Successful Surgical Treatment of Congenital Tracheal Stenosis Combined with Tracheal Bronchus and Left Pulmonary Artery Sling : A 10-Year Single-Institution Experience

Abstract

Purpose: Radical surgery for congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) is technically demanding. CTS combined with tracheal bronchus (TB) and pulmonary artery (PA) sling is a particularly challenging condition. We herein report our successfully modified surgical techniques for CTS combined with TB and PA sling.

Methods: Nine patients treated at our institution from July 2010 to December 2020 for CTS with TB and PA sling were enrolled. The patients’ characteristics, operative results, and clinical outcomes were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively.

Results: The mean age at the operation and body weight were 8.0±4.4 months old and 6.5±0.8 kg, respectively. The mean tracheal diameter and length of stenotic lesion were 3.2±1.0 mm (mean stenosis rate: 46.2%) and 25.4±4.9 mm, respectively. All cases were complicated with PA sling at bifurcation stenosis with tracheobronchomalacia. All patients underwent modified posterior-anterior slide tracheoplasty with an inverted Y-shaped incision at the bifurcation and repositioning of the PA. The mean postoperative intubation period was 25.0±32.1 days. There were no major intraoperative or postoperative complications, including hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The mean hospital stay was 92.2±73.4 days. All patients were discharged home without tracheostomy or oxygen support.

Conclusion: Our slide tracheoplasty technique for CTS with TB and PA sling achieved excellent outcomes. 

Introduction

Congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) is a rare and life-threatening disease in children. Slide tracheoplasty for CTS has become widely accepted, now representing a standard surgical procedure [1, 2]. However, CTS combined with tracheal bronchus (TB) and left pulmonary artery (PA) sling remains a particularly challenging condition to treat, as TB of the right upper lobe bronchus (RULB) and stenosis of the bifurcation can cause respiratory failure after ordinary slide tracheoplasty [3–5]. PA sling also sometimes causes tracheobronchomalacia at the bifurcation, leading to a vascular ring surrounding and compressing the trachea. These conditions are thought to be the leading causes of extubation failure [3, 6].

The present study analyzed the clinical features and treatments of CTS combined with TB and PA sling as well as the outcomes of our surgical techniques based on the experience in our single institution.

Materials And Methods

1.5. Ethical approval

This study was performed in accordance with the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan in 2014. The study complied with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki (revised in 2013) and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center (registration number: H30b-209). All participants or their parents provided their informed consent for involvement in this study

Results

2.1. Patients’ characteristics 

 The patients’ characteristics are shown in Table 1. The male/female ratio was 4/5. The mean age at the time of the operation and body weight were 8.0±4.4 (range, 4 to 18) months old and 6.5±0.8 (range, 5.3 to 7.3) kg, respectively. The mean tracheal diameter of stenotic lesion and mean stenosis rate were 3.2±1.0 (range, 1.7 to 4.8) mm and 46.2%±0.1% (range, 26% to 53%), respectively. The mean tracheal length of stenotic lesion was 25.4±4.9 (range, 20 to 35) mm. Regarding the site of tracheal stenosis, eight cases had stenosis from the distal side of the TB to the tracheal bifurcation, and one case had stenosis from the proximal side of the TB to the tracheal bifurcation (Table 1, Case 7).

Associated cardiac anomalies are shown in Table 1. All cases involved PA sling with bifurcation stenosis and tracheobronchomalacia, and the other associated cardiac anomalies were tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in one, atrial septal defect (ASD) in four, and persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) in three.

 2.2. The operative results and clinical course

The operative results and clinical outcome were shown in Table 2. All patients received slide tracheoplasty with an inverted Y-shaped incision at the bifurcation and repositioning of the PA. Among the cases with cardiac anomalies, the one case of TOF and four cases of ASD underwent one-stage surgery at the same time as tracheoplasty. The three patients with PLSVC underwent conservative follow-up.

The mean operative time was 690.1±251.0 (range, 464 to 1302) min. There were no intraoperative complications. Postoperative ECMO was required in 5 cases (55.6%, mean duration: 16.4±18.9 days, range, 7 to 50 days). In three cases, ECMO was continuously performed from the operating room; the other two cases were able to be weaned from ECMO temporarily in the operating room after tracheoplasty, but after entering the PICU, ventilation failure occurred, and ECMO management was required again within 12 h after surgery in both cases. The mean postoperative intubation period was 25.0±32.1 (range, 8 to 108) days. 

In case 2, continuous hemorrhaging from the drain was recognized due to mismanagement of anticoagulation. However, the hemorrhaging was resolved by appropriate anticoagulation. In case 4, minor leakage from the tracheal anastomosis and right heart failure were observed after surgery but improved with conservative management. There were no postoperative hypoxic episodes or subsequent ischemic encephalopathy. The mean hospital stay was 92.2±73.4 (range, 47 to 283) days. All patients were discharged home without tracheostomy or oxygen support. The mean follow-up period was 81.8±3.9 (range, 32 to 136) months. No patients showed tracheal stenosis, intratracheal granulation, or tracheomalacia during the follow-up period. 

Discussion

CTS combined with TB and PA sling is a life-threatening disease that is difficult to manage not only during surgery but also after tracheoplasty [3-5]. We modified a slide tracheoplasty technique for CTS combined with TB and PA sling. 

The major findings of this study were as follows: (1) We modified the slide tracheoplasty technique to bring the TB and bifurcation closer and formed a wider triple-bifurcation shape; (2) All cases were complicated with PA sling at the bifurcation stenosis with tracheobronchomalacia and underwent posterior-anterior slide tracheoplasty with an inverted Y-shaped incision at the bifurcation and repositioning of the PA; (3) Postoperative ECMO management was required in 55.6% of cases; (4) There were no major intraoperative or postoperative complications, including hypoxic episodes and subsequent ischemic encephalopathy; and (5) All patients were discharged home without tracheostomy, and no patients showed tracheal stenosis, intratracheal granulation, or tracheomalacia during the long-term follow-up period. 

TB is defined as a congenital anomaly in which the RULB arises directly from the trachea and above the tracheal bifurcation in the narrow sense [8]. Cases with CTS combined with TB tend to have a combination of tracheal abnormalities and cardiac anomalies, resulting in a high postoperative mortality rate [9,10]. Although various surgical procedures have been reported, which is the most appropriate tracheoplasty procedure remains controversial. Tracheal end-to-end anastomosis was performed for short-segment CTS cases with a stenotic trachea below the TB [1,11]. For cases with long-segment CTS, slide tracheoplasty described by Tsang and Grillo has been widely accepted and become the standard tracheoplasty procedure [1,2]. Left–right slide tracheoplasty for CTS with TB was reported to avoid the need for an incision and a suture line closing the orifice of RULB [12]. However, Morita et al. did not recommend this procedure, as their cases had severe tracheomalacia after left–right slide tracheoplasty and required tracheostomy. They pointed out two reasons for this complication with left–right slide tracheoplasty [4]. One reason was that a transverse figure-eight deformity occurred at reconstruction site and easily collapsed [5]. The other reason was that the tracheal walls receive their blood supply from the lateral surface of the trachea [13], and ischemia occurred in the central part of the trachea at the anastomotic site [9]. We therefore modified the posterior-anterior slide tracheoplasty technique for long-segment CTS below or above the TB, as reported by Beierlein and Elliott [12]. 

In our procedure, the stenotic trachea was transected just above the middle point between TB and tracheal bifurcation and then slide tracheoplasty was performed to make TB and tracheal bifurcation close forming a tracheal trifurcation. The tip of the endotracheal tube was able to be placed just above the TB after tracheoplasty. This allowed the suction tube to easily reach the anastomotic site without leaving a long distance from the intubation tube and prevented critical postoperative airway obstruction caused by edema of the anastomotic site and bloody secretions. We also performed another modification of the slide tracheoplasty technique for TB: the proximal segment of the trachea was incised slightly to the left lateral side of the dorsal midline (5 o’clock direction) in order to maintain the blood supply. The TB arises from the posterolateral aspect of the trachea in most patients [4], so this incision approach avoided the need to perform suturing near the orifice of the TB. In our study, airway obstruction was prevented in all cases at the TB and bifurcation using this method. As a result, all cases were able to be extubated safely. 

PA sling is the most common cardiac anomaly and is complicated with CTS in 50%-65% of cases [14,15], causing airway obstruction in the neonatal and infant periods due to complete cartilage rings surrounded by PA. Tracheobronchomalacia at the bifurcation induced by compression of the vascular ring was found in 27% of cases, and this condition was a risk factor for mortality [16,6]. Muraji et al. reported the first survivor after concomitant reconstruction of extensive CTS and PA sling in 1998 [17]. However, the lumen of the tracheal bifurcation could not be enlarged sufficiently with conventional posterior-anterior slide tracheoplasty. Extubation was reportedly difficult in about 30%-40% of cases due to the flattened bifurcation after conventional slide tracheoplasty [18], requiring additional aortopexy, intratracheal stenting, and tracheostomy postoperatively [3,5,18].

Since 2005, we have performed an inverted Y-shaped incision for cases with tracheobronchomalacia at the tracheal bifurcation [6]. In all of or cases, no tracheobronchomalacia was recognized at the bifurcation after slide tracheoplasty, and extubation was achieved without additional surgery. This technique is thus worth attempting before considering other approaches, such as prolonged stenting and tracheotomy. 

PA sling associated with CTS has a high rate of cardiac anomalies and a high mortality rate (up to 46%) [19]. This high mortality is due to the severity of cardiac anomalies in addition to the presence of CTS. Staged repair is beneficial for CTS with complex cardiac anomalies with keeping intra- and postoperative stable circulatory dynamics potentially affect the outcomes of combined tracheal and cardiac surgery  [10]. In our institution, we proactively use postoperative ECMO management for CTS cases with severe cardiac anomalies, depending on the cardiac disease, to improve the survival rate. 

Postoperative ECMO management was performed in 5 cases (55.6%). Three of them underwent continuous ECMO management during and after surgery, ultimately achieving ECMO/ventilator weaning and extubation without respiratory complications or hypoxic ischemic episodes following encephalopathy.

Conclusion

Several limitations associated with the present study warrant mention. Namely, we investigated few patients, and the results were thus obtained from a relatively small population. However, our modified tracheoplasty approach was able to prevent ventilation and respiratory failure after tracheoplasty. As a result, all patients were discharged home without tracheostomy or oxygen support, and none of our cases had any postoperative problems during the follow-up period. Our results suggest that slide tracheoplasty using an inverted Y-shaped incision and forming a wide triple-bifurcation shape is an effective surgical technique for CTS combined with TB and left PA sling.

Declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest in association with the present study.

Acknowledgments

We thank Mr. Brian Quinn for his comments and help with the manuscript. The authors are very grateful to Hidetoshi Fukui for his excellent drawings.

References

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Tables

Table 1: Patients’ characteristics of CTS with TB and left PA sling

CTS, congenital tracheal stenosis; TB, tracheal bronchus; PA sling, pulmonary artery sling; TOF, Tetralogy of Fallot;

PLSVC, Persistent left superior vena cava; ASD, Atrial septal defect; * = One-stage surgery at the same time as slide tracheoplasty.

Table 2   Summary of operative results and clinical outcome

 ECMO; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. 

† = ECMO management was started within 12 hours after entering the PICU.