The concept of sustainable development that people pay more and more attention to environmental protection and ecological civilization construction has become more and more popular among people. Eco-industrial parks are an effective way to achieve the dual goals of economic benefits and environmental friendliness, and promote the development of circular economy. This paper aims at the problems of disconnection between industrial chain network and spatial planning in the planning of eco-industrial parks in various countries, a spatial planning method is proposed. The specific steps of the method: firstly, introduce reverse logistics to discriminate and select industrial sub-chains to construct an industrial symbiosis chain network; then conduct suitability evaluation of residential and industrial land to form a park land layout plan; finally, use the goal achievement matrix to realize the park's spatial layout. The paper discusses the practical application of this method in conjunction with the planning of the vein industrial park in city A.
Research Article
Spatial planning of eco-industrial park based on reverse logistics
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1400332/v1
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posted 16 Mar, 2022
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Eco-industrial Park
Circular Economy
Reverse Logistics
GIS
Spatial Layout
Goal Achievement Matrix
Since the 1960s, mankind has paid more and more attention to the energy crisis, resource depletion, environmental damage and pollution caused by economic development, and the concept of sustainable development that attaches importance to environmental protection and ecological civilization construction has become more and more popular. As a new production organization method, the eco-industrial park promotes the development of circular economy and is an effective way to achieve the dual goals of economic benefits and environmental friendliness (Cao Zi et al. 2015).
Professor Lowe of the Indigo Development Institute of the United States first proposed the concept of an eco-industrial park in 1992. System members in the industrial park share resources and exchange by-products, forming an industrial symbiosis combination, and constructing a “producer-consumer-decomposer” cycle of production (Olcay Genc et al. 2020). Whether in developed or developing countries, great achievements have been made in the construction of eco-industrial parks, and they have also attracted the attention and research interest of many scholars.
At present, domestic and foreign research on eco-industrial parks mainly includes areas such as park planning, industrial chain, industrial ecosystem, evaluation system, and operation management. ZHAO et al. (2017), through a comparative analysis of U.S. fringe cities and Chinese industrial parks, proposed strategies for eco-industrial park planning from the perspectives of cities, regions, and networks, Yedla et al.(2017) studied economics, technology, information, organization and strategy, society, Politics and institutions analyzed the influencing factors of the industrial symbiosis network , Zhang Wei and Chai Zhangqi (2017) analyzed the driving factors and performance of the collaborative innovation of emerging technology companies from the perspectives of the internal and external aspects of the enterprise , Fan Yupeng et al. (2016) realized the scientific environmental management of the industrial park by building an information service platform for industrial ecological construction , In the case study of Rizhao Eco-Industrial Park in China, Yu F et al (2015)found that strict environmental standards, tax preferences and financial subsidies are the main economic drivers for enterprises to establish industrial symbiosis , Tsing Fuhua (2017) uses panel data to construct an industrial system economic and ecological indicator system, and establishes a dynamic factor evaluation model for the coordinated development of the two , Aiming at the problem of the disconnection between the industrial chain network of the recycling industry park and the land use planning, Liu Luyun et al. (2016) proposed a land use planning plan generation and evaluation method, and comprehensively evaluated and selected the planning and layout plans of the recycling industry demonstration park in jiyuan city , Xu Lingxing et al. (2019) applied material flow, ecological network and ecological efficiency measurement and analysis methods to comprehensively evaluate the network connection and ecological efficiency of the circular economy in the park from 2012 to 2016 .
The research results of eco-industrial parks at home and abroad are relatively abundant, but there are still some problems: the relationship between the industrial network and the industrial chain in the park is unreasonable, the actual utilization rate of waste is not high, and the benefit sharing effect is not obvious (Boix M et al. 2017), There are many flexible combination forms in the spatial layout of the industrial symbiotic chain network in the park, at present, there is still a lack of scientific evaluation basis for the selection of planning schemes, and the industrial cycle system is often difficult to be implemented in space (Huicong Niu et al. 2011). Based on this, this article attempts to plan the ecological industrial chain network based on the theory of reverse logistics and consider the spatial layout in combination with actual land use. Along the technical route of industrial chain network planning, land use suitability, spatial layout plan, and plan selection, a general method from the selection of ecological industrial park enterprises to the generation of spatial layout plans is proposed to improve the scientificity of the planning process and plan selection reliability.
1.1 Reverse logistics
American scholar Stock (1992) first proposed the concept of “reverse logistics” in 1992, and it was included in the research report of the American Association of Logistics Management. Fleischmann (2001), the master of reverse logistics, gave a relatively broad definition of reverse logistics in 2001: “Reverse logistics is the process of effectively planning, implementing and controlling the inflow and storage of second-hand products and related information, which is in the opposite direction of the traditional supply chain., whose purpose is to restore the value of the product and dispose of it properly.”
Reverse logistics comes from circular logistics, which is also called green logistics, including forward logistics and reverse logistics (Wilson M et al. 2021). Compared with forward logistics, reverse logistics includes not only basic material flow, but also energy flow and information flow. Forward logistics and reverse logistics are two different ways of material circulation between enterprises that are formed on the basis of circular economy, industrial ecology and green logistics theory in order to maximize economic, social and environmental benefits. The specific relationship is shown in Figure 1. The main body of the eco-industrial chain is divided into supply-oriented enterprises, production-oriented enterprises, consumer-oriented enterprises and decomposing enterprises, which correspond to the three links of producers, consumers and decomposers in the ecosystem.
The eco-industrial park came into being under the pursuit of people to reduce waste of resources, care for the environment, and achieve the harmonious development of the environment and society. Reverse logistics is to coordinate resources and recycle waste for recycling, it is a powerful concept of circular economy in the eco-industrial park support and specific performance (Yu Ying 2017). Therefore, reverse logistics is a concrete manifestation of the circular economy of the park and a key link of the circular economy of the park. Combining the theory of reverse logistics to improve the industrial chain of the park can not only improve the correlation between the industrial network and the industrial chain in the park, reduce the production cost of the park, but also save natural resources and comply with the social requirements of environmental protection.
1.2 Geographic information system
In recent years, with the rapid development of eco-industrial parks, a common problem has become increasingly prominent: Although there is a planned construction plan, there is a lack of technical means to support the smooth implementation of the plan (ZHANG Jing et al. 2015).
Geographic Information System (GIS) can analyze and process spatial information and provide rich spatial data information for spatial decision-making. Based on GIS technology, it can not only tap potential industrial symbiosis opportunities more efficiently, improve resource utilization efficiency and reduce waste generation, but also be applied to the planning and management of eco-industrial parks, such as corporate site selection, spatial layout, and waste in terms of recycling and reuse (WANG Xue et al. 2017). Therefore, the use of GIS technology in the planning process of the eco-industrial park can make the park's spatial layout more practical and use land, better realize the circular economy, and alleviate environmental pollution problems.
1.3 Goal achievement matrix
The goal achievement matrix (GAM) was proposed by Hill in the 1860s. It is a quantitative evaluation method for evaluating whether a planning plan meets the predetermined goals (Niu Xinyi et al. 2008). It is often used to evaluate various planning plans. The specific method is as follows. First, the planning principle is embodied into z predetermined goals (O1, O2, O3...Oz), and the conflict rate between the planning plan under each goal and the predetermined goal is calculated, and then the calculation of each plan is the conflict index Eo,i and the comprehensive conflict index Ei under each goal. The calculation formulas for conflict rate and conflict index are:
Among them, CMA is the conflict rate, A is the planning plan, B is the predetermined goal, and AI B is the conflict range between the planning plan and the predetermined goal.
Among them, Wo is the weight value of the o-th predetermined target, CMAo,i is the conflict rate of the -th scheme under the i-th predetermined target, and z is the total number of targets.
The venous industrial park is to establish an ecological industrial park led by the venous industry. The venous industrial park collects, transports, recycles, and finally safely disposes all kinds of waste generated from production and consumption (BI Yingying et al. 2019). It is the carrier and specific practice form of the venous industry. This paper studies the construction of intravenous industrial park in city A. The waste in this city mainly comes from three aspects: urban industrial production, residents' life and ecological environment. The core enterprise in the park should be a waste incineration power plant, which mainly processes hazardous waste, domestic waste and dried sludge.
2.1 Industrial chain network
Based on the goal of reduction, resource utilization, and harmlessness, the park should establish three major cycles of water, energy and material to realize a circular economy (Stefan Pauliuk 2018). Combining the theory of reverse logistics, planning for supply-oriented enterprises, production-oriented enterprises, consumer-oriented enterprises and decomposing enterprises in the park, forming an ecological industrial chain network.
2.1.1 Water cycle
In the water cycle of the park (Liang H E 2009), the decomposing enterprise in a key position is the wastewater treatment plant, which treats production wastewater, sludge drying wastewater, kitchen garbage treatment wastewater, and landfill percolation water and other wastewater, and passes through the reclaimed water reuse system, the reused water is used in incineration plants of production-oriented enterprises, food waste treatment plants, etc., for continuous recycling. The safe landfill and sludge treatment plant will be used as consumer enterprises to share wastewater to the wastewater treatment plant for recycling. A soil vegetation restoration plant will also be built in the park to use recycled water, and the newly generated waste will be processed by a production-oriented enterprise, which is a supply-oriented enterprise in the water cycle.
2.1.2 Energy cycle
The energy cycle of the park is mainly the flow and transformation of electric energy, chemical energy, water and steam heat energy in the system (Marinelli S et al. 2020). Food waste produces biogas, and the separated waste oil is made into biodiesel, which is further used as fuel or chemical raw materials, the electricity generated by the power plant can maintain the normal production and life of the park, and the hot water can be used for heating in the residential area. Therefore, power plants and food waste treatment plants are decomposing enterprises in the energy cycle. In addition, biogas is used for waste incineration power generation and hazardous waste incineration to support combustion, and boiler flue gas can be used for the sludge drying process, so waste incineration plants and sludge treatment plants are production-oriented enterprises.
2.1.3 Material cycle
In the material cycle of the park (Yong G et al. 2014), the waste slag produced by the reuse of various waste resources and construction waste, together with the slag and fly ash produced by the incineration of various wastes, enter the landfill, the sludge and river bottom sludge produced by wastewater treatment are further dehydrated, and part of it is formed The dried sludge is incinerated, and part of it can be co-processed with food waste, the biogas residue produced by the fermentation of food waste is used as soil remediation fertilizer. Therefore, waste incineration plants, sludge treatment plants, kitchen waste treatment plants and soil vegetation restoration are decomposing enterprises responsible for decomposing waste and achieving material recycling. Safe landfills and waste resource treatment plants that handle waste residues, fly ash, fertilizers and other wastes are production-oriented enterprises.
Through the coupling of reverse logistics and industry, the single urban waste treatment and disposal unit in the intravenous industrial park of city A is organically connected, and the circulation of materials and the efficient use of energy are realized.
The overall industrial layout of the park, the synergistic relationship of the industrial chain, and the relationship of material circulation are shown in Figure 2.
3.1 Setting of target constraints
The general plan of the park land layout has considered the suitability of the land in terms of transportation, location, ecology, etc. Then, according to the “3R principle” (Purchase Callun Keith et al. 2021) of the circular economy industrial park, the degree of conformity between the generated 24 scenarios and the restrictive targets such as ecological sensitivity, reverse logistics efficiency, and park network resilience are evaluated.
3.1.1 Ecological sensitivity
The destruction of environmental resources caused by improper human development and construction activities frequently occurs (Liu Conghu et al. 2021). In order to reduce the negative environmental effects caused by inappropriate land use in more fragile areas, this indicator is selected to restrict the environment.
3.1.2 Reverse logistics efficiency
The wastes or by-products produced by each enterprise in the park become the nutrients of another enterprise at the same time, making the enterprises form an interdependent reverse logistics. Improving the efficiency of reverse logistics (Yapa M Bandara et al. 2018) can effectively reduce the time, economic and environmental governance costs of by-product exchanges between enterprises, and to some extent maintain the integrity of the ecological industrial chain.
3.1.3 Park network resilience
The failure of a node will cause the disappearance of the associated path, which will interfere with the network association effect of the entire industrial park. This phenomenon is called the cascade effect (Yang Li and Lei Shi 2015). The stronger the cascade effect, the weaker the network resilience of the park. We measure the importance of the enterprise in the campus network based on the degree of enterprise association (the number of paths associated with nodes). According to the order of importance from large to small, the park network toughness of the scheme is obtained.
3.2 Results and planning
3.2.1 Scheme selection
According to the index system of ecological sensitivity, reverse logistics efficiency, and park network resilience selected in the previous article, it is used as the evaluation target of the land use scenario simulation program. According to the characteristics of the park’s land use, three different environmental conflict levels have been set for the three projects of ecological sensitivity, reverse logistics efficiency, and park network resilience. The first level represents the largest range of conflicts and the most serious conflicts; the second level represents the second level of conflicts. Otherwise, the conflict is more serious; the third level means that the scope of the conflict is the smallest and the conflict is minimal (Table 1).
Table 1 Target constraints and their conflict levels
|
Objective constraints |
Conflict level |
||
|
Level 1 |
Level 2 |
Level 3 |
|
|
Ecological sensitivity |
Within 1km of rivers and lakes water source protection areas and residential areas |
Within 1.5km of rivers and lakes water source protection areas and residential areas |
Within 2km of rivers and lakes water source protection areas and residential areas |
|
Reverse logistics efficiency |
The exchange rate is less than 30%, and the logistics distance is more than 1km |
The exchange rate is between 30%-70%, and the logistics distance is within 1km |
The exchange rate is more than 70%, and the logistics distance is within 0.5km |
|
Campus network resilience |
The number of paths associated with the node is 1 and below |
Number of paths associated with the node 2-3 |
The number of paths associated with the node is 4 and above |
Using the spatial overlay function of the GIS thematic map (Zambrano-Asanza S et al. 2021), the 24 land layout schemes and the above-mentioned 3 target constraints are superimposed and analyzed, and the conflict rate of each level under the influence of the 3 single target constraints can be calculated. At the same time, the first conflict level is assumed the weight is assigned a value of 0.6, the second conflict level is assigned a weight of 0.3, and the third conflict level is assigned a weight of 0.1. According to formulas (1) and (2), the comprehensive conflict index under the constraint target for each land layout scenario can be calculated. It can be seen from table 2 that among the top Four scores, scheme 11 has a larger ecological sensitivity conflict index, scheme 7 has a larger conflict index for reverse logistics efficiency, and scheme 18 has a larger conflict index for park network resilience, scheme 16 has significant advantages in terms of ecological sensitivity and reverse logistics efficiency. Therefore, scheme 16 is selected as the best scheme for this planning for land use layout planning.
Table 2 Environmental conflicts of the top five simulation schemes in total score
|
Proposal |
Conflict rate of target constraints (%) |
Total conflict rate (%) |
Overall ranking |
||
|
Ecological sensitivity |
Reverse logistics efficiency |
Campus network resilience |
|||
|
Scheme 7 |
15.9 |
4.2 |
4.3 |
24.4 |
2 |
|
Scheme 11 |
16.8 |
2.9 |
11.4 |
31.1 |
4 |
|
Scheme 16 |
15.4 |
1.6 |
5.2 |
22.2 |
1 |
|
Scheme 18 |
15.1 |
3.5 |
12.7 |
31.3 |
5 |
3.2.2 Park planning
Based on the spatial arrangement of industrial land elements in the optimized scheme 13, the industrial land is spatially implemented, and the final land use layout scheme can be obtained as shown in figure 6.
This paper uses reverse logistics, GIS, goal achievement matrix and other methods to solve the problem of disconnection between the industrial chain network and spatial planning in the planning of my country's eco-industrial park. The conclusions are as follows:
(1) The combination of reverse logistics reduces the production cost of the park, saves natural resources, and complies with the social requirements of environmental protection.
(2) Use GIS technology to better realize circular economy and alleviate environmental pollution problems.
(3) Use the goal achievement matrix to select the best plan for land use layout planning.
This article focuses on improving the industrial chain of the park through reverse logistics, and using GIS technology to make the park’s spatial layout more in line with the actual land use. A general method from the selection of enterprises in the ecological industrial park to the generation of spatial layout schemes is proposed. However, the selection of various types of enterprises and the more complex combination forms need to be further studied in the next step.
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