Ahmed, H. O. (2020). The impact of social distancing and self-isolation in the last corona COVID-19 outbreak on the body weight in Sulaimani governorate- Kurdistan/Iraq, a prospective case series study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 59, 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.09.024
Ammar, A., Brach, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., Ahmed, M., Müller, P., Müller, N., Aloui, A., Hammouda, O., Paineiras-Domingos, L. L., Braakman-Jansen, A., Wrede, C., Bastoni, S., Pernambuco, C. S., … Hoekelmann, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey. Nutrients, 12(6), 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061583
Bäuerle, A., Teufel, M., Musche, V., Weismüller, B., Kohler, H., Hetkamp, M., Dörrie, N., Schweda, A., & Skoda, E.-M. (2020). Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Germany. Journal of Public Health, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa106
Berg, K. C., Cao, L., Crosby, R. D., Engel, S. G., Peterson, C. B., Crow, S. J., Le Grange, D., Mitchell, J. E., Lavender, J. M., Durkin, N., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2017). Negative affect and binge eating: Reconciling differences between two analytic approaches in ecological momentary assessment research. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(10), 1222–1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22770
Berman, N. C., Wheaton, M. G., McGrath, P., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2010). Predicting anxiety: The role of experiential avoidance and anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(1), 109–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.09.005
Bongers, P., de Graaff, A., & Jansen, A. (2016). ‘Emotional’ does not even start to cover it: Generalization of overeating in emotional eaters. Appetite, 107, 678–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.026
Brewerton, T. D. (2007). Eating Disorders, Trauma, and Comorbidity: Focus on PTSD. Eating Disorders, 15(4), 285–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260701454311
Brewerton, T. D. (2011). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Disordered Eating: Food Addiction as Self-Medication. Journal of Women’s Health, 20(8), 1133–1134. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2011.3050
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8
Brose, A., Blanke, E. S., Schmiedek, F., Kramer, A. C., Schmidt, A., & Neubauer, A. B. (2020). Change in mental health symptoms during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The role of appraisals and daily life experiences. Journal of Personality, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12592
Brown, S. M., Opitz, M.-C., Peebles, A. I., Sharpe, H., Duffy, F., & Newman, E. (2021). A qualitative exploration of the impact of COVID-19 on individuals with eating disorders in the UK. Appetite, 156, 104977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104977
Bolger, N., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2013). Intensive Longitudinal Methods: An Introduction to Diary and Experience Sampling Research. New York, NY: Guilford.
Buecker, S., Horstmann, K. T., Krasko, J., Kritzler, S., Terwiel, S., Kaiser, T., & Luhmann, M. (2020). Changes in daily loneliness for German residents during the first four weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Science & Medicine, 113541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113541
Castellini, G., Cassioli, E., Rossi, E., Innocenti, M., Gironi, V., Sanfilippo, G., Felciai, F., Monteleone, A. M., & Ricca, V. (2020). The impact of COVID ‐19 epidemic on eating disorders: A longitudinal observation of pre versus post psychopathological features in a sample of patients with eating disorders and a group of healthy controls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23368
Canetti, L., Bachar, E., Berry, E.M. (2002). Food and emotion. Behavioural Processes, 60, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00082-7
Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Eribaum.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Cooper, M., Reilly, E. E., Siegel, J. A., Coniglio, K., Sadeh-Sharvit, S., Pisetsky, E. M., & Anderson, L. M. (2020). Eating disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine: an overview of risks and recommendations for treatment and early intervention. Eating Disorders, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2020.1790271
Degortes, D., Santonastaso, P., Zanetti, T., Tenconi, E., Veronese, A., & Favaro, A. (2014). Stressful life events and binge eating disorder. European Eating Disorders Review, 22(5), 378–382. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2308
Di Renzo, L., Gualtieri, P., Pivari, F., Soldati, L., Attinà, A., Cinelli, G., Leggeri, C., Caparello, G., Barrea, L., Scerbo, F., Esposito, E., & De Lorenzo, A. (2020). Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 229. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02399-5
Ding, X., Du, J., Zhou, Y., An, Y., Xu, W., & Zhang, N. (2019). State mindfulness, rumination, and emotions in daily life: An ambulatory assessment study. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22(4), 369–377.
Engel, S. G., Crosby, R. D., Thomas, G., Bond, D., Lavender, J. M., Mason, T., Steffen, K. J., Green, D. D., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2016). Ecological Momentary Assessment in Eating Disorder and Obesity Research: a Review of the Recent Literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0672-7
Fernández‐Aranda, F., Casas, M., Claes, L., Bryan, D. C., Favaro, A., Granero, R., Gudiol, C., Jiménez‐Murcia, S., Karwautz, A., Le Grange, D., Menchón, J. M., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. (2020). COVID ‐19 and implications for eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 28(3), 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2738
Flaudias, V., Iceta, S., Zerhouni, O., Rodgers, R. F., Billieux, J., Llorca, P.-M., Boudesseul, J., de Chazeron, I., Romo, L., Maurage, P., Samalin, L., Bègue, L., Naassila, M., Brousse, G., & Guillaume, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and problematic eating behaviors in a student population. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(3), 826–835. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00053
Forte, G., Favieri, F., Tambelli, R., & Casagrande, M. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic in the Italian Population: Validation of a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire and Prevalence of PTSD Symptomatology. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4151. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114151
Franko, D. L., & Omori, M. (1999). Subclinical eating disorders in adolescent women: a test of the continuity hypothesis and its psychological correlates. Journal of Adolescence, 22(3), 389–396. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0230
Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1982). The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12(4), 871–878. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700049163
Grilo, C. M., Pagano, M. E., Stout, R. L., Markowitz, J. C., Ansell, E. B., Pinto, A., Zanarini, M. C., Yen, S., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Stressful life events predict eating disorder relapse following remission: Six-year prospective outcomes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45(2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20909
Haddad, C., Zakhour, M., Bou kheir, M., Haddad, R., Al Hachach, M., Sacre, H., & Salameh, P. (2020). Association between eating behavior and quarantine/confinement stressors during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Journal of Eating Disorders, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00317-0
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
Hayes, A. F., & Scharkow, M. (2013). The Relative Trustworthiness of Inferential Tests of the Indirect Effect in Statistical Mediation Analysis. Psychological Science, 24(10), 1918–1927.
Heatherton, T. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Binge eating as escape from self-awareness. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 86–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.86
Karr, T. M., Crosby, R. D., Cao, L., Engel, S. G., Mitchell, J. E., Simonich, H., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder as a moderator of the association between negative affect and bulimic symptoms: an ecological momentary assessment study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.05.011
Kleiman, E. M., Yeager, A. L., Grove, J. L., Kellerman, J. K., & Kim, J. S. (2020). The real-time mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on college students: An ecological momentary assessment study (Preprint). JMIR Mental Health, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2196/24815
Kriaucioniene, V., Bagdonaviciene, L., Rodríguez-Pérez, C., & Petkeviciene, J. (2020b). Associations between Changes in Health Behaviors and Body Weight during the COVID-19 Quarantine in Lithuania: The Lithuanian COVIDiet Study. Nutrients, 12(10), 3119. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103119
Lazarus, R. S. (2006). Stress and Emotion: A New Synthesis (1st ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
Leehr, E. J., Krohmer, K., Schag, K., Dresler, T., Zipfel, S., & Giel, K. E. (2015). Emotion regulation model in binge eating disorder and obesity - a systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 49, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.008
Li, J.-B., Yang, A., Dou, K., Wang, L.-X., Zhang, M.-C., & Lin, X.-Q. (2020). Chinese public’s knowledge, perceived severity, and perceived controllability of COVID-19 and their associations with emotional and behavioural reactions, social participation, and precautionary behaviour: a national survey. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09695-1
Lin, X., Swift, J., Cheng, Y., An, Q., Liang, H., Wang, Y., & Jia, X. (2020). The Psychological Hotline Services Quality Survey during the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Mainland China. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 22(3), 109–113. https://doi.org/10.32604/ijmhp.2020.011128
Liu, C. H., Zhang, E., Wong, G. T. F., Hyun, S., & Hahm, H. “. C. ”. (2020). Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172
Loth, K., van den Berg, P., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2008). Stressful Life Events and Disordered Eating Behaviors: Findings from Project EAT. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(5), 514–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.03.007
Mason, S. M., Frazier, P. A., Austin, S. B., Harlow, B. L., Jackson, B., Raymond, N. C., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2017). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Problematic Overeating Behaviors in Young Men and Women. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 51(6), 822–832. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-017-9905-1
Miller, D. J., Vachon, D. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2009). Neuroticism, negative affect, and negative affect instability: Establishing convergent and discriminant validity using ecological momentary assessment. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 873–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.007
Mitchell, K. S., & Wolf, E. J. (2016). PTSD, food addiction, and disordered eating in a sample of primarily older veterans: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Psychiatry Research, 243, 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.013
Mediouni, M., Madiouni, R., & Kaczor-Urbanowicz, K. E. ż. (2020). COVID-19: How the quarantine could lead to the depreobesity. Obesity Medicine, 19, 100255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100255
Mond, J. M., Hay, P. J., Rodgers, B., Owen, C., & Beumont, P. J. V. (2004). Validity of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) in screening for eating disorders in community samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(5), 551–567.
O’Connor, D. B., Jones, F., Conner, M., McMillan, B., & Ferguson, E. (2008). Effects of daily hassles and eating style on eating behavior. Health Psychology, 27(1, Suppl), S20–S31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.s20
Ouwens, M. A., van Strien, T., & van Leeuwe, J. F. J. (2009). Possible pathways between depression, emotional and external eating. A structural equation model. Appetite, 53(2), 245–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.06.001
Owen, A. J., Tran, T., Hammarberg, K., Kirkman, M., & Fisher, J. R. W. (2020). Poor appetite and overeating reported by adults in Australia during the coronavirus-19 disease pandemic: a population-based study. Public Health Nutrition, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020003833
Pišot, S. š., Milovanović, I., Šimunič, B. š., Gentile, A., Bosnar, K., Prot, F., Bianco, A., Lo Coco, G., Bartoluci, S. č., Katović, D., Bakalár, P., Kovalik Slančová, T., Tlučáková, L., Casals, C., Feka, K., Christogianni, A., & Drid, P. (2020). Maintaining everyday life praxis in the time of COVID-19 pandemic measures (ELP-COVID-19 survey). European Journal of Public Health, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa157
Poelman, M. P., Gillebaart, M., Schlinkert, C., Dijkstra, S. C., Derksen, E., Mensink, F., Hermans, R. C. J., Aardening, P., de Ridder, D., & de Vet, E. (2021). Eating behavior and food purchases during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study among adults in the Netherlands. Appetite, 157, 105002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.105002
Quan, L., Zhen, R., Yao, B., Zhou, X., & Yu, D. (2017). The Role of Perceived Severity of Disaster, Rumination, and Trait Resilience in the Relationship Between Rainstorm-related Experiences and PTSD Amongst Chinese Adolescents Following Rainstorm Disasters. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 31(5), 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2017.06.003
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Razzoli, M., Pearson, C., Crow, S., & Bartolomucci, A. (2017). Stress, overeating, and obesity: Insights from human studies and preclinical models. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 76, 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.026
Reichenberger, J., Kuppens, P., Liedlgruber, M., Wilhelm, F. H., Tiefengrabner, M., Ginzinger, S., & Blechert, J. (2018). No haste, more taste: An EMA study of the effects of stress, negative and positive emotions on eating behavior. Biological Psychology, 131, 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.09.002
Robinson, E., Boyland, E., Chisholm, A., Harrold, J., Maloney, N. G., Marty, L., Mead, B. R., Noonan, R., & Hardman, C. A. (2020). Obesity, eating behavior and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown: A study of UK adults. Appetite, 104853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104853
Rodgers, R. F., Lombardo, C., Cerolini, S., Franko, D. L., Omori, M., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Linardon, J., Courtet, P., & Guillaume, S. (2020). The impact of the COVID ‐19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(7), 1166–1170. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23318
Ruggiero, K. J., Ben, K. D., Scotti, J. R., & Rabalais, A. E. (2003). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist—civilian version. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(5), 495–502. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025714729117
Shah, M., Sachdeva, M., & Johnston, H. (2020). Eating disorders in the age of COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113122
Shen, W., Long, L. M., Shih, C.-H., & Ludy, M.-J. (2020). A Humanities-Based Explanation for the Effects of Emotional Eating and Perceived Stress on Food Choice Motives during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients, 12(9), 2712. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092712
Spears, C. A., Li, L., Wu, C., Vinci, C., Heppner, W. L., Hoover, D. S., Lam, C., & Wetter, D. W. (2019). Mechanisms linking mindfulness and early smoking abstinence: An ecological momentary assessment study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 33(3), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000451
Stevenson, B. L., Dvorak, R. D., Kramer, M. P., Peterson, R. S., Dunn, M. E., Leary, A. V., & Pinto, D. (2019). Within- and between-person associations from mood to alcohol consequences: The mediating role of enhancement and coping drinking motives. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(8), 813–822. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000472
Stone, A. A., & Shiffman, S. (1994). Ecological Momentary Assessment (Ema) in Behavioral Medicine. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 16(3), 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/16.3.199
Talbot, L. S., Maguen, S., Epel, E. S., Metzler, T. J., & Neylan, T. C. (2013). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Is Associated With Emotional Eating. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(4), 521–525. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21824
Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., Jacobs, S., Wilson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 141(6), 1178–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729
Thornley, E., Vorstenbosch, V., & Frewen, P. (2016). Gender differences in perceived causal relations between trauma-related symptoms and eating disorders in online community and inpatient samples. Traumatology, 22(3), 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000071
Treasure, J., Duarte, T.A., & Schmidt, U., (2020). Eating disorders. Lancet, 395: 899–911.
Torres, S. J., & Nowson, C. A. (2007). Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition, 23(11–12), 887–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2007.08.008
Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. (2014). The role of ambulatory assessment in psychological science. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(6), 466–470.
Touyz, S., Lacey, H., & Hay, P. (2020). Eating disorders in the time of COVID-19. Journal of Eating Disorders, 8(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00295-3
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C. (2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
Wang, Y., Xu, W., Zhuang, C., & Liu, X. (2017). Does Mind Wandering Mediate the Association Between Mindfulness and Negative Mood? A Preliminary Study. Psychological Reports, 120(1), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116686036
Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27(5), 591–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700506
Yıldırım, M., & Güler, A. (2020). COVID-19 severity, self-efficacy, knowledge, preventive behaviors, and mental health in Turkey. Death Studies, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1793434