Oil content in fresh and dry petals
In the majority of selected Damask rose genotypes, petals harvested in the morning time for dried and fresh petals had higher oil content in comparison with samples collected in the evening time with the exception of G9, G11and G23 genotypes that opposite trend was found (Fig. 1).The highest oil content in fresh petals was found in G21 for morning and evening harvest time 0.14 and 0.15 (v/w%) Respectively. Additionally, in G18, G19, G20, G24, and G25 genotypes the total volume of essential oil content in both harvesting times was similar (Fig. 1). In dried petals, the time of harvesting also affected the oil content. However, the oil content in dried petals generally was lower than the fresh petals. Although in most of the genotypes, the higher oil content was recorded in the morning time harvested dried petals, three genotypes (G1, G2, and G4) had the same content of essential oil in both dried morning and evening times harvested petals. On the other hand, due to later flower blooming in G22 (0.05 v/w%) and G24 (0.04 v/w%) genotypes, the oil content in dried petals harvested in the evening time was more than the morning time collected samples (Fig. 2).
Morphological traits
There were clear differences in morphological characteristics between selected Damask rose genotypes (Table 2). The correlation matrix among morphological traits of R. damascena showed that the plant height was significantly (P = 0.01) and positively correlated with the branch angle (r = 0.21), number of stems per plant (r = 0.57), flower bud length ( r = 0.46) and flower peduncle length ( r = 0.45) (Table 3). Thorn density was positively correlated with the number of petals (P = 0.01). Moreover, a negative correlation (r = − 0.39) was found between thorn density and branch angle. A significant (P = 0.01) negative (r = -0.56) correlation was found between flower peduncle length and thorn density. Thorn density had a negative relation with all traits, except with the bud diameter (Table 3). The flower peduncle length was positively correlated with most traits evaluated in this study. Different petal colors, from white to dark purple, were observed in the selected Damask rose genotypes (Table 1). The measurements of color parameters gave different values of L*, a*, and b*. The results showed highly significant differences among genotypes for all color traits (Table 4). Chroma values also were different between genotypes.
Table 2
Measured morphological characters (mean ± SE) of 26 Damask rose genotypes
Genotype No
|
Plant height (cm)
|
Plant crown diameter(cm)
|
No of main stems per plant
|
No of nodes in the branch
|
Internode length (mm)
|
Secondary branches angle
|
Thorns density
|
Leaf stipule length (mm)
|
Leaf stipule width (mm)
|
Peduncle length (mm)
|
Receptacle length (mm)
|
Flower bud length (mm)
|
Flower bud diameter (mm)
|
No of petals
|
Flower weight (gr)
|
G1
|
111.8+5.5
|
69.4± 5.13
|
14.2±2.0
|
10.5±1.7
|
23.9±1.2
|
73.1±5.5
|
4.0±00
|
15.9±1.0
|
6.9±0.4
|
14.8±1.1
|
10.2±1.3
|
16.5±0.8
|
10.3±0.3
|
47.3±1.2
|
2.3±0.0
|
G2
|
160.5+4.7
|
123.9± 8.7
|
19.0±1.8
|
27.2±3.3
|
34.0±3.9
|
83.3±1.6
|
4.0±00
|
16.8±1.4
|
20.4±1.9
|
22.9±1.8
|
7.7±0.3
|
19.2±1.3
|
11.9±0.4
|
95.2±2.2
|
4.2±0.0
|
G3
|
111.2+35
|
104.0±3.7
|
14.2±0.8
|
19.5±1.7
|
29.3±2.7
|
81.1±2.3
|
4.0±00
|
19.0±1.2
|
8.4±0.8
|
18.8±1.2
|
14.3±1.0
|
20.9±1.1
|
12.4±0.6
|
27.0±1.4
|
2.6±0.2
|
G4
|
185.2+3.7
|
139.2±4.2
|
16.4±0.9
|
34.1±3.2
|
32.8±3.1
|
85.5±1.3
|
2.0±00
|
18.5±0.7
|
10.1±0.6
|
26.7±1.5
|
10.6±0.4
|
24.9±0.7
|
9.5±0.3
|
30.4±1.2
|
2.0±0.0
|
G5
|
129.4+4.5
|
107.8±4.8
|
16.9±1.0
|
23.8±1.4
|
29.0±2.4
|
66.7±1.6
|
5.0±00
|
20.0±1.0
|
15.3±0.9
|
22.2±2.0
|
6.4±0.2
|
22.5±0.6
|
11.8±0.4
|
26.9±0.5
|
2.7±0.1
|
G6
|
174.1+6.1
|
152. 9±5.6
|
18.3±1.7
|
27.2±2.0
|
27.0±2.3
|
78.3±2.8
|
3.1±0.2
|
14.6±1.0
|
7.6±0.5
|
28.9±2.5
|
8.9±0.4
|
23.1±1.0
|
12.6±0.7
|
30.9±0.8
|
2.3±0.0
|
G7
|
177.1+2.8
|
135. 8±2.3
|
17.2±1.1
|
32.1±5.7
|
36.5±4.0
|
83.3±1.6
|
1.0±00
|
26.6±1.9
|
8.0±0.5
|
32.2±2.7
|
10.6±0.4
|
25.1±0.6
|
9.4±0.2
|
29.5±1.1
|
2.2±0.0
|
G8
|
194.4+3.3
|
148.0±3.3
|
15.3±0.6
|
46.4±4.1
|
37.2±2.6
|
86.1±1.4
|
1.0±00
|
25.2±1.1
|
10.6±0.8
|
29.5±1.8
|
10.8±0.2
|
26.7±0.9
|
10.1±0.5
|
30.6±1.0
|
2.5±0.0
|
G9
|
168.3+8.9
|
133.5±4.3
|
15.0±0.7
|
41.9±6.4
|
36.3±2.6
|
79.4±2.4
|
5.0±00
|
26.2±1.7
|
11.4±0.7
|
24.1±0.9
|
10.2±0.7
|
22.7±0.7
|
11.0±0.2
|
29.4±41.0
|
2.8±0.1
|
G10
|
200.6+4.8
|
113.0±3.6
|
22.2±1.5
|
35.9±2.6
|
32.8±3.2
|
82.2±2.2
|
2.0±00
|
22.0±1.2
|
9.4±0.9
|
30.0±1.7
|
9.8±0.4
|
26.0±0.7
|
10.5±0.2
|
27.0±0.9
|
2.9±0.2
|
G11
|
116.5+2.3
|
104.0±4.8
|
11.4±0.9
|
16.9±2.4
|
33.2±3.1
|
86.6±1.1
|
1.0±00
|
24.1±1.2
|
10.6±0.4
|
29.7±1.5
|
10.8±0.2
|
25.1±0.7
|
10.3±0.2
|
29.1±1.4
|
2.4±0.0
|
G12
|
205.4+3.0
|
153. 9±4.4
|
22.1±1.3
|
38.2±4.5
|
35.0±1.7
|
78.3±2.0
|
1.0±00
|
17.0±0.7
|
8.1±0.4
|
32.6±1.7
|
10.1±0.5
|
25.7±0.8
|
10.3±0.3
|
30.3±1.0
|
2.3±0.0
|
G13
|
213.8+5.5
|
150.0±2.8
|
35.3±1.1
|
32.0±2.1
|
33.7±3.6
|
75.0±2.0
|
2.3±0.1
|
19.5±0.4
|
7.5±0.3
|
29.5±2.6
|
9.4±0.4
|
25.1±1.0
|
10.2±0.2
|
32.0±1.2
|
1.8±0.2
|
G14
|
182.5+3.5
|
114.0±3.1
|
19.8±1.4
|
31.4±2.8
|
30.2±2.4
|
80.0±2.3
|
1.0±00
|
20.5±1.6
|
9.4±0.7
|
30.2±1.9
|
9.2±0.4
|
24.6±0.7
|
9.9±0.2
|
29.8±1.1
|
1.9±0.0
|
G15
|
201.3+4.3
|
160.0±3.3
|
28.1±0.9
|
33.0±2.0
|
28.1±1.9
|
77.8±2.6
|
2.3±0.1
|
21.5±1.2
|
7.5±0.8
|
35.7±2.0
|
9.2±0.5
|
24.9±0.7
|
10.6±0.3
|
24.3±0.4
|
1.5±0.1
|
G16
|
147.5+3.9
|
118.3±6.3
|
17.5±0.9
|
16.2±1.6
|
28.9±2.8
|
79.4±1.7
|
4.0±00
|
18.9±0.9
|
11.3±0.8
|
20.6±2.5
|
6.9±0.2
|
19.3±0.5
|
9.5±0.4
|
38.2±1.0
|
1.9.±0.1
|
G17
|
122.7+5.1
|
101.2±7.4
|
10.1±1.2
|
11.4±1.2
|
29.0±2.8
|
84.4±1.7
|
4.5±0.1
|
17.7±0.6
|
11.9±0.4
|
20.4±1.1
|
7.1±0.4
|
21.4±0.7
|
9.9±0.4
|
54.8±1.7
|
1.6±0.0
|
G18
|
139.5+4.0
|
117.8±4.0
|
21.2±0.9
|
20.4±2.0
|
30.7±2.3
|
66.1±0.1
|
4.0±00
|
19.4±1.8
|
11.0±0.6
|
21.0±1.2
|
7.9±0.5
|
21.0±0.9
|
9.5±0.3
|
43.5±0.8
|
3.2±0.3
|
G19
|
143.8+1.9
|
146.2±6.7
|
16.7±0.6
|
23.4±3.5
|
30.2±3.2
|
66.7±1.6
|
4.0±00
|
21.5±1.2
|
11.0±0.6
|
18.7±1.5
|
7.3±0.0
|
21.7±0.5
|
10.4±0.1
|
53.6±4.2
|
2.3±0.0
|
G20
|
115.7+4.8
|
121.9±3.9
|
14.1±1.0
|
21.9±2.8
|
28.7±3.3
|
62.8±1.7
|
4.0±00
|
20.2±1.2
|
12.4±1.4
|
22.2±2.3
|
8.0±0.3
|
21.2±0.6
|
9.8±0.2
|
45.3±1.9
|
2.3±0.0
|
G21
|
167.8+3.6
|
125.9±6.8
|
14.5±1.2
|
28.1±3.1
|
32.7±3.4
|
80.0±1.1
|
1.0±00
|
47.2±2.0
|
10.4±0.6
|
32.4±1.5
|
10.7±0.2
|
27.1±0.9
|
10.1±0.2
|
33.6±1.6
|
2.3±0.1
|
G22
|
200.4+3.5
|
143.9±3.0
|
20.4±1.5
|
34.4±3.5
|
33.0±3.3
|
86.1±1.4
|
1.0±00
|
23.2±1.3
|
10.6±0.7
|
29.2±1.8
|
9.8±0.4
|
28.5±0.7
|
9.2±0.3
|
31.5±3.2
|
2.1±0.1
|
G23
|
186.2+4.8
|
129.7±5.4
|
22.0±0.8
|
40.7±4.7
|
36.3±2.5
|
82.2±1.8
|
1.0±00
|
24.0±1.8
|
9.6±0.7
|
35.9±2.8
|
11.6±0.4
|
24.0±1.6
|
9.9±0.2
|
26.6±1.1
|
1.8±0.1
|
G24
|
192.4+8.3
|
136.1±8.3
|
24.1±1.5
|
28.5±2.9
|
35.0±0.3
|
80.5±2.4
|
4.0±00
|
20.5±1.3
|
11.3±1.2
|
26.5±1.3
|
7.5±0.2
|
20.2±2.5
|
10.4±0.1
|
24.1±0.5
|
2.2±0.0
|
G25
|
154.1+3.4
|
134.5±5.4
|
13.0±0.5
|
13.7±2.7
|
35.5±3.8
|
83.3±1.1
|
1.0±00
|
25.1±0.9
|
17.5±1.7
|
35.9±2.4
|
8.6±0.6
|
24.3±1.0
|
10.2±0.2
|
27.2±1.5
|
2.8±.0.0
|
G26
|
158.1+.3.4
|
140.8±3.8
|
21.1±1.7
|
25.0±2.8
|
27.2±2.5
|
75.0±2.0
|
5.0±00
|
17.6±1.3
|
7.8±0.6
|
26.9±1.5
|
8.2±0.3
|
18.3±0.6
|
10.8±0.2
|
51.5±1.7
|
2.4±0.3
|
Table 3
Correlation coefficients between the main morphological characters in R. damascena genotypes
Parameters
|
Plant height
|
Plant crown diameter
|
No of main stems per plant
|
No of nodes in the branch
|
Internode length
|
Branches angle
|
Thorns density
|
Leaf stipule length
|
Leaf stipule Width
|
Peduncle length
|
Receptacle length
|
Flower bud length
|
Flower bud diameter
|
No of petals
|
Plant height
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Plant crown diameter
|
0.55**
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No of main stems per plant
|
0.57**
|
0.33**
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No of nodes in the branch
|
0.51**
|
0.36**
|
0.23**
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Internode length
|
0.17**
|
0.12
|
0.05
|
0.16**
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Branches angle
|
0.21**
|
0.09
|
-0.08
|
0.015
|
0.17**
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thorns density
|
-0.47**
|
-0.23**
|
-0.09
|
-0.29**
|
-0.19**
|
-0.39**
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leaf stipule length
|
0.07
|
0.05
|
-0.08
|
0.07
|
0.12
|
0.07
|
-0.01
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leaf stipule Width
|
-0.05
|
0.04
|
-0.04
|
-0.07
|
0.04
|
-0.04
|
0.07
|
-0.05
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peduncle length
|
0.45**
|
0.36**
|
0.18**
|
0.28**
|
0.07
|
0.24**
|
-0.56**
|
0.08
|
0.05
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
Receptacle length
|
0.07
|
-0.01
|
-0.04
|
0.17
|
0.06
|
0.23**
|
-0.36**
|
0.06
|
-0.16
|
0.18**
|
1
|
|
|
|
Flower bud length
|
0.46**
|
0.27**
|
0.11
|
0.21**
|
0.21**
|
0.27**
|
-0.56**
|
0.06
|
-0.04
|
0.36**
|
0.27**
|
1
|
|
|
Flower bud diameter
|
-0.09
|
-0.01
|
-0.01
|
0.00
|
-0.10
|
-0.02
|
0.27**
|
-0.09
|
0.06
|
-0.11
|
0.05
|
-0.04
|
1
|
|
No of petals
|
-0.27**
|
-0.16
|
-0.10
|
-0.20**
|
-0.03
|
-0.11
|
0.39**
|
-0.10
|
0.17**
|
-0.31**
|
-0.29**
|
-0.35**
|
0.07
|
1
|
Table 4
Color indices of petals of 26 Damask rose landraces (mean ± SE)
Genotype
|
L*
|
a*
|
b*
|
Chroma
|
G1
|
61.4 ± 4.4
|
31.59 ± 3.6
|
-0.4 ± 0.4
|
38.6 ± 1.0
|
G2
|
37.3 ± 0.7
|
52.41 ± 2.1
|
8.8 ± 2.4
|
41.9 ± 4.1
|
G3
|
65.0 ± 3.2
|
32.5 ± 5.6
|
-5.0 ± 2.1
|
39.9 ± 0.7
|
G4
|
49.0 ± 1.7
|
47.8 ± 5.0
|
-1.8 ± 0.7
|
53.9 ± 2.1
|
G5
|
68.2 ± 1.2
|
23.4 ± 6.5
|
24.7 ± 3.8
|
41.3 ± 3.0
|
G6
|
67.3 ± 2.9
|
28.8 ± 3.1
|
0.9 ± 0.4
|
35.8 ± 2.0
|
G7
|
70.8 ± 1.4
|
26.5 ± 1.9
|
-0.9 ± 0.5
|
32.5 ± 3.1
|
G8
|
71.6 ± 1.4
|
28.1 ± 2.4
|
0.0 ± 0.6
|
34.1 ± 5.1
|
G9
|
74.8 ± 1.1
|
22.0 ± 3.4
|
22.3 ± 1.5
|
38.2 ± 2.9
|
G10
|
76.4 ± 3.3
|
27.5 ± 5.3
|
-3.1 ± 0.9
|
43.1 ± 2.5
|
G11
|
64.3 ± 1.0
|
36.3 ± 0.6
|
-3.6 ± 0.3
|
42.5 ± 3.0
|
G12
|
67.0 ± 1.9
|
25.9 ± 2.2
|
4.5 ± 1.6
|
31.3 ± 0.6
|
G13
|
59.5 ± 3.1
|
29.4 ± 2.8
|
-2.5 ± 0.5
|
36.5 ± 1.0
|
G14
|
55.9 ± 5.1
|
42.1 ± 2.3
|
-1.6 ± 1.7
|
49.1 ± 2.0
|
G15
|
60.6 ± 3.3
|
37.3 ± 4.5
|
-0.9 ± 3.0
|
44.3 ± 3.2
|
G16
|
41.7 ± 1.7
|
53.0 ± 1.8
|
-8.8 ± 0.8
|
60.7 ± 4.0
|
G17
|
63.2 ± 2.9
|
34.4 ± 4.0
|
-2.5 ± 0.5
|
41.5 ± 0.4
|
G18
|
43.6 ± 5.1
|
37.0 ± 2.9
|
1.6 ± 0.6
|
43.0 ± 7.9
|
G19
|
39.0 ± 2.4
|
35.0 ± 2.7
|
3.3 ± 1.8
|
42.2 ± 6.3
|
G20
|
55.8 ± 4.9
|
35.7 ± 7.6
|
3.7 ± 3.4
|
41.9 ± 4.5
|
G21
|
60.2 ± 0.2
|
25.7 ± 5.0
|
2.0 ± 0.4
|
32.8 ± 1.9
|
G22
|
66.2 ± 3.9
|
29.9 ± 6.5
|
-0.6 ± 1.6
|
36.9 ± 0.2
|
G23
|
65.7 ± 1.5
|
24.3 ± 3.0
|
-2.2 ± 0.8
|
41.3 ± 3.7
|
G24
|
66.3 ± 2.9
|
32.1 ± 3.4
|
0.3 ± 2.7
|
39.1 ± 1.4
|
G25
|
65.4 ± 3.1
|
33.1 ± 3.1
|
1.4 ± 1.4
|
40.1 ± 2.1
|
G26
|
79.0 ± 0.1
|
26.2 ± 0.4
|
19.3 ± 0.7
|
33.4 ± 1.8
|
Essential oil components
Significant differences were found between chromatographic characteristics of the genotypes, indicating differences in their chemical compositions. In total, twenty-five compounds were identified in extracted oils of fresh petals of selected 26 Iranian genotypes (Table 5). The principal components of the essential oils were n-heneicosane, citronellol, and nonadecane in all genotypes. Results show that geraniol is the highest component in Damask rose oil, except in G14 and G18. The highest concentration of geraniol was found in G5 (27.76%), G9 (27.33%), and G2 (27.27%) respectably. Geraniol has been reported to be one of the main essential oil components in Damask rose [5]. According to GC-MS results, the highest nonadecane contents (42.51%, 35.06%, 30.91%, and 30.26%) were found in essential oils of G12, G14, G11, and G19, respectively. Several studies indicated that heneicosane, heptadecane, nonadecane, and eicosane were abundant hydrocarbons in rose oil [32]. Based on the results, G14 (34.69%), G23 (30.92%), and G21 (30.82%) had the highest content of heneicosane. In the current study, damascone (Z)-α and β-damascenone had been determined in most of the genotypes, but β-damascone was less abundant. The highest concentrations of damascone (Z)-α (2.88%), β-damascone (0.96%), and β-damascenone (1.76%) were found in G20, G3, and G3, respectively (Table 5). Damascone (Z)-α, β-damascone, and β-damascenone are the trace components and quality markers for Damask rose oil, playing an important organoleptic role in rose oil [40]. The highest quantity of β-citronellol (40%) was recorded in G26 which is one of the most abundant acyclic terpenes in rose oil.
Table 5
Quantitative data for the twenty-five components of the essential oil content (%) from 26 Damask roses genotypes, determined by GC-MS.
No
|
Compound
|
Rta
|
LRIb
|
RIc
|
G1
|
G2
|
G3
|
G4
|
G5
|
G6
|
G7
|
G8
|
G9
|
G10
|
G11
|
G12
|
G13
|
1
|
Phenyl ethyl alcohol
|
11.75
|
1106
|
1111
|
-
|
0.334
|
-
|
-
|
0.309
|
1.541
|
-
|
0.302
|
0.400
|
0.240
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
2
|
Dihydro linalool
|
12.82
|
1131
|
1145
|
0.556
|
1.451
|
-
|
1.057
|
0.826
|
41.189
|
0.388
|
0.831
|
1.271
|
0.716
|
-
|
-
|
1.776
|
3
|
β-Citronellol
|
16.80
|
1223
|
1225
|
34.660
|
29.268
|
14.911
|
37.574
|
21.812
|
15.608
|
27.728
|
31.830
|
30.389
|
30.77
|
10.249
|
7.071
|
15.382
|
4
|
Neral
|
17.32
|
1235
|
1237
|
2.281
|
10.258
|
0
|
3.893
|
7.347
|
6.221
|
2.239
|
3.791
|
10.832
|
3.914
|
0
|
2.085
|
4.977
|
5
|
Geraniol
|
17.95
|
1249
|
1250
|
6.182
|
27.270
|
2.931
|
12.182
|
27.768
|
7.986
|
6.935
|
10.863
|
27.335
|
10.364
|
2.244
|
4.453
|
13.467
|
6
|
Linalyl acetate
|
18.16
|
1254
|
1257
|
0.220
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.470
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.291
|
0.277
|
-
|
-
|
0.554
|
7
|
Geranial
|
18.62
|
1264
|
1267
|
0.202
|
0.877
|
-
|
0.332
|
0.363
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.728
|
0.268
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
8
|
Dihydro citronellol acetate
|
21.04
|
1319
|
1320
|
0.232
|
0.454
|
-
|
0.278
|
0.408
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.360
|
0.242
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
9
|
Damascone (Z)-α
|
22.64
|
1355
|
1358
|
0.368
|
1.847
|
-
|
0.538
|
2.226
|
1.666
|
0.487
|
0.394
|
1.281
|
0.466
|
-
|
0.814
|
0.749
|
10
|
Damascenone (E)-β
|
23.87
|
1383
|
1384
|
0.762
|
-
|
1.766
|
0.526
|
0.308
|
1.761
|
0.704
|
0.812
|
0.274
|
0.768
|
1.707
|
0.282
|
-
|
11
|
Damascone (E)-β
|
25.17
|
1413
|
1414
|
-
|
0.528
|
0.967
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.253
|
0.299
|
0.531
|
-
|
-
|
12
|
Dodecen-1-ol (2E)
|
27.55
|
1469
|
1471
|
-
|
0.717
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.736
|
2.099
|
0.199
|
0.317
|
2.563
|
-
|
13
|
n Heptadecane
|
36.74
|
1700
|
1700
|
1.979
|
0.435
|
1.315
|
2.311
|
1.609
|
-
|
1.271
|
0.583
|
0.529
|
1.923
|
1.098
|
5.856
|
0.811
|
14
|
z z-Farnesol
|
36.68
|
1698
|
1698
|
0.638
|
1.026
|
0.503
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.584
|
1.367
|
0.432
|
-
|
-
|
1.075
|
15
|
(e e)-Farnesyl acetate
|
42.01
|
1845
|
1846
|
0.845
|
4.002
|
-
|
1.138
|
2.249
|
-
|
1.173
|
1.399
|
3.756
|
1.295
|
0.330
|
1.643
|
2.100
|
16
|
n-Octadecane
|
40.40
|
1800
|
1800
|
-
|
0.360
|
0.567
|
0.262
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.429
|
-
|
0.483
|
0.309
|
-
|
17
|
n-Hexadecanol
|
43.03
|
1874
|
1875
|
2.918
|
0.317
|
4.184
|
5.202
|
3.815
|
1.174
|
2.634
|
0.605
|
0.343
|
3.308
|
3.430
|
6.635
|
1.788
|
18
|
Nonadecane
|
43.92
|
1900
|
1903
|
27.229
|
5.580
|
28.927
|
19.81
|
14.812
|
5.455
|
23.574
|
10.710
|
4.347
|
23.396
|
30.914
|
42.518
|
13.052
|
19
|
n-Eicosane
|
47.33
|
2000
|
2004
|
2.587
|
1.362
|
4.330
|
1.850
|
1.542
|
-
|
3.260
|
2.646
|
1.242
|
2.488
|
4.859
|
2.577
|
2.015
|
20
|
n-Heneicosane
|
50.47
|
2100
|
2100
|
13.860
|
7.729
|
21.574
|
9.429
|
9.522
|
4.784
|
21.243
|
19.543
|
6.749
|
13.208
|
27.975
|
16.942
|
15.531
|
21
|
n-Docosane
|
53.54
|
2200
|
2195
|
0.286
|
0.405
|
0.724
|
-
|
0.224
|
9.335
|
0.578
|
0.749
|
0.342
|
0.310
|
0.896
|
0.690
|
0.896
|
22
|
n-Tricosane
|
56.48
|
2300
|
2303
|
3.236
|
4.874
|
6.506
|
2.480
|
3.295
|
2.635
|
6.039
|
11.177
|
3.905
|
3.908
|
7.617
|
5.285
|
10.522
|
23
|
e-e Farnesol
|
38.30
|
1742
|
1743
|
0.363
|
0.522
|
0.439
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.359
|
0.524
|
0.861
|
-
|
0.343
|
-
|
13.495
|
24
|
Phytol
|
45.37
|
1942
|
1943
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.311
|
-
|
-
|
3.795
|
-
|
-
|
25
|
Trans rose oxide
|
12.45
|
1122
|
1125
|
-
|
-
|
0.605
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.544
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
Total
|
99.413
|
99.625
|
90.256
|
98.873
|
98.912
|
99.360
|
98.615
|
98.400
|
99.393
|
98.801
|
97.338
|
99.727
|
98.196
|
aRt: Retention time (min) |
bLRI: RI from literature (Adams, 2017). |
cRI: Experimentally determined retention index (RI) |
Table 5
(continue). Quantitative data for the twenty-five components of the essential oil content (%) from 26 Damask rose genotypes, determined by GC-MS
No
|
Compound
|
Rta
|
LRIb
|
RIc
|
G14
|
G15
|
G16
|
G17
|
G18
|
G19
|
G20
|
G21
|
G22
|
G23
|
G24
|
G25
|
G26
|
Mean (G1-G26)
|
1
|
Phenyl ethyl alcohol
|
11.75
|
1106
|
1111
|
0
|
0.206
|
0.224
|
-
|
-
|
0.103
|
0.187
|
-
|
0.165
|
0.409
|
0.145
|
-
|
0.267
|
0.1860
|
2
|
Dihydro linalool
|
12.82
|
1131
|
1145
|
2.559
|
10.647
|
3.064
|
4.434
|
23.869
|
0.553
|
0.989
|
-
|
0.723
|
0.484
|
0.921
|
0.542
|
0.680
|
3.8282
|
3
|
β-Citronellol
|
16.80
|
1223
|
1225
|
6.155
|
29.638
|
15.961
|
18.993
|
14.855
|
33.163
|
19.397
|
11.808
|
29.668
|
14.940
|
12.245
|
24.152
|
40.826
|
22.271
|
4
|
Neral
|
17.32
|
1235
|
1237
|
-
|
3.675
|
5.110
|
0.734
|
-
|
0.414
|
3.549
|
2.867
|
3.018
|
0.308
|
1.142
|
2.245
|
2.254
|
3.1986
|
5
|
Geraniol
|
17.95
|
1249
|
1250
|
-
|
9.394
|
12.120
|
5.707
|
-
|
2.211
|
13.797
|
6.415
|
19.244
|
4.208
|
10.152
|
5.014
|
11.024
|
9.9722
|
6
|
Linalyl acetate
|
18.16
|
1254
|
1257
|
-
|
0.692
|
2.762
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
2.377
|
-
|
0.152
|
-
|
0.1452
|
-
|
-
|
0.3055
|
7
|
geranial
|
18.62
|
1264
|
1267
|
-
|
0.219
|
0.285
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.1260
|
8
|
Dihydro citronellol acetate
|
21.04
|
1319
|
1320
|
-
|
-
|
0.320
|
-
|
-
|
0.221
|
0.471
|
-
|
0.180
|
-
|
0.110
|
-
|
0.207
|
0.1341
|
9
|
Damascone (Z)-α
|
22.64
|
1355
|
1358
|
-
|
0.314
|
2.081
|
-
|
1.768
|
0.233
|
2.880
|
-
|
0.571
|
-
|
-
|
0.154
|
0.283
|
0.7356
|
10
|
Damascenone (E)-β
|
23.87
|
1383
|
1384
|
-
|
0.594
|
0.247
|
0.885
|
-
|
0.785
|
0.199
|
0.415
|
0.775
|
0.979
|
0.315
|
0.875
|
1.135
|
0.6493
|
11
|
Damascone (E)-β
|
25.17
|
1413
|
1414
|
-
|
0.592
|
1.270
|
0.418
|
-
|
0.170
|
-
|
-
|
0.166
|
0.519
|
-
|
-
|
0.197
|
0.2812
|
12
|
Dodecen-1-ol (2E)
|
27.55
|
1469
|
1471
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.423
|
1.396
|
0.195
|
-
|
-
|
0.144
|
-
|
0.124
|
-
|
-
|
0.3527
|
13
|
n Heptadecane
|
36.74
|
1700
|
1700
|
0.854
|
0.569
|
1.459
|
0.76
|
1.300
|
2.532
|
0.644
|
1.174
|
1.296
|
0.545
|
2.153
|
1.987
|
1.287
|
1.3457
|
14
|
z z-Farnesol
|
36.68
|
1698
|
1698
|
-
|
-
|
1.749
|
3.017
|
-
|
-
|
0.364
|
-
|
-
|
0.707
|
0.102
|
0
|
0.181
|
0.4519
|
15
|
(e e)-Farnesyl acetate
|
42.01
|
1845
|
1846
|
-
|
-
|
2.834
|
0.870
|
-
|
0.224
|
2.279
|
0.603
|
1.534
|
0.336
|
1.369
|
0.172
|
0.160
|
1.2127
|
16
|
n-Octadecane
|
40.40
|
1800
|
1800
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
2.214
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0.475
|
-
|
0.1963
|
17
|
n-Hexadecanol
|
43.03
|
1874
|
1875
|
2.386
|
0.497
|
1.386
|
1.119
|
9.166
|
3.829
|
1.270
|
2.033
|
2.302
|
1.979
|
1.452
|
1.302
|
2.242
|
2.9372
|
18
|
Nonadecane
|
43.92
|
1900
|
1903
|
35.061
|
9.54
|
19.044
|
25.131
|
12.882
|
30.264
|
14.43
|
29.524
|
18.540
|
22.789
|
20.145
|
25.485
|
20.396
|
20.224
|
19
|
n-Eicosane
|
47.33
|
2000
|
2004
|
5.811
|
1.797
|
1.9154
|
3.975
|
1.821
|
2.919
|
2.323
|
4.193
|
2.212
|
4.469
|
3.697
|
2.156
|
2.231
|
2.7638
|
20
|
n-Heneicosane
|
50.47
|
2100
|
2100
|
34.695
|
13.389
|
16.763
|
24.094
|
11.685
|
15.751
|
18.080
|
30.824
|
13.986
|
30.925
|
20.142
|
10.145
|
12.05
|
16.947
|
21
|
n-Docosane
|
53.54
|
2200
|
2195
|
1.065
|
0.607
|
0.590
|
0.704
|
0
|
0.346
|
0.824
|
0.718
|
0.330
|
1.056
|
0.456
|
0.214
|
0.262
|
1.1652
|
22
|
n-Tricosane
|
56.48
|
2300
|
2303
|
10.017
|
8.290
|
10.170
|
6.019
|
5.288
|
4.215
|
14.205
|
8.920
|
3.575
|
11.113
|
4.152
|
5.264
|
2.677
|
6.3611
|
23
|
e-e Farnesol
|
38.30
|
1742
|
1743
|
0
|
8.282
|
0
|
0
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.245
|
0
|
0
|
0.6598
|
24
|
Phytol
|
45.37
|
1942
|
1943
|
|
0
|
0
|
1.059
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
3.375
|
0
|
2.740
|
0
|
0.4512
|
25
|
Trans rose oxide
|
12.45
|
1122
|
1125
|
0
|
0.208
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.187
|
0
|
0
|
0.100
|
0.439
|
0
|
0
|
0.210
|
0.0883
|
|
|
Total
|
98.605
|
98.660
|
99.362
|
98.348
|
86.255
|
98.322
|
98.281
|
99.498
|
98.690
|
99.584
|
79.216
|
82.929
|
98.586
|
96.663
|
aRt: Retention time (min) |
bLRI: RI from literature (Adams, 2017). |
cRI: Experimentally determined |
In the current study, neral was present in all genotypes, except in G3, G11, G14, and G18. A major concentration of neral was in G9 (10.83%) and G2 (10.25%). Geranial was found in G1, G2, G4, G5, G9, G10, G15, and G16 genotypes at low levels (Table 5). Neral and geranial are citral isomers, which have been found in Damask rose essential oil [28]. Farnesol, natural sesquiterpene alcohol in essential oils, was found to have the potential for alleviating massive inflammation, oxidative stress, and lung injury [41, 42]. Farnesol has been widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, industrial materials, and as a material for carotenoid and tocopherol [43]. Farnesol is a sesquiterpene trans and exists in some Damask genotypes, a higher amount of it was found in G17 (3.01%) and the highest e-e Farnesol was observed in G15 (8.28%).
Rose oxide is an insignificant component of rose oil [44]. In this study, the rose oxide has been found in low concentrations in G3, G11, G15, G19, G22, G23, and G26 (Table 5). Phenethyl alcohol is an enjoyable floral perfume belonging to aromatic alcohols, and one of the main components of rose hydrosols which mainly is used in perfumery [2]. However, this compound was detected at low levels only in some of the selected Damask rose genotypes including G6 (1.54%), G23 (0.40%),and G2 (0.33%). Phytol is one of the major components of plant-derived essential oils which has been recognized for its wide range of pharmacological effects on the nervous system, including anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antimicrobial [45–47]. Several recent studies have suggested that some phytol-derivatives (phytanol, phytanyl amine, and phytanyl mannose) by induction of the expression of a range of chemokines and cytokines effects target tumor cells [48, 49]. Other hydrocarbon-like ingredients, n-docosane and n-tricosane, were also identified in Damask roses essential oil. Quantities of n-tricosane were much more than that of n-docosane in all genotypes. In the present study, G6 (9.33%) and G20 (14.20%) genotypes showed the highest contents of n-tricosane and n-docosane, respectively.