Conditions of the patients are classified into three categories: ICU support with non-invasive procedures, ICU support with mechanical ventilation, and those who need none of these. The patients who had a low Ct value (15.00-30.00) of the N gene, needed more ICU support (13%) than the patients who had a high Ct value (30.01-40.00). In the case of the ORF1ab gene, it was different. In this case, patients with high Ct value used 16.3% ICU (both Non-invasive and Mechanical ventilation) facilities than the patients with low Ct value. In our study, elderly patients (≥ 60 years age) belonging low (15.00-30.00) Ct value of N gene needed the highest (34.6%) ICU support. On the other hand, children did not require any intensive care support. Only 40-59 years age group patients needed mechanical ventilation (8.3%).
From figure 1, it is depicted that, the highest number (79) of cases who were suffering from hypertension (63.7%) had low Ct value (15.00-30.00) of N gene and those patients needed more intensive care support for deteriorating their health conditions than the patients of high Ct value (30.01-40.00). Diabetic patients were in the second (48.4%) position. The patients who had low risk were those who were suffering from CVD (2.4%) with a low Ct value of the N gene. From those comorbid conditions, hypertension and type2 DM are significant with N gene values by chi-square test.
Table 1. N gene range with cluster-based comorbid conditions.
Comorbidity
|
Categories
|
Low Ct (15.00-30.00) of N gene
|
High Ct (30.01-40.00) of N gene
|
Home
|
Hospital
|
Home
|
Hospital
|
Type2 DM
|
No
|
29.00%
|
17.00%
|
25.00%
|
9.00%
|
Yes
|
3.00%
|
11.00%
|
2.00%
|
4.00%
|
Hypertention
|
No
|
25.00%
|
16.00%
|
25.70%
|
7.00%
|
Yes
|
7.00%
|
12.00%
|
1.30%
|
6.00%
|
Table 1 represented that the patients who were not suffering from type 2 DM and hypertension, maximum (29.00% and 25.00% respectively) were cured by home treatment, though they had low Ct value of N gene. But, diabetic and hypertensive patients needed more (11.00% and 12.00%, respectively) hospital treatment for those who had low Ct value of the N gene. Besides, having a high Ct value of N gene, non-diabetic and normotensive patients cured more in-home treatment (25.00% and 25.70%, respectively).
Table 2. Cluster-based Logistic model: Effect of Comorbidities on low Ct value.
Logistics Regression model for general data
|
Comorbidities
|
Categories
|
B
|
S.E.
|
Sig.
|
Exp(B)
|
95% C.I
|
Lower
|
Upper
|
Type 2 DM
|
Yes
|
0.280
|
0.337
|
0.046
|
1.324
|
0.683
|
2.565
|
No
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
1.000
|
---
|
---
|
Hypertention
|
Yes
|
0.626
|
0.308
|
0.042
|
1.871
|
1.024
|
3.419
|
|
No
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
1.000
|
---
|
---
|
Constant
|
|
-1.105
|
0.315
|
0.000
|
0.331
|
|
|
Cluster-based Logistics Regression (Home Cluster)
|
Variable
|
Categories
|
B
|
S.E.
|
Sig.
|
Exp(B)
|
95% C.I
|
Lower
|
Upper
|
Type 2 DM
|
Yes
|
0.175
|
0.603
|
0.071
|
1.192
|
0.365
|
3.888
|
No
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
1.000
|
---
|
---
|
Hypertention
|
Yes
|
-1.718
|
0.582
|
0.003
|
0.179
|
0.057
|
0.562
|
|
No
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
1.000
|
---
|
---
|
Constant
|
|
0.016
|
0.166
|
0.923
|
1.016
|
|
|
Cluster-based Logistics Regression (Hospital Cluster)
|
Variable
|
Categories
|
B
|
S.E.
|
Sig.
|
Exp(B)
|
95% C.I
|
Lower
|
Upper
|
Type 2 DM
|
Yes
|
-0.503
|
0.448
|
0.262
|
0.605
|
0.251
|
1.456
|
No
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
1.000
|
---
|
---
|
Hypertention
|
Yes
|
0.319
|
0.425
|
0.045
|
1.375
|
0.598
|
3.162
|
|
No
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
1.000
|
---
|
---
|
Constant
|
|
-0.733
|
0.273
|
0.007
|
0.480
|
|
|
Building logistics regression and cluster-based logistic regression, we defined the N gene range (low and high) as a dependent variable and significant comorbidities as independent variables. In the logistics regression model for general data, type 2 diabetic patients had a 1.324 times more low Ct value of the N gene. Similarly, in the home cluster, it was 1.192 times higher with CI (0.365, 3.888). But in the hospital cluster, the scenario was reversed (0.605), which was not significant. Hypertensive patients possessed 1.871 times significantly (p = 0.042) more low Ct value of the N gene in the general dataset. Similarly, it was 1.375 times more in the hospital cluster. On the contrary, the home cluster represented that hypertensive patients had significantly (0.179 times with p-value 0.003) low Ct value of N gene.
Table 3. ICU support according to Ct value range of N gene.
ICU
|
Low Ct (15.00-30.00) of N gene
|
High Ct (30.01-40.00) of N gene
|
ICU support type
|
Home
|
Hospital
|
Home
|
Hospital
|
Non-invasive
|
Mechanical ventilation
|
No
|
30.00%
|
17.00%
|
25.00%
|
5.00%
|
20.00%
|
3.00%
|
Yes
|
2.00%
|
11.00%
|
2.00%
|
8.00%
|
From table 3, 23.00% of patients needed ICU where 20.00% used non-invasive methods and 3.00% went for mechanical ventilation. Besides, 11.00% of hospitalized patients needed ICU those who had a low Ct value of the N gene. On the other hand, 8.00% of hospitalized patients needed ICU those who had a high Ct value of the N gene.
Table 4. Cluster-based Logistic model: effect of N Gene on ICU support.
Logistics Regression model for general data
|
Target
|
Categories
|
B
|
S.E.
|
Sig.
|
Exp(B)
|
95% C.I
|
Lower
|
Upper
|
N Gene
|
Low
|
-0.187
|
0.278
|
0.052
|
0.830
|
0.481
|
1.430
|
High
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
1.000
|
---
|
---
|
Constant
|
|
-1.099
|
0.211
|
0.000
|
0.333
|
---
|
---
|
Cluster-based Logistics Regression (Home Cluster)
|
|
Categories
|
B
|
S.E.
|
Sig.
|
Exp(B)
|
95% C.I
|
Lower
|
Upper
|
N Gene
|
Low
|
-0.182
|
0.598
|
0.076
|
0.833
|
0.258
|
2.691
|
High
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
1.000
|
---
|
---
|
Constant
|
|
-2.526
|
0.424
|
0.000
|
0.080
|
---
|
---
|
Cluster-based Logistics Regression (Hospital Cluster)
|
Target
|
Categories
|
B
|
S.E.
|
Sig.
|
Exp(B)
|
95% C.I
|
Lower
|
Upper
|
N Gene
|
Low
|
-0.905
|
0.398
|
0.023
|
2.480
|
0.882
|
5.026
|
High
|
---
|
---
|
---
|
1.000
|
---
|
---
|
Constant
|
|
0.470
|
0.329
|
0.153
|
1.600
|
---
|
---
|
Building logistics regression and cluster-based logistic regression, we defined the condition of the patients into two categories: who needed ICU support and those who did not need any ICU support rolled as a dependent variable. Table 4 represented that ICU patients were 0.17 times lower than those who had a low Ct value (15.00-30.00) of viral N gene in the rRT-PCR method than the high Ct value (30.01-40.00). But, in the case of hospital clusters in the cluster-based logistic regression method, ICU admissions were significantly 2.480 times (CI 0.882, 5.026) higher than those who had a low Ct value of the N gene.