Soil analysis.
Higher amount of sand, bray P, %OC, Mn, Na and Mg was in Bowen, higher amount of clay and Cu were found in Ibadan while higher amount of silt, %N, Zn, Fe, K and Ca were found in Odeda (Table 1). The pH at Bowen, Ibadan and Odeda were 7.20, 7.64 and 6.79, respectively. There was different types of soils in terms of texture, physical and chemical properties from the three environments under study. It is ascertained that the climatic and soil conditions influence the growth, development and yield of crops. Crops also respond differently to different types of soils. It has been observed that Bambara groundnut has high yield in sandy soils because it bears fruits underground and sandy soil has porous and loose structures with large pores which allows for pods to grow and smooth harvest. When the sandy soil gets dried, they produce thin, loose fissures which are of advantages especially in the semi-arid tropics where there’s an uneven rainfall pattern and long droughts. Clay soil has a high water retention ability and it expands when wet and vice versa when dry.
Table 1
The physio-chemical properties of soil for the 3 experimental locations
PROPERTIES
|
BOWEN
|
IBADAN
|
ODEDA
|
Sand %
|
71.00
|
60.22
|
56.22
|
Clay %
|
10.90
|
29.14
|
13.63
|
Silt %
|
18.10
|
10.64
|
30.15
|
% N
|
0.19
|
0.20
|
1.12
|
Bray P
|
23.11
|
14.84
|
17.26
|
% OC
|
1.19
|
0.99
|
0.84
|
Zn (ppm)
|
1.38
|
1.30
|
2.30
|
Cu (ppm)
|
0.68
|
1.20
|
0.98
|
Fe (ppm)
|
77.96
|
82.40
|
89.62
|
Mn (ppm)
|
169.42
|
108.17
|
117.64
|
Na (Cmol/kg)
|
0.09
|
0.03
|
0.08
|
K (Cmol/kg)
|
0.43
|
0.27
|
1.23
|
Mg (Cmol/kg)
|
2.50
|
2.00
|
0.75
|
Ca (Cmol/kg)
|
4.75
|
2.78
|
5.13
|
pH
|
7.20
|
7.64
|
6.79
|
Characterization of Bambara groundnut accessions using morphological, phenological and agronomic traits
The ANOVA for the morphological is presented in Tables 5. The least internode length (2.49±0.63 cm) was recorded with V2 while V11 had the longest internode length (2.95±0.64) across the environments, it had a grand mean value of 2.69cm. The Leaf length ranged from 6.96±1.44 (V5) to 8.47±1.53 (V11) while the minimum value across environments was 3.50cm and the maximum length was 12.60cm with a grand mean value of 7.53cm. The Leaf width was recorded with the lowest value of 2.83±0.55 and 2.83±0.60 in V7 and V10 respectively, and the highest width (3.27±0.71) was seen in V3 where the recorded grand mean was 2.98cm. Additionally, the plant height ranged from 24.41±3.14 (V9) to 29.53±4.19 (V6) and a grand mean value of 27.12cm across environments. V13 was observed to show the lowest initial plant stand with a value of 4.67±2.06 while V8 showed the most initial plant with a grand mean of 6.02. The values for the number of branches varied from 11.85±5.00 (V6) to 20.24±4.89 (12) although, the maximum across environments was 35.00 while the minimum was 5.00. For the number of nodes, V13 performed least while V8 performed best with means of 9.67±2.78 and 12.87±2.84, respectively. Also, V15 gave the least panicle length of 2.38±0.70 while the longest panicle length (2.77±0.80 cm) was observed in V4. The biomass fresh weight ranged from 53.64±22.97 (V3) to 74.32±34.47 (V14) with a grand mean of 64.41, while the biomass dry weight varied from 25.85±9.90 (V4) to 33.20±12.15 (V10). V13 recorded the least biomass per plant of 44.33±8.23 while the most biomass per plant of 50.89±8.39 was found in V9. The least number of stems was observed in V9, while V8 produced the highest number of stems which ranged from 60.29±15.56 to 79.67±21.68. Two different varieties V2 and V5 showed equal number of leaves (204.05 and 204.05) but the least number of leaves was found in V9 (179.37±47.51) while the highest was recorded in V8 (236.93±65.21). Lastly, the length of petioles ranged between 1.66±0.38 (V1) and 1.87±0.42 (V4) with a grand mean of 1.77 cm.
The phonological traits showed very highly significant differences between the accessions subjected to the experiment. The coefficient of variation (CV%) in this present research ranged from 4.22% to 8.60% while the Pr(<F) ranged from 7.44e-14*** to <2e-16***which indicates a very highly significant difference (p≤0.0001) and this was observed in days to emergence, days to flowering, days to maturity and days to harvest (Table 7).
The yield and yield component traits are shown in Table 6. There were very highly significant differences among all the means recorded. In ten out of the 17 agronomic traits, TVSU-455 was observed and recorded to be the best genotype across the three environments. TVSU-455 gave the highest values for total number of pods (42.67±13.37), final plant stand (7.67±1.58), fresh seed weight of (45.83±14.82), number of seed per plants of (46.62±14.89), hundred seed weight with a value of (124.56±18.99), dry seed weight (27.14±8.91), fresh pod weight, a value of (92.65±30.96), harvest index of (0.57±0.25), yield per plot (45.83±14.82) and unshelled yield per plot (550.26±117.89). Additionally, it was observed that TVSU-455 gave higher values than the grand means for those 10 traits that it performed best at. Although, V14 recorded 100 number of pods in a single environment i.e. Bowen. In the alternative, V5 gave the least values for the traits which include final plant stand (3.77±1.99), yield per plant (20.25±10.87), hundred seed weight (76.15±16.58), yield per plot (95.33±52.95), dry seed weight (11.57±5.54), width of seed (9.12±1.65) and harvest index (0.25±0.2). Also, V14 gave the least values for fresh pod weight (46.66±23.13), length of pod (17.56±2.82), width of pod (12.87±2.33) and unshelled yield per plot (220.10±87.20). V15 gave the lowest value for final plant stand (3.77±1.99). V1 gave the least value for number of seeds per plant (26.08±7.40). V11 gave the lowest value for shelling percentage (41.91±12.98) and it gave the highest value for the width of pods (16.29±2.16). V2 gave the highest value for length of pods (23.40±3.53). V4 gave the highest value for width of seed (11.29±2.26). V13 also reported the highest value in length of seed (14.02±1.64) and V6 was observed to perform best in shelling percentage (52.78±14.17).
Table 5
ANOVA for morphological parameters after 82 days of planting
VARIETY
|
IL50%
|
LL50%
|
LW50%
|
PH50%
|
IPS50%
|
BFW
|
BDW
|
BPP
|
LP50%
|
NL50%
|
NS50%
|
TVSU-454
|
2.64±0.43bcd
|
7.69±1.18bcde
|
3.14±0.56abc
|
29.29±4.03ab
|
5.56±2.46cd
|
69.90±24.39abc
|
33.00±11.57abc
|
45.11±9.72abcd
|
1.66±0.38b
|
233.42±64.88abc
|
74.24±21.62abcd
|
TVSU-158
|
2.49±0.63d
|
7.54±1.09bcdef
|
2.88±0.42defg
|
26.41±3.24cd
|
5.89±2.15abcd
|
55.43±24.46de
|
26.61±12.19f
|
48.24±9.33abcd
|
1.79±0.36ab
|
204.05±51.87cd
|
68.83±15.45de
|
TVSU-438
|
2.54±0.64d
|
7.70±1.34bcd
|
3.27±0.71a
|
25.85±.63de
|
6.78±2.44abc
|
53.64±22.97e
|
26.16±11.02f
|
48.97±7.40abc
|
1.80±0.44ab
|
185.32±52.20de
|
61.77±17.40ef
|
TVSU-633
|
2.84±0.74ab
|
7.30±1.32cdefg
|
2.99±0.39cde
|
26.07±3.69de
|
5.11±1.96cd
|
58.33±22.09de
|
25.85±9.90f
|
45.15±10.16bcd
|
1.87±0.42a
|
208.54±42.83bc
|
69.51±14.28cd
|
TVSU-1520
|
2.53±0.53d
|
6.96±1.44g
|
2.89±0.53cdefg
|
26.15±4.39cd
|
5.25±1.16cd
|
73.69±31.55ab
|
32.81±11.52abcd
|
46.77±10.90abcd
|
1.69±0.39ab
|
204.16±57.76cd
|
68.05±19.25de
|
TVSU-939
|
2.61±0.65bcd
|
7.81±1.13bd
|
2.98±0.56cdef
|
29.53±4.19a
|
6.11±2.80abcd
|
77.23±35.69a
|
31.70±10.80abcde
|
44.41±12.40d
|
1.77±0.46ab
|
234.68±60.26a
|
76.50±18.27abc
|
TVSU-513
|
2.52±0.58d
|
7.07±1.12fg
|
2.83±0.55efg
|
25.86±2.61de
|
6.11±1.27abcd
|
56.48±21.86de
|
27.81±11.88f
|
49.21±7.43ab
|
1.73±0.41ab
|
218.11±56.27abc
|
72.77±18.85abcd
|
TVSU-455
|
2.91±0.63a
|
7.96±1.29b
|
3.24±0.67ab
|
29.04±4.21ab
|
7.67±2.45a
|
71.78±21.17abc
|
35.21±11.56a
|
49.18±8.09ab
|
1.70±0.43ab
|
236.93±65.21a
|
79.67±21.68a
|
TVSU-643
|
2.63±0.64bcd
|
7.28±1.02defg
|
2.74±0.56fg
|
24.41±3.14e
|
5.78±2.17bcd
|
56.07±20.38de
|
27.98±9.43def
|
50.89±8.39a
|
1.76±0.39ab
|
179.37±47.51e
|
60.29±15.56f
|
TVSU-2096
|
2.79±0.52abc
|
7.35±1.10cdefg
|
2.83±0.60efg
|
26.98±2.84cd
|
6.56±2.79abc
|
65.41±21.47bcd
|
33.20±12.15ab
|
50.63±8.55a
|
1.84±0.38a
|
222.23±44.09abc
|
74.08±14.70abcd
|
TVSU-194
|
2.95±0.64a
|
8.47±1.53a
|
3.10±0.64abcd
|
27.81±3.88bc
|
7.44±2.35ab
|
65.07±19.89bcd
|
31.82±10.17abcde
|
50.21±11.39a
|
1.75±0.44ab
|
216.64±45.16abc
|
72.16±15.22bcd
|
TVSU-1611
|
2.55±0.37cd
|
7.19±0.92efg
|
3.05±0.61abcde
|
25.94±3.87de
|
5.78±2.22bcd
|
62.40±19.43cde
|
29.10±10.28bcdef
|
49.26±11.79ab
|
1.73±0.30ab
|
207.29±41.14cd
|
69.10±13.71cde
|
TVSU-1920
|
2.86±0.58ab
|
7.36±0.66cdefg
|
3.01±0.58bcde
|
29.43±3.27ab
|
4.67±2.06d
|
72.79±25.99abc
|
31.63±10.13abcde
|
44.33±8.23d
|
1.83±0.44ab
|
231.53±59.93ab
|
77.64±19.10ab
|
TVSU-1531
|
2.85±0.59ab
|
7.72±1.26bcd
|
3.04±0.58abcde
|
28.90±3.43ab
|
5.89±2.15abcd
|
74.32±34.47ab
|
32.40±12.92abcde
|
45.04±8.83cd
|
1.83±0.47ab
|
225.83±50.33abc
|
75.22±16.74abcd
|
TVSU-1392
|
2.59±0.51cd
|
7.32±0.96cdefg
|
2.70±0.45g
|
25.46±3.29de
|
5.67±2.91bcd
|
56.55±20.60de
|
28.24±9.99cdef
|
49.45±7.82a
|
1.72±0.46ab
|
206.71±46.59cd
|
68.21±15.48de
|
MIN
|
1.10
|
3.50
|
1.60
|
14.40
|
1.00
|
16.40
|
5.80
|
22.06
|
1.00
|
47.00
|
19.00
|
MAX
|
5.50
|
12.60
|
5.40
|
40.80
|
11.00
|
181.80
|
65.10
|
83.56
|
3.20
|
396.00
|
127.00
|
Grand means
|
2.69
|
7.53
|
2.98
|
27.12
|
6.02
|
64.41
|
30.27
|
48.07
|
1.77
|
213.52
|
71.16
|
CV
|
21.48
|
15.43
|
19.00
|
14.36
|
33.22
|
38.38
|
36.57
|
19.67
|
23.32
|
24.68
|
24.23
|
Pr(<F)
|
4.56e-05 ***
|
1.82e-08 ***
|
2.84e-06 ***
|
0.701419
|
0.115
|
1.89e-07 ***
|
0.000217 ***
|
0.00495 **
|
0.538
|
4.1e-07 ***
|
4.4e-07 ***
|
IL50%: Internode Length (cm), IPS50%: Initial plant stand, LL50%: Leaf length (cm), LW50%: Leaf width (cm), PH50%: Plant height (cm), NL50%: Number of leaves per plant, NS: Number of stem per plant, LP50%: Petiole length per stem (cm), Min: Minimum across environment, Max: Maximum across environment, *Significant at p ≤ 0.05; **highly significant at p ≤ 0.01; ns = non-significant p > 0.05 and very highly significant at ***. CV: Coefficient of variation, BFW: Biomass fresh weight per plant (g), BDW: Biomass dry weight per plant (g), BPP: Biomass per plant (BDW/BFW X 100).
Table 6
ANOVA for agronomic parameters
VARIETY
|
TNP
|
FPS
|
FSW
|
NSPP
|
YPP
|
HSW
|
YPPL
|
DSW
|
TVSU-454
|
26.22±6.86e
|
4.86±2.10bcde
|
25.14±6.40efgh
|
26.08±7.40f
|
25.14±6.40efgh
|
95.41±8.94cdef
|
117.56±43.43def
|
14.61±3.89fgh
|
TVSU-158
|
28.32±10.52de
|
5.33±1.94bcd
|
28.74±10.64def
|
30.15±9.97cdef
|
28.74±10.64def
|
102.14±15.45bcd
|
152.77±77.44def
|
17.78±7.00ef
|
TVSU-438
|
34.09±10.72bc
|
6.33±1.58ab
|
38.63±11.41b
|
37.05±10.32b
|
38.63±11.41b
|
102.27±8.65bcd
|
226.91±62.62b
|
22.97±6.93b
|
TVSU-633
|
26.41±11.10e
|
4.44±1.67de
|
31.62±11.86cd
|
28.81±11.34cdef
|
31.62±11.86cd
|
111.71±21.40ab
|
141.21±63.06def
|
18.38±7.26de
|
TVSU-1520
|
26.26±8.88e
|
4.63±1.19cde
|
20.25±10.87h
|
26.63±8.89ef
|
20.25±10.87h
|
76.15±16.58g
|
95.33±52.95f
|
11.57±5.54h
|
TVSU-939
|
35.25±12.24b
|
5.33±1.80bcd
|
31.04±9.97cd
|
33.58±11.57bc
|
31.04±9.97cd
|
101.52±15.37bcd
|
158.63±53.81cde
|
18.95±6.45cde
|
TVSU-513
|
27.91±8.50de
|
5.56±1.13bcd
|
25.02±9.67fgh
|
29.33±8.46cdef
|
25.02±9.67fgh
|
98.78±8.21bcde
|
139.51±44.80def
|
15.23±6.13fg
|
TVSU-455
|
42.67±13.37a
|
7.67±1.58a
|
45.83±14.82a
|
46.62±14.89a
|
45.83±14.82a
|
124.56±18.89a
|
319.51±44.80a
|
27.14±8.91a
|
TVSU-643
|
25.37±8.97e
|
4.78±1.79cde
|
25.27±10.41efgh
|
26.74±8.83ef
|
25.27±10.41efgh
|
97.09±16.62cdef
|
120.76±65.53def
|
15.07±5.62fg
|
TVSU-2096
|
29.59±13.45cde
|
6.30±2.75ab
|
34.93±17.02bc
|
31.12±13.90cde
|
34.93±17.02bc
|
104.43±16.14bc
|
208.41±116.67bc
|
20.85±10.38bcd
|
TVSU-194
|
28.14±9.98de
|
6.00±2.00bc
|
29.97±13.16de
|
28.75±12.27def
|
29.97±13.16de
|
103.01±15.84bcd
|
175.58±91.31bcd
|
18.35±7.80de
|
TVSU-1611
|
26.95±10.61de
|
4.67±1.80cde
|
23.29±10.12gh
|
29.05±10.87cdef
|
23.29±10.12gh
|
90.40±7.80defg
|
116.10±65.79ef
|
14.07±6.32gh
|
TVSU-1920
|
31.58±8.24cd
|
4.56±1.94cde
|
35.10±9.96bc
|
32.26±8.93bcd
|
35.10±9.96bc
|
105.26±18.94bc
|
159.84±79.31cde
|
22.03±6.69bc
|
TVSU-1531
|
29.20±16.29de
|
5.33±2.00bcd
|
21.38±11.16h
|
30.98±14.70cdef
|
21.38±11.16h
|
83.60±13.50fg
|
107.87±37.86ef
|
12.96±6.66gh
|
TVSU-1392
|
28.44±9.26e
|
3.77±1.99e
|
28.51±10.42defg
|
29.91±9.70cdef
|
28.51±10.42defg
|
86.39±13.10efg
|
105.11±61.55ef
|
17.84±6.04def
|
MIN
|
5.00
|
1.00
|
1.80
|
2.00
|
1.80
|
50.20
|
11.2
|
0.90
|
MAX
|
100.00
|
5.32
|
85.50
|
97.00
|
85.50
|
163.40
|
408.90
|
55.00
|
Grand means
|
29.96
|
11.00
|
29.93
|
31.38
|
29.93
|
99.10
|
157.50
|
18.02
|
CV
|
36.32
|
30.46
|
38.29
|
35.38
|
38.29
|
15.20
|
38.74
|
38.56
|
Pr(<F)
|
1.23e-14 ***
|
0.000191 ***
|
<2e-16 ***
|
<2e-16 ***
|
<2e-16 ***
|
8.19e-08 ***
|
2.98e-12 ***
|
<2e-16 ***
|
VARIETY
|
FPW
|
MPN
|
LOP
|
WOP
|
LOS
|
WOS
|
SP
|
HI
|
YPPU
|
TVSU-454
|
59.54±15.42ef
|
24.57±6.91de
|
20.19±3.60def
|
14.32±2.20cde
|
12.45±1.78fg
|
9.64±1.21fgh
|
42.55±4.62ef
|
0.31±0.09ef
|
252.66±93.42de
|
TVSU-158
|
59.61±26.13ef
|
26.88±10.58de
|
23.40±3.53a
|
14.23±2.04de
|
13.07±1.35cdef
|
10.15±1.88bcdef
|
51.29±12.87ab
|
0.39±0.22d
|
284.24±136.85cde
|
TVSU-438
|
77.54±24.04b
|
31.66±10.68bc
|
22.16±3.95abc
|
14.28±2.33cde
|
12.93±1.95def
|
9.88±1.77defg
|
51.16±10.48ab
|
0.51±0.19ab
|
419.31±87.55b
|
TVSU-633
|
72.14±26.11bc
|
25.54±10.79de
|
21.02±2.88cde
|
15.19±1.64bc
|
14.03±2.14ab
|
11.29±2.26a
|
45.24±13.61cde
|
0.42±0.16cd
|
307.82±142.61cde
|
TVSU-1520
|
50.99±22.12efg
|
24.03±7.92e
|
20.30±2.57def
|
14.10±1.77de
|
12.52±1.84fg
|
9.12±1.65h
|
38.49±12.24f
|
0.25±0.2f
|
229.80±95.32e
|
TVSU-939
|
60.71±20.97de
|
32.53±11.75b
|
18.82±3.06fg
|
14.07±2.39de
|
13.45±1.87bcde
|
10.01±2.04bcdefg
|
52.78±14.17a
|
0.46±0.20bcd
|
291.74±82.57cde
|
TVSU-513
|
57.21±18.21ef
|
25.95±8.26de
|
19.96±3.55ef
|
14.33±2.44cde
|
13.05±1.17cdef
|
9.90±1.28defg
|
44.14±10.71de
|
0.31±0.12ef
|
288.98±81.75cde
|
TVSU-455
|
92.65±30.96a
|
41.09±12.66a
|
21.60±3.01cd
|
15.15±2.19bc
|
13.75±1.86abc
|
10.74±2.28ab
|
52.48±14.99a
|
0.57±0.25a
|
550.26±117.89a
|
TVSU-643
|
56.73±22.02efg
|
23.68±8.61e
|
20.87±3.92cde
|
14.87±2.32bcd
|
13.44±1.75bcde
|
10.76±1.68ab
|
45.43±11.62cde
|
0.30±0.11ef
|
252.46±123.71de
|
TVSU-2096
|
71.12±31.43bcd
|
27.95±13.59bcde
|
23.07±3.54a
|
15.39±1.61ab
|
13.63±1.38abcd
|
10.42±1.11bcde
|
49.04±11.42abcd
|
0.43±0.22cd
|
370.12±174.23bc
|
TVSU-194
|
71.19±28.85bc
|
26.77±9.82de
|
22.47±3.10ab
|
16.29±2.16a
|
14.30±2.12a
|
10.71±1.88abc
|
41.91±12.98ef
|
0.39±0.20d
|
377.33±140.91bc
|
TVSU-1611
|
49.88±20.34fg
|
25.03±10.09de
|
20.86±3.90cde
|
13.44±2.22ef
|
12.92±1.61def
|
9.98±1.77cdefg
|
49.86±13.77abc
|
0.30±0.16ef
|
230.06±107.18e
|
TVSU-1920
|
80.42±21.98b
|
29.19±8.40bcd
|
20.85±2.00cde
|
15.55±2.09b
|
14.02±1.64ab
|
10.61±1.25abcd
|
44.59±9.41cde
|
0.51±0.19abc
|
337.51±150.78bcd
|
TVSU-1531
|
46.66±23.13g
|
27.58±15.55cde
|
17.56±2.82g
|
12.87±2.33
|
12.14±1.64g
|
9.32±1.40gh
|
49.82±14.25abc
|
0.31±0.22ef
|
220.10±87.20e
|
TVSU-1392
|
62.24±19.55cde
|
26.16±9.24de
|
20.31±3.15def
|
14.64±1.73bcd
|
12.70±1.36efg
|
9.76±1.25efgh
|
45.86±9.29bcde
|
0.38±0.13de
|
224.67±128.70e
|
MIN
|
9.30
|
5.00
|
12.04
|
7.05
|
9.02
|
7.00
|
13.97
|
0.02
|
24.3
|
MAX
|
176.40
|
100.0
|
31.15
|
21.08
|
20.00
|
18.01
|
94.59
|
1.80
|
702.4
|
Grand means
|
64.99
|
28.12
|
20.94
|
14.59
|
13.24
|
10.16
|
47.15
|
0.39
|
310.6
|
CV
|
36.82
|
37.65
|
15.64
|
14.59
|
13.02
|
16.68
|
25.55
|
46.02
|
36.53
|
Pr(<F)
|
<2e-16 ***
|
8.57e-15 ***
|
<2e-16 ***
|
1.37e-12 ***
|
8.84e-10 ***
|
3.56e-08 ***
|
6.89e-09 ***
|
< 2e-16 ***
|
2.09e-08 ***
|
TNP: Total number of pods, FPS: Final plant stand, FSW: Fresh seed weight (g),NSPP: Number of seeds per pod, YPP: Yield per plant (g), HSW: Hundred seed weight (g), YPPL: Yield per plot (g), DSW: Dry seed weight (g), FPW: Fresh pod weight (g), MPN: Mature pod number per plant, LOP: Length of pods(mm), WOP: Width of pods(mm), LOS: Length of seeds (mm), WOS: With of seeds (mm), SP: Shelling percentage (%), HI: Harvest index, YPPU: Yield per plot of unshelled.
Table 7
ANOVA for phenological traits
VARIETY
|
DTE
|
DTF
|
DTM
|
DTH
|
NB
|
NN
|
PL
|
TVSU-454
|
7.44±0.73ef
|
36.67±4.09ghi
|
92.44±1.67hi
|
105.44±5.46fg
|
12.97±6.93g
|
12.05±2.88abc
|
2.67±0.44ab
|
TVSU-158
|
8.22±0.44d
|
42.56±3.64cde
|
93.67±1.66gh
|
108.78±5.97def
|
17.39±3.65bcdef
|
10.32±2.05fgh
|
2.50±0.57bc
|
TVSU-438
|
7.33±0.50f
|
39.78±1.79efg
|
91.44±2.16hi
|
104.78±6.57fg
|
19.34±3.90ab
|
11.59±2.20bcde
|
2.71±0.58ab
|
TVSU-633
|
8.00±0.00de
|
43.00±3.54cde
|
101.89±6.49de
|
110.33±4.09cde
|
16.38±5.19ef
|
10.49±2.99efgh
|
2.77±0.80a
|
TVSU-1520
|
9.00±1.22c
|
53.67±4.80a
|
117.78±1.64a
|
120.67±2.50a
|
18.87±3.97abc
|
10.82±2.99defgh
|
2.67±0.71ab
|
TVSU-939
|
7.44±0.53ef
|
35.89±3.06hi
|
89.56±2.13i
|
103.33±4.21g
|
11.85±5.00g
|
11.38±2.00bcdef
|
2.70±0.60ab
|
TVSU-513
|
11.44±0.73a
|
43.22±3.77cd
|
109.67±5.10b
|
112.56±4.98cd
|
18.84±3.72abc
|
10.18±2.50gh
|
2.47±0.83bc
|
TVSU-455
|
10.67±0.50b
|
48.33±2.60b
|
114.33±2.40a
|
119.44±2.51ab
|
17.82±3.98bcde
|
12.87±2.84a
|
2.67±0.60ab
|
TVSU-643
|
8.11±0.33d
|
36.00±2.29hi
|
97.00±7.89fg
|
106.33±8.79efg
|
18.29±3.89abcde
|
11.98±2.51abc
|
2.60±053abc
|
TVSU-2096
|
8.89±0.33c
|
39.89±4.81efg
|
92.22±3.90hi
|
103.44±4.56g
|
16.23±6.87def
|
10.95±3.26cdefg
|
2.58±0.69abc
|
TVSU-194
|
8.89±1.05c
|
45.56±4.75bc
|
108.56±7.33b
|
115.00±5.68bc
|
15.71±3.84f
|
11.84±3.05abcd
|
2.40±0.51c
|
TVSU-1611
|
8.00±0.00de
|
34.56±1.67i
|
101.22±4.76de
|
108.78±4.79def
|
20.24±4.89a
|
11.63±1.87bcde
|
2.62±0.46abc
|
TVSU-1920
|
9.11±0.33c
|
37.89±4.34fgh
|
106.56±4.28bc
|
113.56±4.98cd
|
17.17±5.15cdef
|
9.67±2.78h
|
2.56±0.58abc
|
TVSU-1531
|
7.44±0.53ef
|
42.89±3.82cde
|
98.00±2.65ef
|
110.78±4.94de
|
17.07±4.53cdef
|
11.12±2.85bcdefg
|
2.48±0.47bc
|
TVSU-1392
|
11.78±0.67a
|
41.11±2.09def
|
103.89±2.85cd
|
113.11±4.88cd
|
18.64±4.89abcd
|
12.24±3.03ab
|
2.38±0.70c
|
MIN
|
7.00
|
30.00
|
86.00
|
95.00
|
5.00
|
4.00
|
1.20
|
MAX
|
12.00
|
60.00
|
120.00
|
125.00
|
35.00
|
19.00
|
5.60
|
Grand means
|
8.79
|
41.40
|
101.21
|
110.4
|
17.19
|
11.30
|
2.58
|
CV
|
7.04
|
8.60
|
4.22
|
4.73
|
27.63
|
23.14
|
23.67
|
Pr(<F)
|
<2e-16 ***
|
<2e-16 ***
|
<2e-16 ***
|
7.44e-14 ***
|
<2e-16 ***
|
5.74e-08 ***
|
0.0864.
|
DTE: Days to emergence, DTF: Days to flowering, DTM: Days to maturity, DTH: Days to harvest, NB: Number of branches per plant, PL: Panicle length per stem (cm), NN: Number of nodes per stem
Principal Component Analysis
The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with combined morphological, phenological and agronomic characters allows us to measure the relationships between variables and thus identified 10 dimensions (PCA), which significantly explained up to 96.76% of the variance in the data resulting in strong contribution to the total variation (Figures 1 and 3). The first two dimensions explained 56.16% of the variation (Fig. 1 and Figure 2) with each dimension accounting for 39.85% and 16. 31% variation, respectively. Total number of pods, Final plant stand, Fresh seed weight, Number of seeds per pod, Yield per plant, Hundred seed weight, Yield per plot, Dry seed weight, Fresh pod weight, Mature pod number per plant, Width of pods, Length of seeds, Width of seeds, Harvest index, Yield per plot, Internode Length, Initial plant stand, Leaf length and Leaf width had a positive correlation with Dim1 while Biomass fresh weight per plant, plant height, Number of leaves per plant, Number of stem per plant, and Biomass dry weight per plant had a positive correlation with Dim2 (Supplementary Table S1, Table 8, Figures 1 and 2). Also, the following traits (Days to emergence, Days to flowering, Days to maturity, and Days to harvest), (Width of pods, Length of seeds, and Width of seeds) and (Leaf length and Number of nodes per stem) had a positive correlation with PC3, PC4 and PC5, respectively (Supplementary Table S1, Table 8, Figures 1 and 2). Among the variables, Total number of pods, Final plant stand, Fresh seed weight, Number of seeds per pod, Yield per plant, hundred seed weight, Yield per plot, Dry seed weight, Fresh pod weight, Mature pod number per plant, Width of pods, Length of seeds, Width of seeds, Harvest index, Yield per plot, Internode Length, Initial plant stand, Leaf length and Leaf width were the major contributing characters in Dim1, for PC2 (Biomass fresh weight per plant, plant height, Number of leaves per plant, Number of stem per plant, and Biomass dry weight per plant), for PC3 (Days to emergence, Days to flowering, Days to maturity, and Days to harvest), for PC4 (Width of pods, Length of seeds, and Width of seeds) and PC5 (Leaf length and Number of nodes per stem), highly contributed to the respective PCs (Table 8, Figures 1 and 2). The rapport among dimensions and their proportion of variation and eigenvalues are presented in Figures 3 and 4 and Table 8. For the first five principal components, the eigenvalues range from 13.5 for the PC1 with the highest value to 2 for the PC5, which recorded the lowest (Figure 4 and Table 8).
In PCA biplot (Figure 2), both individual variables and genotypes are loaded at the same times indicating the relationship among traits and the distances between genotypes. The closer the vectors, the stronger the correlation. The PC 1 includes individual varieties accessions TVSU-455, TVSU-438, TVSU-2096, TVSU-194 and TVSU-1920. TVSU-455 was diametrically opposed to TVSU-1520.
IL50%: Internode Length, IPS50%: Initial plant stand, LL50%: Leaf length, LW50%: Leaf width, PH50%: Plant height, NL50%: Number of leaves per plant, NS: Number of stem per plant, LP50%: Petiole length per stem, Min: Minimum across environment, Max: Maximum across environment, BFW: Biomass fresh weight per plant, BDW: Biomass dry weight per plant, BPP: Biomass per plant (BDW/BFW X 100). TNP: Total number of pods, FPS: Final plant stand, FSW: Fresh seed weight, NSPP: Number of seeds per plant, YPP: Yield per plant, HSW: Hundred seed weight, YPPL: Yield per plot, DSW: Dry seed weight, FPW: Fresh pod weight, MPN: Mature pod number per plant, LOP: Length of pods(mm), WOP: Width of pods, LOS: Length of seeds, WOS: With of seeds, SP: Shelling percentage, HI: Harvest index, YPPU: Yield per plot of unshelled. DTE: Days to emergence, DTF: Days to flowering, DTM: Days to maturity, DTH: Days to harvest, NB: Number of branches per plant, PL: Panicle length per stem, NN: Number of nodes per stem.
Table 8
Eigenvalues, Proportion of variance (%), Cumulative variance (%) and trait contributions for the first six principal component axes for 34 phenotypic traits of Bambara groundnut accessions
|
Dim.1
|
Dim.2
|
Dim.3
|
Dim.4
|
Dim.5
|
Eigenvalue
|
13.50
|
5.50
|
4
|
3.50
|
2
|
Proportion of variance (%)
|
39.9
|
16.3
|
12.1
|
9.8
|
6.2
|
Cumulative variance (%)
|
39.9
|
56.2
|
68.3
|
78.1
|
84.3
|
IL
|
2.5076
|
1.2372
|
0.1822
|
7.1055
|
2.5453
|
LL
|
2.6761
|
0.9580
|
0.4381
|
0.2082
|
15.4599
|
LW
|
2.4033
|
1.4910
|
0.3746
|
1.9520
|
0.6538
|
PH
|
1.6441
|
12.4625
|
0.6886
|
0.5301
|
0.0931
|
IPS
|
3.1615
|
0.3478
|
0.7500
|
6.0014
|
9.6942
|
BFW
|
0.2786
|
14.7567
|
0.1627
|
0.3180
|
0.0049
|
BDW
|
0.9441
|
9.2618
|
2.3255
|
0.0042
|
3.1493
|
BPP
|
0.0690
|
9.0905
|
2.5155
|
2.7758
|
6.0731
|
LP
|
0.1424
|
0.8390
|
6.9714
|
5.3888
|
4.9235
|
NL
|
1.2802
|
11.2003
|
0.0145
|
1.2993
|
0.0738
|
NS
|
1.7153
|
9.5658
|
0.1843
|
1.6882
|
0.6394
|
NB
|
0.2572
|
5.7601
|
5.2549
|
2.2309
|
6.8996
|
NN
|
0.5685
|
0.0017
|
0.5817
|
9.0235
|
12.9638
|
TNP
|
5.5460
|
0.6649
|
0.0117
|
3.1969
|
3.1233
|
FPS
|
4.6115
|
0.0030
|
0.2067
|
3.7825
|
1.3241
|
FSW
|
6.5489
|
0.8320
|
0.1721
|
0.0002
|
1.0494
|
NSPP
|
5.5910
|
0.0304
|
0.1426
|
3.9456
|
4.1998
|
YPP
|
6.6631
|
0.6604
|
0.1050
|
0.0430
|
0.9720
|
HSW
|
5.4847
|
0.9075
|
0.7216
|
1.4552
|
0.0066
|
YPPL
|
6.7077
|
0.4069
|
0.0558
|
1.0582
|
0.0154
|
DSW
|
6.4406
|
0.8305
|
0.2232
|
0.0194
|
1.3834
|
FPW
|
6.0640
|
0.7858
|
0.0754
|
1.3917
|
0.3516
|
MPN
|
5.9335
|
0.5492
|
0.0189
|
2.6935
|
2.3925
|
LOP
|
1.0635
|
8.1168
|
0.0212
|
0.4537
|
2.3541
|
WOP
|
1.9888
|
2.1320
|
0.9502
|
12.0161
|
5.3763
|
LOS
|
2.7015
|
1.6810
|
0.0329
|
11.9623
|
1.1329
|
WOS
|
2.1424
|
3.5400
|
0.6266
|
9.6921
|
0.7355
|
SP
|
1.6487
|
0.0307
|
6.7837
|
7.4972
|
3.6574
|
HI
|
6.0303
|
0.1512
|
1.0844
|
0.1401
|
3.1926
|
YPPU
|
6.7387
|
0.5115
|
0.3659
|
0.1110
|
0.0345
|
DTE
|
0.1610
|
0.6616
|
12.2666
|
0.1166
|
2.7002
|
DTF
|
0.1322
|
0.0991
|
14.8025
|
0.0127
|
0.2793
|
DTM
|
0.0469
|
0.0659
|
21.0259
|
1.2598
|
1.1323
|
DTH
|
0.1073
|
0.3673
|
19.8633
|
0.6264
|
1.4131
|
Correlation Analysis of the Traits
The correlation coefficients for 34 traits including morphological, phenological and agronomic characters are presented in Figure 5. There were significant differences among the correlations of the 34 traits. According to the scale in Figure 5 the non-significant or significant differences (p < 0.05) are shown with blue or red rounds which represent negative and positive correlation, respectively. The more intense the colors of relationship, the stronger the correlations. Internode length had a positive correlation with leaf length (r = 0.56, p = 0.03*), leaf width (r = 0.39, p = 0.15), plant height (r = 0.51, p = 0.04*), Initial plant stand (r = 0.11, p = 0.69), Biomass fresh weight per plant (r = 0.47, p = 0.08), Biomass dry weight per plant (r = 0.475, p = 0.07), Petiole length per stem (r = 0.22, p = 0.42), Number of leaves per plant (r = 0.57, p = 0.03*), Number of stem per plant (r = 0.59, p = 0.02*), Number of nodes per stem (r = 0.28, p = 0.32), Total number of pods (r = 0.25, p= 0.38), Final plant stand (r = 0.12, p = 0.67), Fresh seed weight (r = 0.41, p = 0.13), Number of seeds per pod (r = 0.14, p = 0.63), yield (r = 0.41, p = 0.13), Hundred seed weight (r = 0.48, p = 0.07), Yield per plot (r = 0.37, p = 0.17), Dry seed weight (r = 0.36, p = 0.18), Fresh pod weight (r = 0.45, p = 0.09), Mature pod number per plant (r = 0.30, p = 0.27), Length of pods (r= 0.09, p = 0.76), Width of pods (r = 0.57, p = 0.03*), Length of seeds (r = 0.51, p = 0.05*), Width of seeds (r = 0.46, p = 0.08), Harvest index (r = 0.40, p = 0.14), Yield per plot of unshelled (r = 0.38, p = 0.16), Days to flowering (r = 0.13, p = 0.65), Days to emergence (r = 0.02, p = 0.93), Days to maturity (r = 0.17, p = 0.65) and Days to harvest(r = 0.24, p = 0.38) but negatively correlates with Biomass per plant, Number of branches per, plant Shelling percentage, (Supplementary Tables S2, S3). Among the positive correlations however, correlations with leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, and chlorophyll content were not significant (Supplementary Tables S2, S3). Leaf length had strong and positive correlation with leaf width (r = 0.58, p = 0.02*), plant height (0.61, p = 0.01*), Initial plant stand (r = 0.57, p = 0.03*), Number of stem per plant (r = 0.51, p = 0.05*), Total number of pods (r = 0.62, p = 0.01*), Final plant stand (r = 0.56, p = 0.03*), Fresh seed weight (r = 0.51, p = 0.05*), Yield per plant (r = 0.51, p = 0.05*), Yield per plot (r = 0.58, p = 0.02*), MPN (r = 0.7, p =0.004**), and Harvest index (r = 0.63, p = 0.01*). Plant height had positive correlation with internode length (r= 0.51,p=0.05*), Leaf length (r= 0.61, p= 0.02*), leaf width (r= 0.42, p= 0.12), Biomass fresh weight per plant (r= 0.79, p = 0.0005****), Biomass dry weight per plant (r= 0.61, p = 0.02*), Number of leaves per stem (r= 0.84, p = 0.00009***), Number of stem per plant (r= 0.86, p = 0.00004***), Total number of pods (r= 0.425, p = 0.11), Final plant stand (r= 0.20, p = 0.11), Fresh seed weight (r= 0.24, p = 0.48), Number of seeds per pod (r= 0.29, p = 0.30), Yield per plant (r= 0.24, p = 0.39), Hundred seed weight (r= 0.29, p= 0.30), Yield per plot (r= 0.31, p= 0.27), Dry seed weight (r= 0.23, p = 0.41), Fresh pod weight (r= 0.23, p = 0.41), Mature pod number per plant (r= 0.5, p = 0.06), Length of seeds (r=0.21, p= 0.45), Harvest index (r= 0.42, p = 0.12), and Yield per plot of unshelled (r=0.27,p= 0.37). TNP: Total number of pods had a strong, positive, and highly significant correlation with Final plant stand (r= 0.49, p= 0.06), Fresh seed weight (r= 0.67, p= 0.006***), Number of seeds per pod (r= 0.96, p= 1.30E-08*****), Yield per plant (r= 0.67, p= 0.006***), Hundred seed weight (r= 0.46, p= 0.08), Yield per plot (r= 0.64, p= 0.01**), Dry seed 57weight (r= 0.74, p= 0.002***), FPW: Fresh pod weight (r= 0.58, p= 0.03*), Mature pod number per plant (r=0.98, p= 8.16E-11*****), Shelling percentage (r= 0.66, p= 0.008***), HI: Harvest index (r= 0.83, p= 0.0001****), and YPPU: Yield per plot of unshelled (r= 0.52, p = 0.05*). A perfect positive significant correlation (r=1.00) was observed between Yield per plant and Hundred seed weight, meanwhile a positive and moderate and equal correlation was recorded with the characters of harvest index and leaf width (r=0.36); Fresh seed weight and Initial plant stand (r=0.35), yield per plant and Initial plant stand (r=0.35), Mature pod number per plant and Length of seeds (r=0.35). Fresh seed weight had a very strong, positive, and highly significant correlation with Number of seeds per pod (r=0.68, p=0.005), Yield per plant (r=1, p=0.000), HSW: Hundred seed weight (r=0.89, p=7.49E-06****), YPPL: Yield per plot (r=0.98, p=7.49E-06****), DSW: Dry seed weight (r=0.94, p=8.16E-11****), FPW: Fresh pod weight (r=0.94, p=1.42E-07****), Mature pod number per plant (r=0.72, p=0.002***). Yield per plant had a very strong, positive, and very highly significant correlation with Hundred seed weight (r=0.89, p=7.49E-06****), YPPL: Yield per plot (r=0.98, p=7.49E-06****), DSW: Dry seed weight (r=0.94, p=8.16E-11****), FPW: Fresh pod weight (r=0.94, p=1.42E-07****), Mature pod number per plant (r=0.72, p=0.002***), Harvest index (r=0.85, p=8.81E-08), Yield per plot of unshelled (r=0.90, p=2.32E-05****) (Supplementary Tables S1, S2).
The clustering analysis produced a dendogram categorizing the 15 accessions into 4 groups based on the morphological, phenological and agronomic traits (Figure 6). Cluster I consisted of one accession (TVSU-455). The second cluster comprised six accessions including TVSU-2096, TVSU-194, TVSU-1920, TVSU-158, TVSU-438, and TVSU-633. The third cluster is made up of three accessions, namely TVSU-1531, TVSU-454, and TVSU-939. The last cluster included four accessions including TVSU-1520, TVSU-513, TVSU-643, TVSU-1392, and TVSU-1611.
Cluster I illustrated by only one accession TVSU-455 was distinguished by the highest mean values for total number of pods, final plant stand, Fresh seed weight, Number of seeds per pod, Yield per plant, hundred seed weight, yield per plot, Dry seed weight, Fresh pod weight, Mature pod number per plant, width of pods, with of seeds, Shelling percentage, Harvest index, yield per plot of unshelled, initial plant stand, number of leaves per plant, number of stem per plant, biomass dry weight per plant, and biomass per plant. On the other hand, cluster II was characterized by the highest mean values for Length of pods, Length of seeds, Width of pods, Internode Length, Leaf length, Leaf width, Petiole length per stem and Biomass per plant apart from these characteristics were next best to cluster I in terms of yields and yield components. However, cluster IV were characterized by low mean values of Yield per plant, Hundred seed weight, Yield per plot, Dry seed weight, Mature pod number per plant, Length of seeds, With of seeds, and Yield per plot of unshelled. This cluster IV was majorly made up of accessions from unknown origin while the best accession TVSU-455 performing across the three environment is from Cameroon.
Qualitative trait analysis
Out of the 15 accessions used during this research, 66.67% had a bunch type of growing habit while the remaining 33.33% had a semi-bunch type of growing habit. It was also observed that 40% had hair on their stems, 33.33%had a large amount of hair on the stem while the remaining 26.67% didn't have hair on their stems (Table 9). In addition, most of the accessions had a green first stem color of 53.33% followed by stripped 26.67%, then reddish green 13.33% while little accessions had a brownish 6.67 first stem color. All the accessions exhibited 100% terminal leaflet color of Green. The terminal leaflet shape was oval, round, elliptical and lanceolate with frequencies of 40%, 20%,20% and 20%, respectively. Most accessions had a green petiole color of 40%, followed by 26.67% for brown petiole, then 20% for reddish brown petiole and few had a reddish green petiole with a frequency of 13.33. 60% had pods that ended in a point and round on the other side, 20% was without point while the last 20% had point but ended with nook on the other side. The color of pod varied from yellowish brown 60%, reddish brown 13.33%, brown 20% and to cream with brown patches 6.67%. The accessions had different texture of pods after they were harvested. 53.33% had a much grooved pod, 26.67% had a much folded pod, 13.33% had a smooth pod and few percent, 6.67% had little grooved pod. In this regard also, they exhibited two different shape of seeds which was oval and round with frequencies of 73.11% and 26.67%, respectively. The seed color and their frequency ranged from cream 60%, light red 6.67%, light brownish red 13.33%, dark purple 6.67%, light brown 6.67% and to purplish red 6.67%. Some accessions 13.33% did not have an eye color, 26.67% had grey, 20% had light red, 13.33% had black eye color, the next 13.33% had cream and the last 13.33% had a brown eye color. Similarly, 60% of the accessions didn't have a testa pattern, 6.67% had cream marbled pattern, 6.67% had black stripes, 13.33% had brownish red strips and the last 13.33% had light red stripes. Observations was also noted on their testa color and eye pattern around the hilum. 20% had cream and triangular, 6.67% had light red and butterfly like, 26.67% had cream and butterfly like, 13.33% had no eye pattern, 13.33% had cream and reddish patches, 6.67% had light brown and butterfly like pattern and the remaining 13.33% had a black and cream testa
Table 9
Qualitative trait occurrence and frequency
|
Parameters
|
S/N
|
Traits
|
Occurrence
|
Frequency
|
|
QT
|
Parameters
|
S/N
|
Traits
|
Occurrence
|
Frequency
|
A
|
GrH
|
1
|
Bunch
|
10
|
66.67
|
J
|
SeS
|
1
|
Oval
|
11
|
73.33
|
|
|
2
|
Semi-bunch
|
5
|
33.33
|
|
|
2
|
Round
|
4
|
26.67
|
B
|
StH
|
1
|
Absent
|
6
|
40
|
K
|
SeC
|
1
|
Cream
|
9
|
60
|
|
|
2
|
Sparse
|
4
|
26.67
|
|
|
2
|
Light red
|
1
|
6.67
|
|
|
3
|
Dense
|
5
|
33.33
|
|
|
3
|
Light brownish red
|
2
|
13.33
|
C
|
FSC
|
1
|
Green
|
8
|
53.33
|
|
|
4
|
Dark purple
|
1
|
6.67
|
|
|
2
|
Stripped
|
4
|
26.67
|
|
|
5
|
Light brown
|
1
|
6.67
|
|
|
3
|
Brownish
|
1
|
6.67
|
|
|
6
|
Purplish red
|
1
|
6.67
|
|
|
4
|
Reddish green
|
2
|
13.33
|
L
|
EyC
|
1
|
Grey
|
4
|
26.67
|
D
|
TLC
|
1
|
Green
|
15
|
100
|
|
|
2
|
Light red
|
3
|
20
|
E
|
TLS
|
1
|
Oval
|
6
|
40
|
|
|
3
|
Black
|
2
|
13.33
|
|
|
2
|
Round
|
3
|
20
|
|
|
4
|
No eye
|
2
|
13.33
|
|
|
3
|
Elliptical
|
3
|
20
|
|
|
5
|
Cream
|
2
|
13.33
|
|
|
4
|
Lanceolate
|
3
|
20
|
|
|
6
|
Brown
|
2
|
13.33
|
F
|
PeP
|
1
|
Green
|
6
|
40
|
M
|
TeP
|
1
|
No testa pattern
|
9
|
60
|
|
|
2
|
Brown
|
4
|
26.67
|
|
|
2
|
Cream marbled
|
1
|
6.67
|
|
|
3
|
Reddish green
|
2
|
13.33
|
|
|
3
|
Black strips
|
1
|
6.67
|
|
|
4
|
Reddish brown
|
3
|
20
|
|
|
4
|
Brownish red strips
|
2
|
13.33
|
G
|
SoP
|
1
|
Ending in a point round on other side
|
9
|
60
|
|
|
5
|
Light red strips
|
2
|
13.33
|
|
|
2
|
Without point
|
3
|
20
|
N
|
Tc + EyP
|
1
|
Cream +triangular
|
3
|
20
|
|
|
3
|
Ending in a point with nook on other side
|
3
|
20
|
|
|
2
|
Light red+ butterfly like
|
1
|
6.67
|
H
|
CoP
|
1
|
Yellowish brown
|
9
|
60
|
|
|
3
|
Cream + butterfly like
|
4
|
26.67
|
|
|
2
|
Reddish brown
|
2
|
13.33
|
|
|
4
|
No eye pattern
|
2
|
13.33
|
|
|
3
|
Brown
|
3
|
20
|
|
|
5
|
Cream + reddish patches
|
2
|
13.33
|
|
|
4
|
Cream with brown patches
|
1
|
6.67
|
|
|
6
|
Light brown + butterfly like
|
1
|
6.67
|
I
|
PoT
|
1
|
Much grooved
|
8
|
53.33
|
|
|
7
|
Black + Cream
|
2
|
13.33
|
|
|
2
|
Much folded
|
4
|
26.67
|
|
|
|
3
|
Smooth
|
2
|
13.33
|
|
|
|
4
|
Little grooved
|
1
|
6.67
|
|
Growth Habit GrH; Stem Hairiness StH; First Stem Color FSC; Terminal leaflet color TLC; Terminal leaflet shape TLS; Petiole pigmentation PetP; Shape of pods SoP; Color of pods CoP; Pod texture PoT; Seed shape SeS; Seed color SeC; Eyes color EyC; Testa pattern TeP; Testa color + eye pattern TC+EyP.