1 Grogan, B. F. & Hsu, J. R. Volumetric muscle loss. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 19 Suppl 1, S35-37 (2011).
2 Sun, Y., Deng, R., Ren, X., Zhang, K. & Li, J. 2D Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogels with Tunable Stiffness for Investigating Cell Behaviors. ACS Applied Bio Materials 2, 570-576, doi:10.1021/acsabm.8b00712 (2019).
3 Das, S. et al. Pre-innervated tissue-engineered muscle promotes a pro-regenerative microenvironment following volumetric muscle loss. Communications biology 3, 1-14 (2020).
4 Harris, B. N. & Bewley, A. F. Minimizing free flap donor-site morbidity. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 24, 447-452 (2016).
5 Larouche, J., Greising, S. M., Corona, B. T. & Aguilar, C. A. Robust inflammatory and fibrotic signaling following volumetric muscle loss: a barrier to muscle regeneration. Cell death & disease 9, 1-3 (2018).
6 Buchanan, S. M. et al. Pro-myogenic small molecules revealed by a chemical screen on primary muscle stem cells. Skeletal muscle 10, 1-14 (2020).
7 Kim, J. H. et al. Neural cell integration into 3D bioprinted skeletal muscle constructs accelerates restoration of muscle function. Nature communications 11, 1-12 (2020).
8 Machida, S., Spangenburg, E. E. & Booth, F. W. Primary rat muscle progenitor cells have decreased proliferation and myotube formation during passages. Cell Proliferation 37, 267-277, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2004.00311.x (2004).
9 Rinaldi, F. & Perlingeiro, R. C. R. Stem cells for skeletal muscle regeneration: therapeutic potential and roadblocks. Translational Research 163, 409-417, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2013.11.006 (2014).
10 del Carmen Ortuño-Costela, M., García-López, M., Cerrada, V. & Gallardo, M. E. iPSCs: A powerful tool for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 23, 3784-3794, doi:10.1111/jcmm.14292 (2019).
11 Chal, J. et al. Generation of human muscle fibers and satellite-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Nature protocols 11, 1833-1850, doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.110 (2016).
12 Rao, L., Qian, Y., Khodabukus, A., Ribar, T. & Bursac, N. Engineering human pluripotent stem cells into a functional skeletal muscle tissue. Nat Commun 9, 126, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02636-4 (2018).
13 Biressi, S., Molinaro, M. & Cossu, G. Cellular heterogeneity during vertebrate skeletal muscle development. Dev Biol 308, 281-293, doi:S0012-1606(07)01122-0 [pii]
10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.06.006 (2007).
14 Aubin, H. et al. Directed 3D cell alignment and elongation in microengineered hydrogels. Biomaterials 31, 6941-6951, doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.05.056 (2010).
15 Ahadian, S. et al. Interdigitated array of Pt electrodes for electrical stimulation and engineering of aligned muscle tissue. Lab Chip 12, 3491-3503, doi:10.1039/c2lc40479f (2012).
16 Quarta, M. et al. An artificial niche preserves the quiescence of muscle stem cells and enhances their therapeutic efficacy. Nat Biotechnol 34, 752-759, doi:10.1038/nbt.3576 (2016).
17 Rouwkema, J., Koopman, B., Blitterswijk, C., Dhert, W. & Malda, J. Supply of nutrients to cells in engineered tissues. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 26, 163-178, doi:10.5661/bger-26-163 (2010).
18 Rodriguez, B. L., Florida, S. E., VanDusen, K. W., Syverud, B. C. & Larkin, L. M. The maturation of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle units following 28-day ectopic implantation in a rat. Regenerative engineering and translational medicine 5, 86-94 (2019).
19 Nakayama, K. H. et al. Treatment of volumetric muscle loss in mice using nanofibrillar scaffolds enhances vascular organization and integration. Communications biology 2, 1-16 (2019).
20 Song, W. et al. Engineering transferrable microvascular meshes for subcutaneous islet transplantation. Nature Communications 10, 4602, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12373-5 (2019).
21 Zhang, B. & Radisic, M. Organ-level vascularization: The Mars mission of bioengineering. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 159, 2003-2007, doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.08.128 (2020).
22 Vunjak-Novakovic, G. et al. Challenges in cardiac tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 16, 169-187 (2009).
23 Maffioletti, S. M. et al. Three-dimensional human iPSC-derived artificial skeletal muscles model muscular dystrophies and enable multilineage tissue engineering. Cell reports 23, 899-908 (2018).
24 Compaan, A. M., Song, K., Chai, W. & Huang, Y. Cross-Linkable Microgel Composite Matrix Bath for Embedded Bioprinting of Perfusable Tissue Constructs and Sculpting of Solid Objects. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, 7855-7868, doi:10.1021/acsami.9b15451 (2020).
25 Jeon, O. et al. Individual cell-only bioink and photocurable supporting medium for 3D printing and generation of engineered tissues with complex geometries. Materials Horizons 6, 1625-1631, doi:10.1039/C9MH00375D (2019).
26 de Melo, B. A. G. et al. 3D Printed Cartilage-Like Tissue Constructs with Spatially Controlled Mechanical Properties. Adv Funct Mater 29, 1906330, doi:10.1002/adfm.201906330 (2019).
27 Hinton, T. J. et al. Three-dimensional printing of complex biological structures by freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels. Sci Adv 1, e1500758, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500758 (2015).
28 Bhattacharjee, T. et al. Writing in the granular gel medium. Sci Adv 1, e1500655, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500655
1500655 [pii] (2015).
29 Li, Y.-C. et al. Toward a neurospheroid niche model: optimizing embedded 3D bioprinting for fabrication of neurospheroid brain-like co-culture constructs. Biofabrication (2020).
30 Zhu, K. et al. Gold Nanocomposite Bioink for Printing 3D Cardiac Constructs. Adv Funct Mater 27, doi:10.1002/adfm.201605352 (2017).
31 Blaeser, A. et al. Controlling Shear Stress in 3D Bioprinting is a Key Factor to Balance Printing Resolution and Stem Cell Integrity. Advanced healthcare materials 5, 326-333, doi:10.1002/adhm.201500677 (2016).
32 Chal, J. et al. Generation of human muscle fibers and satellite-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Nat Protoc 11, 1833-1850, doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.110 (2016).
33 Chal, J. et al. Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to muscle fiber to model Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Biotechnol 33, 962-969, doi:10.1038/nbt.3297 (2015).
34 Russell, C. S. et al. In Situ Printing of Adhesive Hydrogel Scaffolds for the Treatment of Skeletal Muscle Injuries. ACS Applied Bio Materials 3, 1568-1579 (2020).
35 McLoon, L. K., Vicente, A., Fitzpatrick, K. R., Lindström, M. & Pedrosa Domellöf, F. Composition, Architecture, and Functional Implications of the Connective Tissue Network of the Extraocular Muscles. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 59, 322-329, doi:10.1167/iovs.17-23003 (2018).
36 Kuang, S., Kuroda, K., Le Grand, F. & Rudnicki, M. A. Asymmetric self-renewal and commitment of satellite stem cells in muscle. Cell 129, 999-1010, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.044 (2007).
37 Yin, J., Yan, M., Wang, Y., Fu, J. & Suo, H. 3D Bioprinting of Low-Concentration Cell-Laden Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) Bioinks with a Two-Step Cross-linking Strategy. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, 6849-6857, doi:10.1021/acsami.7b16059 (2018).
38 Rastin, H., Ormsby, R. T., Atkins, G. J. & Losic, D. 3D Bioprinting of Methylcellulose/Gelatin-Methacryloyl (MC/GelMA) Bioink with High Shape Integrity. ACS Applied Bio Materials 3, 1815-1826, doi:10.1021/acsabm.0c00169 (2020).
39 Tamayol, A. et al. Hydrogel Templates for Rapid Manufacturing of Bioactive Fibers and 3D Constructs. Advanced healthcare materials, doi:10.1002/adhm.201500492 (2015).
40 Rouwkema, J., Rivron, N. C. & van Blitterswijk, C. A. Vascularization in tissue engineering. Trends in biotechnology 26, 434-441, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.04.009 (2008).
41 Cristina, C. et al. Microfluidic bioprinting of heterogeneous 3D tissue constructs using low viscosity bioink. Advanced Materials Accepted (2015).
42 Kolesky, D. B., Homan, K. A., Skylar-Scott, M. A. & Lewis, J. A. Three-dimensional bioprinting of thick vascularized tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113, 3179-3184 (2016).
43 Kim, B. S., Gao, G., Kim, J. Y. & Cho, D. W. 3D Cell Printing of Perfusable Vascularized Human Skin Equivalent Composed of Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis for Better Structural Recapitulation of Native Skin. Advanced healthcare materials 8, e1801019, doi:10.1002/adhm.201801019 (2019).
44 Massa, S. et al. Bioprinted 3D vascularized tissue model for drug toxicity analysis. Biomicrofluidics 11, 044109, doi:10.1063/1.4994708 (2017).
45 Kolesky, D. B., Homan, K. A., Skylar-Scott, M. A. & Lewis, J. A. Three-dimensional bioprinting of thick vascularized tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113, 3179-3184, doi:10.1073/pnas.1521342113 (2016).
46 Engler, A. J., Sen, S., Sweeney, H. L. & Discher, D. E. Matrix Elasticity Directs Stem Cell Lineage Specification. Cell 126, 677-689, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044 (2006).
47 Al Tanoury, Z. et al. Differentiation of the human PAX7-positive myogenic precursors/satellite cell lineage in vitro. Development (Cambridge, England) 147, doi:10.1242/dev.187344 (2020).
48 Kim, J. H. et al. 3D Bioprinted Human Skeletal Muscle Constructs for Muscle Function Restoration. Scientific Reports 8, 12307, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29968-5 (2018).
49 Ostrovidov, S. et al. 3D Bioprinting in Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering. Small 15, e1805530, doi:10.1002/smll.201805530 (2019).
50 Ebrahimi, M. et al. Enhanced skeletal muscle formation on microfluidic spun gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) fibres using surface patterning and agrin treatment. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 12, 2151-2163, doi:10.1002/term.2738 (2018).
51 Chen, B. & Shan, T. The role of satellite and other functional cell types in muscle repair and regeneration. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil., 1-8 (2019).
52 Cooper, A., Jana, S., Bhattarai, N. & Zhang, M. Aligned chitosan-based nanofibers for enhanced myogenesis. Journal of Materials Chemistry 20, 8904-8911, doi:10.1039/C0JM01841D (2010).
53 Negroni, E., Bigot, A., Butler-Browne, G. S., Trollet, C. & Mouly, V. Cellular Therapies for Muscular Dystrophies: Frustrations and Clinical Successes. Human Gene Therapy 27, 117-126, doi:10.1089/hum.2015.139 (2015).
54 Chalchat, E. et al. Changes in the Viscoelastic Properties of the Vastus Lateralis Muscle With Fatigue. 11, doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00307 (2020).
55 Karami, M., Calvo, B., Zohoor, H., Firoozbakhsh, K. & Grasa, J. Assessing the role of Ca2+ in skeletal muscle fatigue using a multi-scale continuum model. Journal of Theoretical Biology 461, 76-83, doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.10.034 (2019).
56 Chaturvedi, R. R. et al. Patterning vascular networks in vivo for tissue engineering applications. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 21, 509-517, doi:10.1089/ten.TEC.2014.0258 (2015).
57 Qin, M. et al. In situ inflammatory-regulated drug-loaded hydrogels for promoting pelvic floor repair. Journal of Controlled Release 322, 375-389, doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.030 (2020).
58 Landau, S. et al. Tropoelastin coated PLLA-PLGA scaffolds promote vascular network formation. Biomaterials 122, 72-82, doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.01.015 (2017).
59 Choi, Y. H. et al. Gelatin-based micro-hydrogel carrying genetically engineered human endothelial cells for neovascularization. Acta Biomaterialia 95, 285-296, doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.057 (2019).
60 Chiesa, I. et al. Endothelial cells support osteogenesis in an in vitro vascularized bone model developed by 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 12, 025013, doi:10.1088/1758-5090/ab6a1d (2020).
61 Tamayol, A. et al. Biodegradable elastic nanofibrous platforms with integrated flexible heaters for on-demand drug delivery. Scientific Reports 7, 9220, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04749-8 (2017).
62 Jeffries, E. M., Allen, R. A., Gao, J., Pesce, M. & Wang, Y. Highly elastic and suturable electrospun poly(glycerol sebacate) fibrous scaffolds. Acta Biomater 18, 30-39, doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.005 (2015).
63 Nuutila, K. et al. Gene expression profiling of skeletal muscle after volumetric muscle loss. Wound Repair and Regeneration 25, 408-413, doi:10.1111/wrr.12547 (2017).
64 Quarta, M. et al. Bioengineered constructs combined with exercise enhance stem cell-mediated treatment of volumetric muscle loss. Nat Commun 8, 15613, doi:10.1038/ncomms15613 (2017).
65 Marcinczyk, M. et al. The Effect of Laminin-111 Hydrogels on Muscle Regeneration in a Murine Model of Injury. Tissue Engineering Part A 25, 1001-1012, doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0200 (2018).
66 Sicherer, S. T., Venkatarama, R. S. & Grasman, J. M. J. B. Recent trends in injury models to study skeletal muscle regeneration and repair. Bioengineering 7, 76 (2020).
67 Cui, C.-Y. et al. Skewed macrophage polarization in aging skeletal muscle. Aging Cell 18, e13032, doi:10.1111/acel.13032 (2019).
68 Roman, W. & Gomes, E. R. Nuclear positioning in skeletal muscle. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 82, 51-56, doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.005 (2018).
69 Ansari, S. et al. Human Periodontal Ligament- and Gingiva-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Nerve Regeneration When Encapsulated in Alginate/Hyaluronic Acid 3D Scaffold. Adv Healthc Mater 6, doi:10.1002/adhm.201700670 (2017).
70 Quarta, M. et al. An artificial niche preserves the quiescence of muscle stem cells and enhances their therapeutic efficacy. Nat Biotechnol 34, 752-759, doi:10.1038/nbt.3576 (2016).
71 Staels, W., Heremans, Y., Heimberg, H. & De Leu, N. VEGF-A and blood vessels: a beta cell perspective. Diabetologia 62, 1961-1968, doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4969-z (2019).
72 Yamamoto, N. et al. VEGF and bFGF induction by nitric oxide is associated with hyperbaric oxygen-induced angiogenesis and muscle regeneration. Scientific Reports 10, 2744, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59615-x (2020).
73 Jia, W. et al. Glass-activated regeneration of volumetric muscle loss. Acta Biomaterialia 103, 306-317, doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.007 (2020).
74 Fang, Z. et al. Enhancement of sciatic nerve regeneration with dual delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor and nerve growth factor genes. Journal of Nanobiotechnology 18, 46, doi:10.1186/s12951-020-00606-5 (2020).
75 Bin, Z., Zhihu, Z., Jianxiong, M. & Xinlong, M. Repairing peripheral nerve defects with revascularized tissue-engineered nerve based on a vascular endothelial growth factor-heparin sustained release system. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 14, 819-828, doi:10.1002/term.3048 (2020).
76 Yue, K. et al. Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. Biomaterials 73, 254-271 (2015).
77 Bajaj, P. et al. Patterning the differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts. Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro 3, 897-909, doi:10.1039/c1ib00058f (2011).
78 Ng, C. P., Hinz, B. & Swartz, M. A. Interstitial fluid flow induces myofibroblast differentiation and collagen alignment in vitro. Journal of cell science 118, 4731-4739, doi:10.1242/jcs.02605 (2005).
79 Mollazadeh‐Moghaddam, K. et al. Fracture‐Resistant and Bioresorbable Drug‐Eluting Poly (glycerol Sebacate) Coils. 2, 1800109 (2019).
80 Panayi, A. C. et al. A porous collagen-GAG scaffold promotes muscle regeneration following volumetric muscle loss injury. Wound Repair and Regeneration 28, 61-74, doi:10.1111/wrr.12768 (2020).
81 O’Bryan, C. S. et al. Self-assembled micro-organogels for 3D printing silicone structures. Science Advances 3, e1602800, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602800 (2017).