An optimized method for the isolation of urinary extracellular vesicles for molecular phenotyping: detection of biomarkers for radiation exposure

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1431855/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

An optimized method for the isolation of urinary extracellular vesicles for molecular phenotyping: detection of biomarkers for radiation exposure

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1431855/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

You are reading this latest preprint version

Background: Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a source of biomarkers with broad potential applications across clinical research, including monitoring radiation exposure. A key limitation to their implementation is minimal standardization in EV isolation and analytical analysis methods. Further, most urinary EV isolation protocols necessitate large volumes of sample. This study aimed to compare and optimize isolation and analytical methods for EVs from small volumes of urine.

Methods: 3 EV isolation methods were compared: ultracentrifugation, magnetic bead-based, and size-exclusion chromatography from 0.5 mL or 1 mL of rat and human urine. EV yield and mass spectrometry signals (Q-ToF and Triple Quad) were evaluated from each method. Metabolomic profiling was performed on EVs isolated from the urine of rats exposed to ionizing radiation 1-, 14-, 30- or 90-days post-exposure, and human urine from patients receiving thoracic radiotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer pre- and post-treatment.

Results: Size-exclusion chromatography is the preferred method for EV isolation from 0.5 mL of urine. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analyses of EV cargo identified biochemical changes induced by radiation, including altered nucleotide, folate, and lipid metabolism. We have provided standard operating procedures for implementation of these methods in other laboratories.

Conclusions: We demonstrate that EVs can be isolated from small volumes of urine and analytically investigated for their biochemical contents to detect radiation induced metabolomic changes. These findings lay a groundwork to develop future methods to monitor response to radiotherapy and can be extended to an array of molecular phenotyping studies aimed at characterizing EV cargo.

Laboratory Methods and Tools

LC/MS

Mass Spectrometry

Extracellular vesicles

radiation injury

metabolomics

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are fast becoming a preferential platform for liquid biopsy-based biomarker discovery owing to rich molecular cargo contents. EVs are released from cells of all tissue types during normal biological processes and have high potential as a source of low abundance biomarkers for a wide array of pathophysiologies (1, 2). Given that EVs carry internal cargo, analytical platforms like mass spectrometry are crucial for elucidating their biochemical content. However, studies leveraging techniques such as metabolomics and lipidomics to analyze EV content have so far remained relatively limited.

We have previously examined the role of plasma derived EVs as biomarkers for radiation injury (3, 4). Whole-body exposure to acute, large doses (> 2 Gy) of ionizing radiation (IR) can potentially be lethal if not diagnosed and treated expeditiously (5, 6). Damage to the vascular endothelium may occur as early as 24 hours’ post-exposure, affecting most commonly the gut and bone marrow (7, 8). Cumulative IR exposure for the treatment of various cancers also puts patients at risk of normal tissue toxicity (9–11). Late effects of IR injury may appear several months delayed, potentially causing life-threatening injuries to the brain, heart, lung, and kidneys. When considering a non-invasive approach for the identification of IR injury biomarkers, we and others have studied plasma, serum, urine, and saliva (12–14). However, these matrices may contain significant background, obscuring biomarkers of biological importance.

Urine, as a noninvasive biological matrix, contains a plethora of molecular information indicating rapid changes that occur in various physiological conditions. Urine has been studied as a source of biomarkers related to IR exposure (15). Urinary EVs have also shown promise as biomarkers for kidney disease, urological cancers, and even neurologic disease (16–18). However, many reported protocols for the isolation of EVs from urine necessitate the use of large volumes of sample (19, 20). To our knowledge, no groups have studied the utility of urinary EVs as a source for biomarkers of radiation damage. The goal of this study was to compare, optimize, and validate a method of EV isolation from small volumes of urine, with an emphasis on downstream LC-MS/MS-based metabolomic and lipidomic analyses. We compared three methods of EV isolation: ultracentrifugation (currently one of the most widely used methods with relatively low throughput, generally requiring large volumes (> 10 mL) of urine); a magnetic bead-based method (MBB); and a size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based method. Our benchmarks of success of EV isolation included yield and purity for a given volume, compatibility with LC-MS analyses, and scalability to support large batches of samples. Following extensive characterization to confirm EV enrichment and small molecule profiling, our results showed that SEC-based urinary EV isolation gave optimal yields with 0.5 mL of rat urine and resulted in high quality LC-MS data. The method was validated using a pilot study and later tested using a larger cohort of test samples utilizing the WAG/RijCmcr rat model of leg-out partial body irradiation (leg-out PBI). This sophisticated model is the only one available to display multiple relevant organ sequelae (gastrointestinal, bone marrow, pulmonary, heart, brain, and kidney radiation injuries) observed after a large single radiation exposure. Finally, we demonstrated the clinical utility of our EV analytical approach in a pilot study of human urine samples from patients receiving thoracic radiation therapy (RT).

To our knowledge, this study is the first comparison of EV isolation methods from small volumes of urine, the first report of a comprehensive method for mass spectrometric analysis of the small molecule and lipid content from EVs isolated from small volumes of urine, and the first report evaluating the efficacy of urinary EVs as biomarkers for radiation injury. The availability of reproducible methods of EV isolation from low volumes of urine that are compatible with mass spectrometry methodologies is an unmet need for enabling biomarker discovery, and for studying disease onset, disease progression and patient response to RT. The reported SEC-based small volume urinary EV isolation method can be extended to other types of biomolecular analyses; to this end, we have developed and provided a bulleted optimized standard operating procedure (SOP) to enable easy implementation in other laboratories.

Animal care and irradiation protocols: All animal protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. WAG/RijCmcr female rats were irradiated at 11–12 weeks of age (~ 155 grams). Two groups of rats were randomized for this study: I) No irradiation (n = 5); II) 13 Gy leg-out partial body irradiation (leg-out PBI) (n = 5). A subset of 4 urine samples from these rats were used for optimizing EV isolation. To test the effect of radiation on EV cargo composition, a separate cohort of rats was randomized into 1) No irradiation, vehicle (n = 8), or 2) 13 Gy leg–out PBI (n = 10). The protocol used for leg-out PBI was the same as reported in previous studies (21, 22) and details can be found in the Supplementary Materials and Methods. Urine was collected 24 hours, 14, 30, or 90 days after irradiation. Urine was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm at 4°C for 10 minutes and the supernatant stored frozen at -80°C until analyses.

Human urine collection: The biospecimen collection study was approved by the Georgetown University-MedStar Health Institutional Review Board (IRB 2013-0049) and eligible patients underwent signed informed consent. Eligibility included patients receiving thoracic radiation therapy. Enrolled patients included 12 patients with non-small cell lung cancer and 1 patient with thymoma who were treated 35–66 Gy. A clean catch urine sample was collected prior to radiation therapy, following the last fraction of treatment, and approximately 6 weeks after treatment. For the current study, we used samples from 5 patients pre- and immediately post-RT.

Urinary EV isolation: We have submitted all relevant data of our experiments to the EV-TRACK knowledgebase (EV-TRACK ID: EV210076) (23). EVs were isolated from urine using 3 independent methods (I) ultracentrifugation (UC) with filtration, (II) size exclusion chromatography (SEC) proceeded by filtration/concentration steps, and (III) a proprietary magnetic bead-based isolation method. We compared two different initial volumes of urine (0.5 mL or 1 mL). Detailed protocols and checklists can be found in Supplementary Files and Supplementary Materials and Methods.

Nanoparticle Tracking Analyses (NTA): NTA was performed using a NanoSight NS300 (Malvern Panalytical) equipped with a high sensitivity sCMOS camera, 532 nm laser, and automatic syringe pump. Detailed methods can be found in Supplementary Materials and Methods.

EV immunoblot array: To examine expression of accepted EV specific protein markers in isolated urinary EV samples, we performed the Exo-check Antibody Array (System Biosciences, Palo Alto CA, #EXORAY210A). 30 µg of EV protein was aliquoted and immunoblots were processed and developed according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Cryogenic Electron Microscopy: EV samples resuspended in 1 x PBS were sent to the Molecular Electron Microscopy Core at the University of Virginia for analysis. Detailed methods can be found in the Supplementary Materials and Methods.

Mass spectrometry solvents and reagents: All solvents were LC-MS grade. Catalog numbers for all solvents, reagents and standards can be found in the included SOPs in Supplemental Files.

Urinary EV metabolomics using UPLC-QToF-MS: Detailed sample preparation methods and MS data acquisition and processing can be found in Supplemental Materials and Methods.

Urinary EV LC-MS/MS polar and lipidomics analysis, data acquisition: Methods were developed for quantitation using a QTRAP 5500 LC-MS/MS System (Sciex). Detailed methods, protocols and checklists can be found in Supplemental Files and Supplementary Materials and Methods.

Statistical analyses and visualization: Prior to statistical analyses, MS data were normalized as described above for each dataset. Binary comparisons were done using paired or unpaired t-tests as appropriate, and fold changes were calculated to identify differences in metabolite levels after radiation. All analyses were performed in R (v 4.0.3). Figures were created using R, GraphPad Prism (v. 9.0) and BioRender (www.BioRender.com).

Size exclusion chromatography is the preferred method for isolating EVs from low volumes of urine for mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis.

To optimize a reliable method for EV isolation from small volumes of urine, we first compared the yield and purity of EVs isolated from two initial volumes of rat urine (0.5 mL or 1 mL) using three independent isolation methods (Fig. 1): ultracentrifugation with filtration (UC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and a proprietary magnetic bead-based commercial method (MBB). After isolation, we measured the size distribution and concentration of EVs from samples using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). NTA showed all three methods resulted in EVs of similar size (Suppl. Figure 1), though there were differences in the average size of detected particles (Suppl. Table 1). We found that the MBB method provided the highest concentration (particles/mL) of EVs at both initial volumes, but SEC resulted in the highest number of total EVs (yield) based upon the entire volume of working solution obtained by each method (Suppl. Figure 1). UC was least efficient (Suppl. Figure 1). Typical yields from 0.5 mL of rat urine using the SEC method ranged from 1.42E9 to 2.82E9 particles/mL, while 1.0 mL of urine yielded between 4.66E9 to 1.13E10 particles/mL (Suppl. Table 1). We next used cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo EM) to confirm EV enrichment and analyze the biophysical properties of isolated vesicles. We found that UC and SEC yielded EVs with of varied sizes, though most within the expected range of < 200 nm in diameter (Suppl. Figure 2). The MBB method, however, seemed to yield smaller vesicles of a more uniform size, an observation other groups have made using polymer-based EV isolation methods (Suppl. Figure 2).

To compare resultant mass spectrometry data quality, we next investigated small molecule profiles of EVs isolated via each method separately using quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (QToF-LCMS)-based untargeted metabolomics analysis. The total number of features (m/z and retention time pairs) identified for UC (0.5 mL = 4,837 and 1 mL = 5,141) and SEC (0.5 mL = 5,031 and 1 mL = 5,096) were comparable. EVs isolated using the MBB method had a significantly higher number of detected features (0.5 mL = 7,450 and 1 mL = 7,135) (Fig. 2A). Though increasing the starting volume of urine to 1 mL increased EV yield and concentration, the number of detected features only marginally increased (Fig. 2A). Interestingly, examination of total ion current chromatograms (TICs) and Manhattan plots revealed a cluster of features which were uniquely detected within the MBB samples (outlined in red, Fig. 2B-C). Further investigation of the unique chromatographic peaks in MBB samples revealed m/z patterns which were consistent with polymer contaminants. EV preparation using the UC and SEC methods generated MS spectra free of contaminants with profiles similar to each other. We did not observe significant differences in the total mass spectrometry signal between EVs derived from either 0.5 mL or 1 mL of urine (Fig. 2B-C). There was significant overlap in the number of unique features identified by each isolation method, with both 0.5 mL and 1 mL of urine (Figs. 2D-E). Considering the high EV yield, lack of contaminating material, quality of mass spectrometry data and high throughput capability we determined SEC as the optimal method for isolating EVs from 0.5 mL of urine.

The observation of “classical” EV-markers in antibody array immunoblots was used to ascertain isolation and enrichment of bona fide EVs. In accordance with MISEV guidelines (24), we performed a detailed characterization of the EV preparations. Firstly, we evaluated the expression of transmembrane proteins (such as CD63 and CD81) as well as cytosolic proteins (such as TSG101, ALIX) in the urinary EV preparations. We found that the urinary EV preparations were positive for known EV markers including cluster of differentiation 63 (CD63), cluster of differentiation 81 (CD81), tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101), ALG-2-interacting Protein X (ALIX), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), Annexin5, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), and flotilin1 (Flot1) (Suppl. Figure 2). Importantly, pooled samples of fractions not expected to contain EVs showed no enrichment in these targets (Suppl. Figure 2).

Pilot study validates EV isolation method and potential utility of urinary EVs as a source of small molecule radiation biomarkers.

We next performed a pilot study to investigate the utility of urinary EVs as biomarkers of radiation injury. We isolated EVs using our SEC method from 0.5 mL of urine from a small cohort of rats (n = 5 per group) either sham irradiated or exposed to 13 Gy leg-out PBI and performed QToF-LCMS to characterize their small molecule profiles (Fig. 3A). Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated distinct separation in the small molecule profiles of EVs from irradiated rats (Fig. 3B). Visualization using a volcano plot identified many features which were significantly dysregulated (Fig. 3C). A heatmap also showed distinct differential expression patterns between irradiated and sham irradiated EV samples (Fig. 3D). Overall, we identified a total of 72 features which were significantly altered (FDR adjusted p-value < 0.05) in the radiation group (Suppl. Table 2). Ultimately, we putatively annotated 21 of these features covering a broad range of endogenous metabolites such as lipids, prostaglandins, peptides or amino acid derivatives, and small molecules such as adrenaline (Suppl. Table 3).

Urinary EVs allow for the identification of radiation biomarkers in a large rat cohort.

This pilot study confirmed the potential of urinary EVs as a source of biomarkers for radiation exposure. To build on these findings, we applied these methods to a larger cohort of 18 rats and a total of 72 rat urine samples to study biochemical profiles of urine derived EVs obtained from rats exposed to 13 Gy leg-out PBI (Fig. 4A).

In accordance with our observations in the pilot study, LC-MS/MS-based targeted metabolomics and lipidomics revealed robust changes in urinary EV profiles following irradiation. Visualization using PCA showed distinct separation between sham and irradiated groups, starkest 24 hours, and 90 days post-irradiation (Fig. 4B). No metabolites or lipids were significantly dysregulated (FDR adjusted p-value < 0.05) at either 14 or 30-days post-irradiation. Interestingly, the majority of the significantly altered molecules (FDR adjusted p-value < 0.05) post-irradiation were lipids (Suppl. Table 4). 24 hours post irradiation, several lipid classes were downregulated including triglycerides (TAG), phosphatidylcholines (PC), sphingomyelins (SM), hexosyl ceramides (HCER), free fatty acids (FFAs), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) (Fig. 4C, Suppl. Table 4). By 90 days post-irradiation, many of these lipid species had reversed in their relative abundance with several lipids showing a significant upregulation compared to sham irradiated rats (Fig. 4C). The majority of upregulated lipids 90 days post-irradiation were TAGs.

Urinary EVs demonstrate clinical utility for identifying RT biomarkers in human urine samples.

Since the goal of our method comparison is to ultimately develop urinary EV-based biochemical analyses to understand how patients respond to RT in the clinic, we next sought to validate our methods in human urine samples. In a pilot study of 5 thoracic cancer patients receiving RT as a part of their treatment regimen, we collected urine pre- and immediately post-RT, and isolated EVs using the above SEC-based method. First, we validated enrichment of urine EVs using immunoblot and NTA, as described previously (Suppl. Figure 3). We next leveraged our UPLC-QToF-MS platform to analyze the small molecule profiles within our human urine EV samples. Similar to our findings in rat urine EVs, we detected a substantial number of features (4,362 in ESI + and 3,111 in ESI-) with low noise TICs (Fig. 5A). To identify biologically relevant altered metabolites, we used LC-MS/MS targeted metabolomics to quantitate the biochemical profile of human urinary EVs. Using our targeted panel consisting of 360 multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions, covering 270 polar metabolites. We were able to reliably quantify 175 MRMs, corresponding to 152 metabolites, with coefficients of variation less than 0.2, indicating stable and reliable quantification of those metabolites (Suppl. Table 5).

We next sought to identify whether these metabolite profiles significantly changed post-RT. Interestingly, we found 11 metabolites which were stably quantified and significantly altered post-RT in this pilot study (Table 1, Fig. 5B). Some of these metabolites are involved in nucleotide (Xanthylic acid, imidazole and dTTP) and folate metabolism (5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid and flavin mononucleotide). These changes may implicate signs of DNA damage and/or impaired DNA synthesis upon irradiation.

Table 1

**Significantly dysregulated metabolites quantified in human urinary EVs using LC-MS/MS.** List of metabolites that were significantly altered (p-value < 0.05) in human patient urinary EVs post-RT.
Metabolite	p-value	Fold Change
Butyryl-coenzyme A	0.001	1.256
2-KetoHexanoic Acid	0.004	0.781
Pantothenate	0.006	0.721
Lactate	0.008	0.834
2-Phosphoglycerate	0.013	0.840
5-Methyltetrahydrofolic Acid	0.014	0.522
Xanthylic Acid	0.038	0.763
Imidazole	0.040	0.837
dTTP	0.047	1.344
Flavin Mononucleotide	0.047	0.807
Ethanolamine	0.048	0.892

Whole body exposure to high doses of IR can potentially be lethal if radiation injury is not diagnosed and treated expeditiously. Radiation-induced organ damage can manifest within days to years after irradiation. When considering a non-invasive approach for the identification of biomarkers of exposure to IR and of radiation-induced organ damage, we and others have studied molecules in plasma, serum, saliva, and urine. However, these matrices are complex with high abundance molecules like albumins, globulins that can obscure the detection of potential biomarkers of biological importance that have relatively lower abundance. Extracellular vesicles are fast becoming a platform for biomarker discovery in radiation research as well as in other pathologies. However, few studies have investigated the use of a metabolomics approach to analyze EVs derived from urine in the context of IR exposure. Furthermore, the dominant protocols for EV isolation from urine require a large (up to 30 mL) amount of starting volume, which may not be feasible for many studies and clinical translation. The aim of this study was to optimize EV isolation from rat urine and assess radiation-induced alterations in urinary EV metabolic content. Given that EVs have shown tremendous potential as a source for biomarkers for an array of diseases and disorders, our overall goal was to develop a robust and reproducible method of EV isolation from small volumes of urine that is compatible with downstream molecular characterization of EV cargo. Importantly, each of our isolation methods yielded a different number of total detected features. Part of this variance may be explained by the inherent differences in non-EV contaminants co-isolated with each method (25–27). This is an important consideration particularly when isolating EVs from other biological matrices which may have high protein concentrations, such as plasma or tissue. The ability to successfully isolate EVs from small volumes of urine can be applied beyond metabolomics to miRNA isolation, proteomics, and functional in vitro assays. The method presented is consistent and reliable for isolating, quantifying, and characterizing urinary EVs for research and clinical purposes.

We also demonstrate the utility of urinary EVs as an effective source of biomarkers for detecting IR exposure. Previous reports have studied whole urine, whole plasma, and plasma EVs as sources for biomarkers of IR exposure and IR damage (3, 11, 28–31). Dyslipidemia has previously been observed after radiation exposure (3, 12, 32–35). Given the importance of lipid composition to EV function, this remains an active area of research. We have previously found that post-IR exposure, plasma EVs are enriched in lipid species indicative of an inflammatory response, namely TAGs (4). In that previous study, we found that upregulation of TAGs dissipated by 14 days post-irradiation, a finding similar to our results reported here. Xu et. al previously demonstrated that TAGs are upregulated in the plasma at late time points (15–20 weeks) post irradiation (13). TAGs were the bulk of lipids dysregulated 90 days post-irradiation, all of which were upregulated. The functional consequences of these changes remain an active area of research for our group.

These methods are also useful for studying human clinical samples. Though we have only performed a pilot study on 10 patients receiving RT as a part of their thoracic cancer treatment regimens, we were able to detect significant metabolite profiles of urinary EVs from extremely small volumes of urine. Importantly, these differences may also be biologically relevant in the context of IR exposure. The same data can also be extrapolated for correlation of EV-metabolites with tumor response to radiation therapy, once follow-up data become available. As reported here, we found significantly altered levels of key metabolites driving folate and nucleotide metabolism. Previous studies have demonstrated functional consequences of folate processing enzymes and altered folate pools imparted by radiation stress (36). Activation of DNA damage and repair mechanisms, as well as altered nucleotide metabolism are canonical biological events post-IR exposure, events that may be linked to radio responsiveness depending on tissue type and disease setting (37–39). Considering previous reports, with our findings, urinary EVs present themselves as a potentially important biological matrix for monitoring metabolite changes, and ultimately patient response, to RT.

In conclusion, the urinary EV metabolome and lipidome may be a sensitive and specific early indicator of radiation injury and a platform for monitoring patient response to RT. Furthermore, the approaches developed and validated in this study can be easily applied in diverse areas of biomedical research that seek to leverage molecular analyses of urinary EV profiles for gaining insights into disease onset and progression. Finally, of the methods tested herein, SEC was found to be the preferred method for isolating EVs from small volumes of urine for broad-based mass spectrometric analysis.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The biospecimen collection for human urine samples was approved by the Georgetown University-MedStar Health Institutional Review Board (IRB 2013-0049) and eligible patients underwent signed informed consent. All animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.

Consent for publication: Not applicable

Availability of data and materials: All datasets generated in the publication of this study are available by reasonable request to the corresponding author.

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding: This study was supported by three grants and a supplement from NIAID/NIH [U01AI133561, U01AI148308 to A.K.C and M.B and P20 GM109005 to M.B] and two grants and a supplement to M.M [U01AI133594 and U01AI107305]. Research reported in this publication was also supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number TL1TR001431. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Authors' contributions: C.P.H, M.J, S.B, B.L.F, S.B, A.I, X.X, J.A.F, and J.H.G were responsible for performing the experiments in this study. Y.L, Y.Z and M.G performed data analysis and aided in interpretation. E.A.B and K.U oversaw the human urine collection study. M.B, M.M and A.K.C conceived of the study design. C.P.H, M.J, S.B, M.B, M.M and A.K.C wrote the original manuscript draft and subsequent revisions, with input from all authors. All authors read and approved of the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank Jayashree Narayanan for coordinating the animal study and Tracy Gasperetti and Dana Scholler for animal care and treatments. The authors would like to acknowledge the Metabolomics Shared Resource as well as the Flow Cytometry & Cell Sorting Shared Resource at Georgetown University which are partially supported by NIH/NCI/CCSG grant P30-CA051008. The authors would also like to acknowledge Dr. Kelly Dryden at the Molecular Electron Microscopy Core at the University of Virginia.

R. Shah, T. Patel, J. E. Freedman, Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Human Disease. The New England journal of medicine 379, 958-966 (2018).
K. M. Lennon et al., Single molecule characterization of individual extracellular vesicles from pancreatic cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 8, 1685634 (2019).
A. K. Cheema et al., Plasma Derived Exosomal Biomarkers of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation in Nonhuman Primates. Int J Mol Sci 19, (2018).
C. P. Hinzman et al., Plasma-derived extracellular vesicles yield predictive markers of cranial irradiation exposure in mice. Sci Rep 9, 9460 (2019).
V. K. Singh, V. L. Newman, P. L. Romaine, M. Hauer-Jensen, H. B. Pollard, Use of biomarkers for assessing radiation injury and efficacy of countermeasures. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 16, 65-81 (2016).
E. L. Pannkuk, A. J. Fornace, Jr., E. C. Laiakis, Metabolomic applications in radiation biodosimetry: exploring radiation effects through small molecules. Int J Radiat Biol 93, 1151-1176 (2017).
I. G. M. Macia, A. Lucas Calduch, E. C. Lopez, Radiobiology of the acute radiation syndrome. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 16, 123-130 (2011).
F. Paris et al., Endothelial apoptosis as the primary lesion initiating intestinal radiation damage in mice. Science (New York, N.Y.) 293, 293-297 (2001).
V. K. Parihar, C. L. Limoli, Cranial irradiation compromises neuronal architecture in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110, 12822-12827 (2013).
C. G. Lenneman, D. B. Sawyer, Cardio-Oncology: An Update on Cardiotoxicity of Cancer-Related Treatment. Circ Res 118, 1008-1020 (2016).
K. Unger et al., Plasma metabolite biomarkers predictive of radiation induced cardiotoxicity. Radiother Oncol 152, 133-145 (2020).
C. P. Hinzman et al., Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Causes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Mouse Hippocampus. Radiat Res 190, 483-493 (2018).
Y. Xu et al., Cranial Irradiation Induces Hypothalamic Injury and Late-Onset Metabolic Disturbances in Juvenile Female Rats. Dev Neurosci 40, 120-133 (2018).
E. C. Laiakis et al., Salivary Metabolomics of Total Body Irradiated Nonhuman Primates Reveals Long-Term Normal Tissue Responses to Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 105, 843-851 (2019).
E. C. Laiakis et al., Development of a metabolomic radiation signature in urine from patients undergoing total body irradiation. Radiat Res 181, 350-361 (2014).
W. C. Xu, G. Qian, A. Q. Liu, Y. Q. Li, H. Q. Zou, Urinary Extracellular Vesicle: A Potential Source of Early Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarker in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 131, 1357-1364 (2018).
J. Nilsson et al., Prostate cancer-derived urine exosomes: a novel approach to biomarkers for prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 100, 1603-1607 (2009).
S. Wang, K. Kojima, J. A. Mobley, A. B. West, Proteomic analysis of urinary extracellular vesicles reveal biomarkers for neurologic disease. EBioMedicine 45, 351-361 (2019).
I. V. Bijnsdorp et al., Feasibility of urinary extracellular vesicle proteome profiling using a robust and simple, clinically applicable isolation method. J Extracell Vesicles 6, 1313091 (2017).
I. Lozano-Ramos et al., Size-exclusion chromatography-based enrichment of extracellular vesicles from urine samples. J Extracell Vesicles 4, 27369 (2015).
B. L. Fish, T. J. MacVittie, A. Szabo, J. E. Moulder, M. Medhora, WAG/RijCmcr rat models for injuries to multiple organs by single high dose ionizing radiation: similarities to nonhuman primates (NHP). Int J Radiat Biol 96, 81-92 (2020).
M. Medhora et al., Model development and use of ACE inhibitors for preclinical mitigation of radiation-induced injury to multiple organs. Radiat Res 182, 545-555 (2014).
E.-T. Consortium et al., EV-TRACK: transparent reporting and centralizing knowledge in extracellular vesicle research. Nat Methods 14, 228-232 (2017).
C. Théry et al., Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 7, 1535750 (2018).
C. Gardiner et al., Techniques used for the isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles: results of a worldwide survey. J Extracell Vesicles 5, 32945 (2016).
Y. Tian et al., Quality and efficiency assessment of six extracellular vesicle isolation methods by nano-flow cytometry. J Extracell Vesicles 9, 1697028 (2020).
M. Monguio-Tortajada, C. Galvez-Monton, A. Bayes-Genis, S. Roura, F. E. Borras, Extracellular vesicle isolation methods: rising impact of size-exclusion chromatography. Cell Mol Life Sci 76, 2369-2382 (2019).
A. Abramowicz et al., Ionizing radiation affects the composition of the proteome of extracellular vesicles released by head-and-neck cancer cells in vitro. J Radiat Res 60, 289-297 (2019).
T. Szatmari et al., Extracellular vesicles mediate low dose ionizing radiation-induced immune and inflammatory responses in the blood. Int J Radiat Biol 95, 12-22 (2019).
D. Kis et al., The effect of ionising radiation on the phenotype of bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles. Br J Radiol 93, 20200319 (2020).
H. Guo et al., Multi-omics analyses of radiation survivors identify radioprotective microbes and metabolites. Science 370, (2020).
M. Upadhyay et al., Identification of Plasma Lipidome Changes Associated with Low Dose Space-Type Radiation Exposure in a Murine Model. Metabolites 10, (2020).
E. C. Laiakis et al., Serum lipidomic analysis from mixed neutron/X-ray radiation fields reveals a hyperlipidemic and pro-inflammatory phenotype. Sci Rep 9, 4539 (2019).
A. K. Cheema et al., Metabolomic studies in tissues of mice treated with amifostine and exposed to gamma-radiation. Sci Rep 9, 15701 (2019).
J. Huang et al., Lipidomic Profiling for Serum Biomarkers in Mice Exposed to Ionizing Radiation. Dose Response 18, 1559325820914209 (2020).
V. Batra, V. Kesavan, K. P. Mishra, Modulation of enzymes involved in folate dependent one-carbon metabolism by gamma-radiation stress in mice. J Radiat Res 45, 527-533 (2004).
S. Wei et al., Radiation-induced changes in nucleotide metabolism of two colon cancer cell lines with different radiosensitivities. Int J Radiat Biol 75, 1005-1013 (1999).
J. A. Nickoloff et al., Roles of homologous recombination in response to ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. Int J Radiat Biol, 1-12 (2021).
S. Barnard, S. Bouffler, K. Rothkamm, The shape of the radiation dose response for DNA double-strand break induction and repair. Genome Integr 4, 1 (2013).

supp1.zip

Download PDF

Reviews received at journal
22 Mar, 2022
Reviewers invited by journal
21 Mar, 2022
Editor assigned by journal
19 Mar, 2022
First submitted to journal
18 Mar, 2022

You are reading this latest preprint version

An optimized method for the isolation of urinary extracellular vesicles for molecular phenotyping: detection of biomarkers for radiation exposure

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Results

Discussion

Declarations

References

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1