O. Sampaio and H. B. Nader (2009). "Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: structure, protein interactions and cell signaling." An Acad Bras Cienc 81(3): 409-429.
Dutta, R. and B. D. Trapp (2014). "Relapsing and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis: insights from pathology." Curr Opin Neurol 27(3): 271-278.
Filmus, J., M. Capurro and J. Rast (2008). "Glypicans." Genome Biol 9(5): 224.
Filmus, J., W. Shi, Z. M. Wong and M. J. Wong (1995). "Identification of a new membrane-bound heparan sulphate proteoglycan." Biochem J 311 ( Pt 2): 561-565.
Fransson, L. A. (2003). "Glypicans." Int J Biochem Cell Biol 35(2): 125-129.
Goldenberg, M. M. (2012). "Multiple sclerosis review." P T 37(3): 175-184.
Gooch, C. L., E. Pracht and A. R. Borenstein (2017). "The burden of neurological disease in the United States: A summary report and call to action." Ann Neurol 81(4): 479-484.
Gregory, S. G., S. Schmidt, P. Seth, J. R. Oksenberg, J. Hart, A. Prokop, S. J. Caillier, M. Ban, A. Goris, L. F. Barcellos, R. Lincoln, J. L. McCauley, S. J. Sawcer, D. A. Compston, B. Dubois, S. L. Hauser, M. A. Garcia-Blanco, M. A. Pericak-Vance, J. L. Haines and G. Multiple Sclerosis Genetics (2007). "Interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain (IL7R) shows allelic and functional association with multiple sclerosis." Nat Genet 39(9): 1083-1091.
Habuchi, H., O. Habuchi and K. Kimata (2004). "Sulfation pattern in glycosaminoglycan: does it have a code?" Glycoconj J 21(1-2): 47-52.
Haines, J. L., H. A. Terwedow, K. Burgess, M. A. Pericak-Vance, J. B. Rimmler, E. R. Martin, J. R. Oksenberg, R. Lincoln, D. Y. Zhang, D. R. Banatao, N. Gatto, D. E. Goodkin and S. L. Hauser (1998). "Linkage of the MHC to familial multiple sclerosis suggests genetic heterogeneity. The Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Group." Hum Mol Genet 7(8): 1229-1234.
Han, C. H., Y. J. Huang, K. H. Lu, Z. Liu, G. B. Mills, Q. Wei and L. E. Wang (2011). "Polymorphisms in the SULF1 gene are associated with early age of onset and survival of ovarian cancer." J Exp Clin Cancer Res 30: 5.
Handel, A. E. and S. V. Ramagopalan (2010). "GPC5 and lung cancer in multiple sclerosis." Lancet Oncol 11(8): 714.
Haupt, L. M. and L. R. Griffiths (2009). "Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans, Tumour Progression and the Cancer Stem Cell Niche." Current Cancer Therapy Reviews 5(4): 256-260.
Haupt, L. M., S. Murali, F. K. Mun, N. Teplyuk, L. F. Mei, G. S. Stein, A. J. van Wijnen, V. Nurcombe and S. M. Cool (2009). "The heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican-3 mediates commitment of MC3T3-E1 cells toward osteogenesis." J Cell Physiol 220(3): 780-791.
Hauser, S. L. and J. R. Oksenberg (2006). "The neurobiology of multiple sclerosis: genes, inflammation, and neurodegeneration." Neuron 52(1): 61-76.
Holst, C. R., H. Bou-Reslan, B. B. Gore, K. Wong, D. Grant, S. Chalasani, R. A. Carano, G. D. Frantz, M. Tessier-Lavigne, B. Bolon, D. M. French and A. Ashkenazi (2007). "Secreted sulfatases Sulf1 and Sulf2 have overlapping yet essential roles in mouse neonatal survival." PLoS One 2(6): e575.
Huijbregts, S. C., N. F. Kalkers, L. M. de Sonneville, V. de Groot and C. H. Polman (2006). "Cognitive impairment and decline in different MS subtypes." J Neurol Sci 245(1-2): 187-194.
Huijbregts, S. C., N. F. Kalkers, L. M. de Sonneville, V. de Groot, I. E. Reuling and C. H. Polman (2004). "Differences in cognitive impairment of relapsing remitting, secondary, and primary progressive MS." Neurology 63(2): 335-339.
Inatani, M. and Y. Yamaguchi (2003). "Gene expression of EXT1 and EXT2 during mouse brain development." Brain Res Dev Brain Res 141(1-2): 129-136.
International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics, C., D. A. Hafler, A. Compston, S. Sawcer, E. S. Lander, M. J. Daly, P. L. De Jager, P. I. de Bakker, S. B. Gabriel, D. B. Mirel, A. J. Ivinson, M. A. Pericak-Vance, S. G. Gregory, J. D. Rioux, J. L. McCauley, J. L. Haines, L. F. Barcellos, B. Cree, J. R. Oksenberg and S. L. Hauser (2007). "Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study." N Engl J Med 357(9): 851-862.
Jennes, I., M. Zuntini, K. Mees, A. Palagani, E. Pedrini, G. De Cock, E. Fransen, W. Vanden Berghe, L. Sangiorgi and W. Wuyts (2012). "Identification and functional characterization of the human EXT1 promoter region." Gene 492(1): 148-159.
Karlsen, T. H., A. Franke, E. Melum, A. Kaser, J. R. Hov, T. Balschun, B. A. Lie, A. Bergquist, C. Schramm, T. J. Weismuller, D. Gotthardt, C. Rust, E. E. Philipp, T. Fritz, L. Henckaerts, R. K. Weersma, P. Stokkers, C. Y. Ponsioen, C. Wijmenga, M. Sterneck, M. Nothnagel, J. Hampe, A. Teufel, H. Runz, P. Rosenstiel, A. Stiehl, S. Vermeire, U. Beuers, M. P. Manns, E. Schrumpf, K. M. Boberg and S. Schreiber (2010). "Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis." Gastroenterology 138(3): 1102-1111.
Kim, B. T., H. Kitagawa, J. Tanaka, J. Tamura and K. Sugahara (2003). "In vitro heparan sulfate polymerization: crucial roles of core protein moieties of primer substrates in addition to the EXT1-EXT2 interaction." J Biol Chem 278(43): 41618-41623.
Kurtzke, J. F., G. W. Beebe and J. E. Norman, Jr. (1979). "Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 1. Race, sex, and geographic distribution." Neurology 29(9 Pt 1): 1228-1235.
Kutzelnigg, A., C. F. Lucchinetti, C. Stadelmann, W. Bruck, H. Rauschka, M. Bergmann, M. Schmidbauer, J. E. Parisi and H. Lassmann (2005). "Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis." Brain 128(Pt 11): 2705-2712.
Lee, J. S. and C. B. Chien (2004). "When sugars guide axons: insights from heparan sulphate proteoglycan mutants." Nat Rev Genet 5(12): 923-935.
Lendorf, M. E., T. Manon-Jensen, P. Kronqvist, H. A. Multhaupt and J. R. Couchman (2011). "Syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 are independent indicators in breast carcinoma." J Histochem Cytochem 59(6): 615-629.
Li, Y., C. C. Sheu, Y. Ye, M. de Andrade, L. Wang, S. C. Chang, M. C. Aubry, J. A. Aakre, M. S. Allen, F. Chen, J. M. Cunningham, C. Deschamps, R. Jiang, J. Lin, R. S. Marks, V. S. Pankratz, L. Su, Y. Li, Z. Sun, H. Tang, G. Vasmatzis, C. C. Harris, M. R. Spitz, J. Jen, R. Wang, Z. F. Zhang, D. C. Christiani, X. Wu and P. Yang (2010). "Genetic variants and risk of lung cancer in never smokers: a genome-wide association study." Lancet Oncol 11(4): 321-330.
Lin, X., G. Wei, Z. Shi, L. Dryer, J. D. Esko, D. E. Wells and M. M. Matzuk (2000). "Disruption of gastrulation and heparan sulfate biosynthesis in EXT1-deficient mice." Dev Biol 224(2): 299-311.
Lindahl, U., M. Kusche-Gullberg and L. Kjellen (1998). "Regulated diversity of heparan sulfate." J Biol Chem 273(39): 24979-24982.
Ling, L., S. Murali, C. Dombrowski, L. M. Haupt, G. S. Stein, A. J. van Wijnen, V. Nurcombe and S. M. Cool (2006). "Sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate the effects of FGF2 on the osteogenic potential of rat calvarial osteoprogenitor cells." J Cell Physiol 209(3): 811-825.
Lorentzen, A. R., E. Melum, E. Ellinghaus, C. Smestad, I. L. Mero, J. H. Aarseth, K. M. Myhr, E. G. Celius, B. A. Lie, T. H. Karlsen, A. Franke and H. F. Harbo (2010). "Association to the Glypican-5 gene in multiple sclerosis." J Neuroimmunol 226(1-2): 194-197.
Lundmark, F., K. Duvefelt, E. Iacobaeus, I. Kockum, E. Wallstrom, M. Khademi, A. Oturai, L. P. Ryder, J. Saarela, H. F. Harbo, E. G. Celius, H. Salter, T. Olsson and J. Hillert (2007). "Variation in interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain (IL7R) influences risk of multiple sclerosis." Nat Genet 39(9): 1108-1113.
Malavaki, C. J., A. D. Theocharis, F. N. Lamari, I. Kanakis, T. Tsegenidis, G. N. Tzanakakis and N. K. Karamanos (2011). "Heparan sulfate: biological significance, tools for biochemical analysis and structural characterization." Biomed Chromatogr 25(1-2): 11-20.
Nader, H. B., S. F. Chavante, E. A. dos-Santos, T. W. Oliveira, J. F. de-Paiva, S. M. Jeronimo, G. F. Medeiros, L. R. de-Abreu, E. L. Leite, J. F. de-Sousa-Filho, R. A. Castro, L. Toma, I. L. Tersariol, M. A. Porcionatto and C. P. Dietrich (1999). "Heparan sulfates and heparins: similar compounds performing the same functions in vertebrates and invertebrates?" Braz J Med Biol Res 32(5): 529-538.
Nagamine, S., M. Tamba, H. Ishimine, K. Araki, K. Shiomi, T. Okada, T. Ohto, S. Kunita, S. Takahashi, R. G. Wismans, T. H. van Kuppevelt, M. Masu and K. Keino-Masu (2012). "Organ-specific sulfation patterns of heparan sulfate generated by extracellular sulfatases Sulf1 and Sulf2 in mice." J Biol Chem 287(12): 9579-9590.
Okolicsanyi, R. K., A. J. van Wijnen, S. M. Cool, G. S. Stein, L. R. Griffiths and L. M. Haupt (2014). "Heparan sulfate proteoglycans and human breast cancer epithelial cell tumorigenicity." J Cell Biochem 115(5): 967-976.
Oksenberg, J. R. and S. E. Baranzini (2010). "Multiple sclerosis genetics--is the glass half full, or half empty?" Nat Rev Neurol 6(8): 429-437.
Oksenberg, J. R., S. E. Baranzini, S. Sawcer and S. L. Hauser (2008). "The genetics of multiple sclerosis: SNPs to pathways to pathogenesis." Nat Rev Genet 9(7): 516-526.
Olerup, O. and J. Hillert (1991). "HLA class II-associated genetic susceptibility in multiple sclerosis: a critical evaluation." Tissue Antigens 38(1): 1-15.
Poliseno, L., L. Salmena, J. Zhang, B. Carver, W. J. Haveman and P. P. Pandolfi (2010). "A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology." Nature 465(7301): 1033-1038.
Rosati, G. (2001). "The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world: an update." Neurol Sci 22(2): 117-139.
Sahota, A. P. and G. K. Dhoot (2009). "A novel SULF1 splice variant inhibits Wnt signalling but enhances angiogenesis by opposing SULF1 activity." Exp Cell Res 315(16): 2752-2764.
Saunders, S., S. Paine-Saunders and A. D. Lander (1997). "Expression of the cell surface proteoglycan glypican-5 is developmentally regulated in kidney, limb, and brain." Dev Biol 190(1): 78-93.
Tajouri, L., F. Fernandez, S. Tajouri, G. Detriche, A. Szvetko, N. Colson, P. Csurhes, M. P. Pender and L. R. Griffiths (2007). "Allelic variation investigation of the estrogen receptor within an Australian multiple sclerosis population." J Neurol Sci 252(1): 9-12.
Tajouri, L., A. S. Mellick, A. Tourtellotte, R. M. Nagra and L. R. Griffiths (2005). "An examination of MS candidate genes identified as differentially regulated in multiple sclerosis plaque tissue, using absolute and comparative real-time Q-PCR analysis." Brain Res Brain Res Protoc 15(2): 79-91.
Titelbaum, D. S., A. Degenhardt and R. P. Kinkel (2005). "Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha-associated multiple sclerosis." AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26(6): 1548-1550.
Tkachenko, E., J. M. Rhodes and M. Simons (2005). "Syndecans: new kids on the signaling block." Circ Res 96(5): 488-500.
Trapp, B. D. and K. A. Nave (2008). "Multiple sclerosis: an immune or neurodegenerative disorder?" Annu Rev Neurosci 31: 247-269.
Tumova, S., B. A. Hatch, D. J. Law and K. J. Bame (1999). "Basic fibroblast growth factor does not prevent heparan sulphate proteoglycan catabolism in intact cells, but it alters the distribution of the glycosaminoglycan degradation products." Biochem J 337 ( Pt 3): 471-481.
van Horssen, J., L. Bo, C. D. Dijkstra and H. E. de Vries (2006). "Extensive extracellular matrix depositions in active multiple sclerosis lesions." Neurobiol Dis 24(3): 484-491.
van Horssen, J., C. D. Dijkstra and H. E. de Vries (2007). "The extracellular matrix in multiple sclerosis pathology." J Neurochem 103(4): 1293-1301.
Van Vactor, D., D. P. Wall and K. G. Johnson (2006). "Heparan sulfate proteoglycans and the emergence of neuronal connectivity." Curr Opin Neurobiol 16(1): 40-51.
Veugelers, M., B. De Cat, H. Ceulemans, A. M. Bruystens, C. Coomans, J. Durr, J. Vermeesch, P. Marynen and G. David (1999). "Glypican-6, a new member of the glypican family of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans." J Biol Chem 274(38): 26968-26977.
Willer, C. J., D. A. Dyment, A. D. Sadovnick, P. M. Rothwell, T. J. Murray, G. C. Ebers and G. Canadian Collaborative Study (2005). "Timing of birth and risk of multiple sclerosis: population based study." BMJ 330(7483): 120.
Xue, H. H., P. E. Kovanen, C. A. Pise-Masison, M. Berg, M. F. Radovich, J. N. Brady and W. J. Leonard (2002). "IL-2 negatively regulates IL-7 receptor alpha chain expression in activated T lymphocytes." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(21): 13759-13764.
Zuvich, R. L., J. L. McCauley, M. A. Pericak-Vance and J. L. Haines (2009). "Genetics and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis." Semin Immunol 21(6): 328-333.