Year of publication
|
|
|
|
2012
|
2 (1.5)
|
(41, 42)
|
|
2013
|
11 (8.3)
|
(43-53)
|
|
2014
|
17 (12.9)
|
(54-70)
|
|
2015
|
34 (25.8)
|
(71-104)
|
|
2016
|
28 (21.2)
|
(105-132)
|
|
2017
|
28 (21.2)
|
(133-160)
|
|
2018
|
12 (9.1)
|
(161-172)
|
|
Year of completion of data collection
|
|
|
2011
|
14 (10.6)
|
(41-45, 48, 49, 54, 58, 66, 74, 78, 85, 86)
|
|
2012
|
13 (9.8)
|
(51-53, 56, 59, 60, 62, 63, 68, 70, 71, 105, 109)
|
|
2013
|
31 (23.5)
|
(46, 47, 50, 55, 61, 64, 67, 69, 72, 73, 75, 80, 81, 87-89, 91, 92, 94, 99-101, 113, 120, 123, 127, 132, 145, 153, 155, 159)
|
|
2014
|
26 (19.7)
|
(57, 65, 76, 79, 83, 84, 90, 93, 95-98, 104, 114, 116, 124, 125, 129, 130, 135, 149, 154, 157, 158, 160, 167)
|
|
2015
|
31 (23.5)
|
(77, 82, 102, 103, 106-108, 110-112, 115, 117-119, 121, 122, 126, 128, 131, 134, 136, 140, 142-144, 147, 148, 150, 151, 166, 171)
|
|
2016
2017
|
14 (10.6)
3 (2.3)
|
(133, 138, 139, 141, 152, 156, 161, 163-165, 168-170, 172)
(137, 146, 162)
|
|
Country of publication
|
|
|
|
Non-conflict affected
|
81 (61.4)
|
|
|
Bahrain
|
0 (0)
|
NA
|
|
Egypt
|
35 (26.5)
|
(42, 47, 52, 61, 65, 68, 70-73, 87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 98, 99, 103, 105, 120, 121, 125, 131, 133, 134, 138, 139, 142, 145, 146, 148, 150, 166, 168, 172)
|
|
Jordan
|
8 (6.1)
|
(49, 57, 88, 119, 132, 161, 163, 169)
|
|
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
|
25 (18.9)
|
(41, 46, 51, 62, 69, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 90, 92, 102, 107, 108, 111, 115-117, 135, 136, 154, 164, 170)
|
|
Kuwait
|
1 (0.8)
|
(130)
|
|
Morocco
|
7 (5.3)
|
(63, 64, 86, 100, 143, 153, 155)
|
|
Oman
|
0 (0)
|
NA
|
|
Qatar
|
0 (0)
|
NA
|
|
Tunisia
|
1 (0.8)
|
(152)
|
|
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
|
2 (1.5)
|
(60, 165)
|
|
Multiple countries
|
|
|
|
Egypt and KSA
|
2 (1.5)
|
(74, 97)
|
|
Fragile and conflict affected
|
50 (37.9)
|
|
|
Djibouti
|
0 (0)
|
NA
|
|
Iraq
|
24 (18.2)
|
(53, 56, 58, 67, 78, 79, 82, 84, 95, 96, 109, 110, 112, 114, 118, 126, 129, 137, 140, 151, 156, 158, 162, 171)
|
|
Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories
|
7 (5.3)
|
(43, 44, 50, 54, 113, 144, 147)
|
|
Lebanon
|
8 (6.1)
|
(66, 101, 106, 123, 124, 149, 157, 167)
|
|
Libya
|
6 (4.5)
|
(48, 59, 75, 104, 159, 160)
|
|
Syrian Arab Republic
|
4 (3.0)
|
(45, 55, 128, 141)
|
|
Yemen
|
1 (0.8)
|
(122)
|
|
Mixed conflict and non-conflict affected
|
1 (0.7)
|
|
|
Bahrain, Oman, UAE and Lebanon
|
1 (0.7)
|
(127)
|
|
Study design
|
|
|
|
Cross-sectional
|
16 (12.1)
|
(45, 50, 74, 78, 91, 93, 95, 96, 102, 107, 122, 138, 144, 146, 163, 164)
|
|
Case-control
|
2 (1.5)
|
(57, 165)
|
|
Cohort
|
2 (1.5)
|
(131, 161)
|
|
Surveillance
|
9 (6.8)
|
(52, 109, 116, 123, 127, 135, 149, 159, 160)
|
|
Not specified
|
103 (78.1)
|
(41-44, 46-49, 51, 53-56, 58-73, 75-77, 80-90, 92, 94, 97-101, 103-106, 108, 110-115, 117-121, 124-126, 128-130, 132-134, 136, 137, 139-143, 145, 147, 148, 150-158, 162, 166-172)
|
|
Study setting
|
|
|
|
Hospital
|
66 (50.0)
|
(46-48, 51-53, 55, 56, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72, 75-77, 81-84, 86, 87, 89-93, 96, 99-101, 103, 104, 107-109, 111, 114, 115, 119, 121, 131-133, 136, 142, 144, 146-148, 150, 155-158, 161, 162, 164, 168, 170, 172)
|
|
Laboratory
|
55 (41.7)
|
(41, 45, 49, 54, 58, 60, 63, 66, 69, 70, 73, 78-80, 85, 88, 94, 97, 98, 106, 110, 112, 113, 116-118, 120, 123-129, 134, 135, 137-141, 143, 145, 149, 151-154, 159, 160, 165-167, 169, 171)
|
|
Primary care
|
4 (3.0)
|
(50, 74, 122, 130)
|
|
Community
|
3 (2.3)
|
(95, 102, 163)
|
|
Mixed
|
4 (4.0)
|
(43, 44, 57, 105)
|
|
Source of data
|
|
|
|
Inpatients
|
66 (50.0)
|
(41, 42, 46-48, 51-56, 60-63, 65, 68, 69, 71-73, 82, 83, 85, 86, 89-92, 96, 99-101, 103, 104, 106-111, 115-118, 121, 124, 126, 131, 133, 134, 136, 138-140, 147, 150, 151, 153, 156, 159, 161, 162, 167, 168, 172)
|
|
Outpatients
|
12 (9.1)
|
(50, 57, 59, 74, 77, 84, 97, 114, 122, 130, 132, 155)
|
|
Healthcare workers
|
5 (3.8)
|
(81, 87, 144, 148, 170)
|
|
Students
|
4 (3.0)
|
(44, 95, 102, 163)
|
|
Of which medical students
|
2 (1.5)
|
(102, 163)
|
|
Mixed
|
17 (12.9)
|
(43, 45, 66, 70, 75, 76, 105, 119, 137, 141, 145, 146, 154, 164-166, 169)
|
|
Not specified
|
28 (21.2)
|
(49, 58, 64, 67, 78-80, 88, 93, 94, 98, 112, 113, 120, 123, 125, 127-129, 135, 142, 143, 149, 152, 157, 158, 160, 171)
|
|
Age groups*
|
|
|
|
Neonates
|
6 (4.5)
|
(55, 71, 92, 119, 133, 156)
|
|
Infants
|
15 (11.4)
|
(55, 64, 86, 93, 101, 103, 108, 109, 114, 119, 127, 132, 145, 146, 156)
|
|
Children
|
33 (25.0)
|
(50, 55, 62, 64, 67, 77, 79, 84, 86, 90, 93, 95, 100, 101, 103, 107-109, 114, 115, 122, 127, 132, 136, 139, 145, 146, 153, 155, 156, 159, 169, 172)
|
|
Adults
|
44 (33.3)
|
(53, 56, 61, 62, 65, 76, 81, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 95, 99, 101, 102, 107-109, 111, 114, 115, 130, 131, 136, 144, 145, 147, 148, 153, 155, 159, 161-163, 168-170, 172)
|
|
All age groups
|
13 (9.8)
|
(41, 43, 45, 46, 51, 52, 68, 75, 107, 127, 142, 152, 164)
|
|
Not specified
|
58 (43.9)
|
(49, 54, 57-60, 63, 66, 69, 70, 72-74, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85, 88, 91, 94, 96-98, 104-106, 110, 112, 113, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123-126, 128, 129, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141, 143, 149-151, 154, 157, 158, 160, 165-167, 171)
|
|
Gender
|
|
|
|
Male
|
1 (0.7)
|
(48)
|
|
Female
|
0 (0)
|
NA
|
|
Both
|
67 (50.8)
|
(41-46, 49-53, 61, 62, 65, 66, 71, 74-77, 81, 86, 88-90, 95, 98-102, 107-109, 111, 114-116, 119, 122, 127, 130-133, 136, 141, 142, 145-148, 152-157, 160-165, 168, 169, 172)
|
|
Not specified
|
64 (48.5)
|
(47, 54-60, 63, 64, 67-70, 72, 73, 78-80, 82-85, 87, 91-94, 96, 97, 103-106, 110, 112, 113, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123-126, 128, 129, 134, 135, 137-140, 143, 144, 149-151, 158, 159, 166, 167, 170, 171)
|
|
Clinical syndrome
|
|
|
|
Colonization
|
21 (15.9)
|
(41, 44, 50, 51, 57, 74, 77, 81, 83, 87, 92, 93, 95, 102, 111, 119, 132, 144, 148, 163, 170)
|
|
Urinary tract infections
|
20 (15.2)
|
(45, 49, 54, 59, 75, 84, 100, 107, 109, 114, 130, 146, 147, 154, 155, 159, 164-166, 169)
|
|
Skin and soft tissue infections
|
10 (7.6)
|
(42, 48, 61, 82, 96, 121, 125, 126, 140, 161)
|
|
Of which war-related
|
2 (1.5)
|
(48, 161)
|
|
Bloodstream infections
|
10 (7.6)
|
(65, 71, 72, 103, 115, 133, 137, 150, 153, 172)
|
|
Respiratory tract infections
|
6 (4.5)
|
(62, 64, 89, 99, 122, 162)
|
|
Gastroenteritis
|
5 (3.8)
|
(58, 67, 79, 98, 149)
|
|
Meningitis
|
2 (1.5)
|
(134, 156)
|
|
Keratitis
|
1 (0.7)
|
(142)
|
|
Miscellanea
|
43 (32.6)
|
(43, 46, 47, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60, 63, 66, 68-70, 73, 76, 78, 86, 88, 90, 91, 94, 101, 104, 106, 108, 112, 116-118, 120, 124, 127, 129, 131, 136, 138, 139, 141, 145, 151, 152, 157, 168)
|
|
Type of specimen
|
|
|
|
Urine
|
20 (15.2)
|
(45, 49, 54, 59, 75, 84, 100, 107, 109, 114, 130, 146, 147, 154, 155, 159, 164-166, 169)
|
|
Nasal/nasopharyngeal swab
|
18 (13.6)
|
(41, 44, 50, 51, 56, 57, 74, 77, 81, 93, 95, 102, 111, 132, 144, 148, 163, 170)
|
|
Blood
|
10 (7.6)
|
(65, 71, 72, 103, 115, 133, 137, 150, 153, 172)
|
|
Tissue swab/biopsy
|
9 (6.8)
|
(42, 48, 61, 82, 121, 125, 126, 140, 161)
|
|
Faeces
|
8 (6.1)
|
(58, 67, 79, 87, 92, 98, 119, 149)
|
|
Sputum or other respiratory
|
4 (3.0)
|
(62, 89, 99, 162)
|
|
Other
|
7 (5.3)
|
(64, 83, 104, 122, 134, 142, 156)
|
|
Miscellanea
|
52 (39.4)
|
(43, 46, 47, 52, 53, 55, 60, 63, 66, 68-70, 73, 76, 78, 86, 88, 90, 91, 94, 97, 101, 105, 106, 108, 110, 112, 113, 116-118, 120, 123, 124, 127-129, 131, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 143, 145, 151, 152, 157, 158, 167, 168, 171)
|
|
Not specified
|
4 (3.0)
|
(80, 85, 96, 160)
|
|
Laboratory methods
|
|
|
|
Identification of microorganism
|
|
|
|
Morphology
|
53 (40.2)
|
(41-44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 54-58, 61-63, 66, 67, 73, 74, 78, 79, 81, 87, 91, 93-96, 99, 100, 102, 105, 109, 111, 113, 114, 119, 122, 125, 127-129, 132, 136, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 156, 169)
|
|
VITEKTM
|
21 (15.9)
|
(46, 72, 75, 76, 80, 82-85, 88, 101, 106, 108, 117, 118, 140, 151, 154, 158, 162, 171)
|
|
API
|
15 (11.4)
|
(45, 59, 68, 70, 86, 90, 124, 131, 143, 145, 149, 153, 155, 157, 167)
|
|
Others
|
12 (9.1)
|
(69, 77, 104, 107, 115, 116, 130, 133, 159, 160, 164, 170)
|
|
Multiple
|
25 (17.4)
|
(53, 60, 64, 65, 92, 97, 98, 103, 110, 112, 120, 121, 123, 126, 135, 137-139, 147, 161, 163, 165, 166, 168, 172)
|
|
Not specified
|
6 (4.5)
|
(49, 52, 71, 89, 134, 141)
|
|
Antibiotic susceptibility testing
|
|
|
|
Disk diffusion
|
64 (48.5)
|
(42-45, 47-52, 54, 57-59, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 74, 76, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 91, 94, 96, 98-100, 105, 106, 109, 110, 112, 113, 119-121, 124-126, 128, 130, 136, 137, 141-146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 156, 162, 166, 169)
|
|
VITEKTM
|
12 (9.1)
|
(83, 88, 92, 108, 117, 118, 135, 151, 154, 158, 168, 171)
|
|
PCR
|
7 (5.3)
|
(55, 62, 66, 78, 101, 102, 129)
|
|
E-testTM
|
4 (3.0)
|
(97, 127, 131, 160)
|
|
MIC
|
4 (3.0)
|
(46, 53, 90, 134)
|
|
Others
|
3 (2.3)
|
(77, 104, 115)
|
|
Multiple
|
35 (26.5)
|
(41, 56, 60, 61, 63, 69, 72, 73, 75, 80, 84, 85, 93, 95, 103, 107, 111, 114, 116, 123, 132, 138-140, 147, 150, 157, 159, 161, 163-165, 167, 170, 172)
|
|
Not specified
|
3 (2.3)
|
(89, 122, 133)
|
|
Standard for interpretation of results
|
|
|
CLSI
|
103 (78.0)
|
(41-48, 50-52, 54-57, 59-61, 63-67, 69-71, 74-76, 79-82, 84, 86, 88, 90-92, 94-96, 98-100, 102, 103, 105-121, 124-126, 130, 132-134, 136-150, 155-159, 161-169, 172)
|
|
BSAC
|
3 (2.3)
|
(85, 97, 122)
|
|
EUCAST
|
2 (1.5)
|
(72, 160)
|
|
CA-SFM
|
2 (1.5)
|
(152, 153)
|
|
Multiple methods
|
4 (3.0)
|
(53, 68, 124, 127)
|
|
Not specified
|
18 (13.6)
|
(49, 58, 62, 73, 77, 78, 87, 89, 101, 104, 128, 129, 131, 135, 151, 154, 170, 171)
|
|
* Articles can report data on more than one age group, and therefore the sum of all age groups can differ from the total number of articles
|
GLASS: Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System
NA: Not Applicable
API: Analytical Profile Index
PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction
MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration
CLSI: Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute
BSAC: British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
CA-SFM: Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Societé Française de Microbiologie
|