Sustainable forest use of legal origin in the province of Napo Amazonia Ecuador

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1420279/v1

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Sustainable forest use of legal origin in the province of Napo Amazonia Ecuador

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1420279/v1

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The study proposes to analyze the legal use of forest resources in the province of Napo Ecuador during the period of 2011–2015. The data collected was analyzed in three stages: secondary information gathering, systematization of information and interpretation of results. Thereafter, based on the stated objectives, it was possible to obtain: the analysis of legal forest use by program type, plant formation and species used during different years, and the volume of legal forest use. Based on interviews directed to local stakeholders involved in the forestry sector, it was possible to analyze the factors that have influenced the legal use of forest resources. The highest rate for legal forest use was concentrated in simplified forest harvesting programs. Forest utilization in native forest represents 43.62%, in which the year 2011 showed the greatest increase for legal forest use; however, 2012 recorded a drastic decrease, with a slight improvement in 2013, and a continued decline in 2014 and 2015. The species with the highest rate of use was laurel. The variations for legal forest use in the province of Napo are linked to the effectiveness and strengthening of the National Forestry Control System, 2011 was the year with the most effective performance.

Harvesting programs

legal licenses

volume of wood

forest species

social factors

Sustainable forest use can be defined as the utilization of a forest area for multiple uses, such as a provider of goods and services, that in terms of quality and quantity do not decrease between present and future generations (FAO and PNUMA 2020; FAO and UNEP 2020; Salas-Garita and Soliño 2021). For this, policies and practices have been approved internationally that increase the economic, social and environmental value of forests, whether they are production, conservation or multiple use (Biber et al. 2020; Lahiri 2020). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) millions of forested areas in the world are worked for multiple uses, such as forests managed in any combination to produce goods, protection of soil and water, conservation of biodiversity and provision of social services, none of which are predominating (FAO and PNUMA 2020; FAO and UNEP 2020). However, deforestation in the world has increased; there has been a net loss of 7 million hectares of forest per year in tropical countries and a net increase in agricultural land of 6 million hectares per year. The greatest deforestation occurred in low-income countries, due to an increase in rural population (Anjos et al. 2021; Mataveli et al. 2021). The situation of the forests in Ecuador does not escape this reality. According to the evaluation of world forest resources, Ecuador in 2018 had 12'514'340 ha of native forest, which corresponds to 50.26% of the total territory; of which the highest percentage (74%) are in the Amazon region (PROAmazonía 2021). The deforestation rate is an indicator of the magnitude of loss of natural forest capital (Bonilla-Bedoya et al. 2018). In this sense, in Ecuador from 1990 to 2000 around 129'000 ha / year have been lost due to deforestation at a national level. In a more recent period evaluated from 2017 to 2018 there was a rate of 82'528 ha / year (MAE 2020).

The problem with deforestation is that it is mostly done illegally and without control. Based on what has been proposed in Ecuador, specific technical standards have been established for the legal use of each plant formation, which are native forests and agroforestry systems. Native forests are considered arboreal ecosystems, either primary or secondary, regenerated by natural succession and characterized by the presence of trees of different native species, ages of varied sizes, with one or more strata (FAO and UNEP 2020). On the other hand, agroforestry systems are sustained land management systems where crop production is combined with forest species and / or animals simultaneously or sequentially on the same land surface. The trees that are found within this area type of system are relict type (Ollinaho and Kröger 2021). As antecedents, according to the Ministry of the Environment of Ecuador in 2010, the Use of Forest Resources between 2007–2009 in the Ecuadorian Amazon region was 454.4 thousand m³ of authorized standing timber, which represents 17.22% of the total volume nationwide. Sucumbíos is the province that occupies the first place, authorizing an average of 37.73% of total regional wood. Napo ranks fourth in the region with a use of 36'102 m³ in 2009, 50'800 m³ in 2010 and 71'400 m³ in 2011 with an average of 52,800 m³ during this period, where in 2010, a total of 295 legal licenses for forest use were issued in agroforestry systems representing 31'604 m³, standing, and 13'679.82 m³ approved in native forest (MAE, 2011). The province of Napo is strategically located in a place with a large amount of natural resources, and added to this is the challenge of caring for and managing it sustainably (Alarcón-Aguirre et al. 2020). In these sites there are fragile ecosystems with unique wild animals and plants with a certain degree of danger of extinction (Ojeda et al. 2020).

Within the legal framework and the national environmental policy, the Ministry of the Environment (MAE) supervises the primary stages of use, transport, transformation and commercialization of timber and non-timber forest product (Mejia et al. 2015). The uses are from native forests and other existing plant formations (Alarcón-Aguirre et al. 2020), within communal and individual properties (Jung and Polasky 2018); except for forests found in protected areas, in forest heritages and protective forests (Espinosa et al. 2018). The national environmental policy seeks to regulate forest use to ensure that its use in the country comes from sustainably managed forests (Alarcón-Aguirre et al. 2020; Bonilla-Bedoya et al. 2018; Buntaine et al. 2015). The Strategic Plan of the Ministry of the Environment establishes the generation of information on the supply of strategically renewable natural resources of its ecosystem for its integral management. (MAE 2009); It is vital that more information on forest resources is available, so that it is possible to establish policies, strategies and projects that guarantee forest management, eventually with statistical indicators of reasonably minimum periods that serve for a representative analysis (Alarcón-Aguirre et al. 2020; Bonilla-Bedoya et al. 2018). The aim of this research is to evaluate the use of the forest resources of legal origin in the Napo province of Ecuador, during the period from 2011 to 2015. It starts with the contextualization of the problem from a global, national, and local point of view. Quantitative data such as the volume of wood, surface area and number of licenses issued within the forest exploitation in the province of Napo were evaluate. Changes in forest regulations and national policy were reviewed to determine if they have contributed to the increase or not of forest use of legal origin. Finally, this research seeks to demonstrate the challenges posed to guarantee that forest products come from well-managed forests, or the minimum premise, that their forest use is of legal origin.

2.1 The study localization

The Napo province is located in the northern central part of the Amazon region with an area of 12,542 km². The study area is located in tropical humid forests and agroforestry systems of the province of Napo, where forest harvesting licenses were issued during the period 2011–2015, and the majority were between 300–900 meters above sea level. They are located mainly in the districts of Chontapunta, Ahuano and Puerto Napo of the Tena region; Hatun Sumaco and Cotundo of the Archidona region, and the Arosemena Tola region (Fig. 1).

2.2 Forest use of legal origin

The method used in the present investigation was based on the comparison of quantitative and systematized data of the environmental ministry programs. In addition, statistical analysis was used with the SPSS program in order to verify the evolution of forest use. The collection of information was carried out in the city of Tena Ecuador, in the dependencies of the Ministry of the Environment (see Fig. 1), where the information on forest use licenses issued during the years 2011–2015 was collected, the same as they were systematized into monthly matrices for each Exploitation License.

The data quantification of license numbers, volume of harvested wood (m³) and surface area (ha) of the forest harvesting was carried out taking into account the type of plant formation, whether it was native forest or an agro-forestry system. In addition, the type of forest harvesting program established in Regulation 139 in the year 2010 from the Ministry of the Environment of Ecuador (MAE 2010) was also considered. These programs are Sustainable Forest Harvesting Programs (SFHP), Simplified Forest Harvesting Programs (SiFHP), Logging Programs in Legal Conversion Zone (LPLCZ), Relict Tree Logging Programs (RTLP), and Logging Tree Logging Program natural regeneration in cultures (LTLPNR). The first three programs are applied to native forests and the last two in agro-forestry systems. Another important variable that was quantified was the percentages and type of forest species that are most in demand in the use of legal origin in the period of 2011–2015.

2.3 Factors involved in the use of legal origin

To determine the factors that have intervened in the variations of the use of legal origin from the perspective of the local actors that intervene in it, a sampling methodology was followed using a representative population described in previous publications (Alarcón-Aguirre et al. 2020). Interviews were conducted with key people in the forestry sector, in which nine were traders and executors of forest harvesting programs, three forest owners, a forestry advisor, three officials from the Legal Unit, three forestry specialists and a specialist in wildlife from the provincial Ministry of the Environment participated, each were addressed with ten questions. Interviews were conducted on the factors that affect the legal use of wood, especially in the National Forest Control System, in which the causes of the variations in the different years of analysis were shown. The data from the surveys were processed through the SPSS statistical program, from which graphics from the numerical and statistical data of the surveys were extracted to carry out the technical-descriptive analysis.

3.1 Forest Harvesting by type of Plant Formation and Type of Program different years from 2011 to 2015.

The study shows that a total of 1,333 licenses for forest usage were issued during this period and these were issued according to the type of vegetation cover (native forest and agroforestry system). It can be seen that in the period of analysis there is a greater number of licenses issued in agroforestry systems; that is, in trees of natural regeneration of crops and relict trees with 66.8% (equivalent to 890 licenses) over the period, and 33.2% (equivalent to 443 licenses) of the licenses for native forests. Regarding the extraction area, an area of 50.5% (equivalent to 4413.32 ha) in native forests was observed, almost the same area of agroforestry systems, 49.5% (equivalent to 4331.03 ha), just 1% of difference. However, when analyzing the volume of harvested wood, it was observed that the percentage of usage was higher in the agroforestry systems than in the native forest with 56.4% and 43.6%, respectively. This is relevant since agroforestry systems are multifunctional systems that can provide a wide variety of economic, socio-cultural, and environmental benefits, as well as their use reduces the pressure on the use of native forests and thus increases their conservation. Table 1 summarizes the information regarding forest usage and permits issued in the Province of Napo during the period 2011–2015.

Table 1

Forest harvesting and permits issued in the Province of Napo in the period of 2011–2015
Type	Licenses granted		Surface		Volume
Type	N° Licenses	%	ha	%	m³	%
Native forest	443	33.2	4413.3	50.5	89120.9	43.6
Agroforestry Systems	890	66.8	4331.0	49.5	115188.6	56.4
Total	1333	100	8744.3	100	204309.6	100

In relation to the origin of use of forest resources by program type, Table 2 shows the evolution of forest usage in native forests by program. There was a greater use with the Simplified Forest Harvesting Programs (SIFHP) with 411 licenses, harvesting a volume of 77855.03m³ and an area of 3967.25 ha. The implication of this is that mechanized dragging and tree harvesting are not used in this program. It is carried out based on the minimum diameter of the cut determined for each species, and at a distance of not less than 25 meters between trees to be harvested (MAE 2004), therefore, the impact generated is less. In practice, this program is friendlier to the environment and is the one that forest users have the most access to, since it does not use machinery. The Sustainable Forest Harvesting Programs (SFHP) and felling programs in the Legal Conversion Zone (LPLCZ) were the least implemented.

When analyzing the period from 2011–2015, it was highlighted that forest usage of native forest plant formations were concentrated in the Chontapunta district of the Tena Region. Where the roads were opened to connect Tena with Coca, that crosses hundreds of hectares of primary forest that previously had no accessibility, this area corresponds to the highest number of licenses issued in 2013 in SiFHP (104 licenses). The most widely used species was Chuncho (Cedrelinga cateniformis D. Duke), this species existed in abundance in this area of primary forest in the Napo province, which until that year had not been intervened.

Table 2

Forest Harvesting by type of program in native forests
Year	Native forests
	SiFHP			SFHP			LPLCZ
	Volume, m³	Surface, ha	N° Licenses	Volume, m³	Surface, ha	N° Licenses	Volume, m³	Surface, ha	N° Licenses
2011	11866.3	490.7	72	992.8	30.0	1	301.2	1.7	1
2012	11379.7	617.7	83	0	0	0	0	0	0
2013	20203.4	1050.2	104	3033.1	184.1	7	761.9	9.0	4
2014	18380.4	1052.0	89	1712.9	101.4	4	1190.6	18.9	4
2015	16025.1	756.5	63	0	0	0	3273.2	100.7	11
Total	77855.0	3967.2	411	5738.9	315.6	12	5527.0	130.4	20

Regarding the use in agroforestry systems (Table 3), it should be emphasized that the two harvesting programs, that of relict trees (RTLP) and the program that corresponds to harvesting naturally regenerated trees (LTLPNR) had similar results in terms of number of licenses, with 457 licenses for RTLP and 433 licenses for LTLPNR. It is important to note that in 2011, it was observed that there was a greater use in agroforestry systems regardless of the program and that this use decreased over the years, with a lower authorized volume in 2015. This decrease in the years of legal forest use in agroforestry systems may be because these systems must be designed and managed in an appropriate way in order to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. However, when improperly harvested, they can lead to decreased production because of competition between trees and crops.

Table 3

Forest usage by type of program in agroforestry systems
Year	Program in agroforestry systems
	LTLPNR			RTLP
	Volume, m³	Surface, ha	N° Licenses	Volume, m³	Surface, ha	N° Licenses
2011	19801.4	652.5	147	28839.1	899.5	164
2012	9395.3	348.9	79	14497.5	555.3	111
2013	6244.9	319.1	65	7696.7	248.4	67
2014	6250.9	314.7	64	8102.8	278.3	69
2015	8363.4	464.8	78	5996.3	249.0	46
Total	50056.1	2100.2	433	65132.5	2230.8	457

Another important point of the evaluation of the legal use in the Napo Province was to identify the forest species used. For the period of analysis from 2011 to 2015, around 104 legally exploited forest species were identified. The 17% were concentrated in 84 tree species and 83% were concentrated in 20 species mostly used in the Napo Province. Where laurel (Cordia alliodora Ruiz & Pav. Oken) occupied the first place with 20%, followed by doncel (Otoba gordonifolia A. DC.) 11%, ceibo 6%, coconut (Virola spp.) and chuncho (Cedrelinga cateniformis. D. Duke) with 5%, tamburo (Vochysia spp.), Cinnamon (Nectandra spp.), Sapote (Sterculia spp.) and arenillo (Erisma uncinatum Warm) with 4% respectively. Copal (Dacryodes spp.) 3%, abio (Micropholis spp.), cutanga (Parquia spp.), colorado (Guareae spp.), guarango (Acacia glomerosa Benth), jacaranda (Jacaranda copaia Aubl.), yunyun (Terminalia spp.), tucuta (Guarea spp.) with 2% each, lechero or higuerón (Ficus spp.) and bella maría (Vochysia spp.) 1%. Table 4 summarizes the species found in the licenses granted both in agroforestry systems and in native forests.

Table 4

Forest species most used in the Napo province from 2011–2015
N ° Species	Common Name	Scientific Name	Forest species harvested %	Volume, m³
1	Laurel	Cordia alliodora	20.37	41619.67
2	Doncel	Otoba gordinofolia	10.69	21834.59
3	Ceibo	Ceiba pentadra (L.) Gaertn	6.03	12311.85
4	Coco	Virola spp.	5.47	11181.38
5	Chuncho (Seique)	Cedrelinga cateniformis	4.70	9608.44
6	Tamburo	Vochysia spp.	4.49	9174.69
7	Canelo	Nectandra spp.	4.13	8444.5
8	Sapote	Sterculia spp.	3.92	7999.43
9	Arenillo	Erisma uncinatum	3.87	7899.43
10	Copal	Daryodes spp.	2.74	5605.78
11	Abío (Caimitillo)	Micropholis spp.	2.40	4903.71
12	Cutanga	Parkia spp.	2.33	4765.53
13	Guarango	Acacia spp.	2.11	4307.23
14	Colorado	Guarea spp.	1.97	4016.72
15	Jacaranda	Jacaranda spp.	1.62	3319.76
16	Yunyún	Terminalia spp.	1.59	3246.06
17	Tucuta	Guarea spp.	1.54	3145.98
18	Matapalo (Higuerón)	Ficus spp.	1.33	2711.29
19	Lechero	Ficus spp.	1.09	2225.57
20	Bella María	Vochysia spp.	1.00	2045.85
84	Other species		16.61	33942.14
104	Total		100	204309.6

Figure 2 shows the volume in m³ by forest species legally harvested in the period 2011 to 2015. It was observed that the laurel species (Cordia alliodora Ruiz & Pav. Oken), the chuncho, (Cedrelinga cateniformis D. Duke), guarango (Acacia spp.), colorado (Guarea spp.) and sapote (Sterculia spp.) showed the highest use in 2011 and decreased over the years. This behavior is in accordance with the afore mentioned, since that was the year where the highest number of exploitation licenses were granted. It is worth mentioning that the value and importance of these species is determined by the use of their wood; for example, laurel wood is used as decorative veneer and handcraft furniture industries due to its colors, brightness and grain. Beams, columns, structural elements for heavy construction are also produced from this wood; as well as the manufacturing of boats, covers and decking for light constructions. The main advantage of working with laurel is that the wood is moderately durable in contact with the ground. In addition, it is easy to work with, the drying speed is fast, noticeable drying defects are not visible and the dimensional stability is excellent (Ecuador Forestal 2012).

For its part, Chuncho wood is characterized by its resistance, however, this sapwood is susceptible to attack by fungi and insects, so it requires preservation. The main uses are in structural construction since its wood is easy to work with and drying is fast, without considerable deformation or cracks. In the case of colorado wood, it is also characterized by the quality of its wood, because it is used to make decorative, triplex and drawer veneers. In addition, it is used in the construction of houses, floors and furniture (MAE and FAO 2015). Sapote wood is characterized by its soft, white wood of medium quality. It has been used in rural constructions, in the manufacture of boxes, coffins and canoes, and as a source of firewood (Rodríguez and Santamaría 2020). Finally, the Guarango is a species used mainly for the production of firewood, charcoal and poles; However, its wood has also been used for the manufacture of parquet (Aguirre-Mendoza 2012).

3.2 Analysis of the factors that have intervened in the variations of the use of legal origin

From the interviews carried out with the key actors in the forestry sector in the province of Napo, in which included forest owners, timber merchants, forestry professionals and public forestry officials, the majority were aware of the current forestry regulations, although only the general opinions (Fig. 3). They were divided into agreeing whether the modifications of the norm have contributed or not to the increase of the use of wood of legal origin. Most of those interviewed indicated that illegal harvesting has increased, with the estimate of illegal traffic being around 40 and 50%.

The interviewees pointed out that ignorance of forestry regulations, lack of economic resources and lack of forestry control have had an impact on the increase in illegal harvesting, which is why the survey data requires the establishment of certain incentives such as free forestry Regency and economic incentives, partial tax payments by foot of mount is also a viable option. To increase legal use, most of the interviewees pointed out that the agility of administrative procedures must be improved through the increase of personnel in the Forest Technical Offices and consequently the dissemination and training of the population on forestry issues. All agreed that forest controls must be strengthened, especially at the final destination (sawmills, warehouses and collection centers); and these, at the same time, would improve the prices of wood in the market, increasing forest usage of legal origin, attacking the illegal trafficking of wood.

In the period of 2011–2015, the highest legal forest harvesting was seen in agroforestry systems (RTLP and LTLPNR) with 56.38%, in contrast to forest harvesting in native forest with 43.62%. The Simplified Forest Harvesting Programs (SiFHP) in native forests correspond to 38.11% of the total volume during said period, which is why it occupies first place when determining forest harvesting by program type, followed by forest harvesting of legal origin in programs of Relic Trees with 31.88%. The highest forest usage occurred in 2013 for SiFHP with 20,203.45 m³ and for RTLP in 2011 with 28,839.15 m³. Maintaining good forest management and a balance between legal logging and conservation is also important. Since when uncontrolled forest exploitation occurs, deforestation increases and this leads to profound changes in the configurations of the primary balance between the biomass of current forests and the climate on a continental scale, decisively affecting their structure, operation and the respective internal feedbacks of these ecosystems. (Anjos et al. 2021).

Harvesting of legal origin is directly related to the intensity of the controls carried out, being the ideal goal of meeting the reducing forest harvesting of illegal origin. In the period of 2011–2015, the species with the highest legal forest use was the laurel, which represents 20% of the total volume which contains the 20 most widely used species, representing 83%, and approximately 17% of forest usage that are concentrated in 84 species of lesser use. Laurel is used in greater quantity due to its importance in the furniture industry because of its organoleptic properties and workability. On the other hand, the lesser used woods are utilized as a source of firewood and for light construction. This research shows that the variations in forest usage of legal origin in the province of Napo are linked to the effectiveness and strengthening of the National Forest Control System. During the period 2011–2015, the greatest operation was in the 2011 and where greater use of wood of legal origin was reflected, since forest users and traders know the forest regulations but insisted on illegal trafficking when there was no permanent forest control.

According to the results analysed in this study, it is concluded that the highest legal forest exploitation in the province of Napo in Amazonia Ecuador from 2011 to 2015 was in agroforestry systems and to a lesser extent in forest exploitation in native forest. This is positive, however it is important that the Ministry of the Environment maintain constantly strengthened the National Forest Control System at all levels. The controls must be at the origin (forest), on the roads (fixed and mobile controls), and at the final destination (warehouses, sawmills, collection centers and industry in general). In order to maintain a sustainable management of the forests and not give an opportunity to illegal logging activities. On the other hands, an increase in trained personnel in Forest Technical Offices is necessary. This is to provide more support, which is effective in the forest control system, more agility in the approval procedures for felling and forest management programs. It is also important to quantify the real value of forests from the point of view of the production of timber and non-timber goods, and the provision of eco-systemic services to provide an alternative to forest-owning communities and farmers, to reduce deforestation and illegal use of wood.

Authors' contributions

Conceptualization: [Germán Congo Espinosa and Patricia Aguirre-Mejía]; Methodology: [Germán Congo Espinosa]; Formal analysis and investigation: [Patricia Aguirre-Mejía and Belkis Sulbarán-Rangel]; Writing - original draft preparation: [Belkis Sulbarán-Rangel and Freddy Hernán Villota González]; Writing - review and editing: [Patricia Aguirre-Mejía, Belkis Sulbarán-Rangel and Freddy Hernán Villota González]; Supervision: [Patricia Aguirre-Mejía and Belkis Sulbarán-Rangel].

Acknowledgements

We thank of the Ministry of the Environment from city of Tena Ecuador for share the information on forest use licenses.

Ethics approval: The authors declare that the study was not conducted on endangered, vulnerable or threatened species.

Consent to participate: The authors declare that no human experiment have been involved in this study.

Consent for publication: All authors gave their informed consent to this publication and its content.

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.

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Sustainable forest use of legal origin in the province of Napo Amazonia Ecuador

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Abstract

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1. Introduction

2. Materials And Methods

2.1 The study localization

2.2 Forest use of legal origin

2.3 Factors involved in the use of legal origin

3. Results

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1