In Vivo Effect of Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Colistin, and Sulfonamides on Sperm Parameters in Breeding Roosters

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1494163/v1

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In Vivo Effect of Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Colistin, and Sulfonamides on Sperm Parameters in Breeding Roosters

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1494163/v1

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The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of commonly prescribed antibiotics on sperm parameters in breeding roosters. Twenty adult breeding roosters were divided into four experimental groups receiving different antibiotics during 9 consecutive days (G1: 30 mg/kg of Ampicillin, G2: 10 mg/kg of Enrofloxacin, G3: 75000 UI/kg of Colistin, and G4: 1g/liter of a Sulfonamides association. The measurements were performed on T0 (before treatment), T3, and T9 representing 3 and 9 days of treatment. The analysed parameters were: total motility (TM%), progressive motility (PM%), curvilinear velocity (VCLμm/s), straight-line velocity (VSLμm/s), average path velocity (VAPμm/s), amplitude of the lateral head displacement (ALH μm), linearity (LIN %) and the beat-cross frequency (BCF Hz). Antibiotics did not affect ejaculates color, pH (8 ± 0.5), seminal fluid viscosity, and agglutination. Ampicillin increased slightly sperm volume on T3 with no significant change on T9. No significant effect was observed on T3 on sperm count, viability, and TM. PM deceased slightly on T3. Enrofloxacin and Colistin induced a significant decrease in sperm volume, count, viability, TM, and PM on T3. On T9 some parameters were improved to be closer to those observed at T0. Ampicillin, Colistin, and Enrofloxacin decreased significantly all (CASA) Computer Aided Sperm Analysis kinematics parameters. The highest impact was observed on the third day of treatment (T3). Sulfonamides decreased sperm volume and gametes concentration, but enhanced significantly sperm viability, total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), and all kinematic parameters.

Antibiotics

Breeders

Kinematics Parameters

Reproduction

Sperm toxicity

Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis

The reproduction and health status of the breeding rooster is an important factor in the success of the broiler production industry, and it is mandatory to monitor semen quality routinely to evaluate male fertility performances. In this respect, it is well known that sperm concentration and motility are key factors in respect to male fertility outputs, and insufficient sperm concentrations and decreased motility (MOT) could seriously affect fertilising ability (Aly and Khafagy, 2014). According to Sun et al. (2019), in the poultry industry, around 5 to 12% are eliminated from the breeding program because of the low sperm motility (MOT). Other parameters such as curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), amplitude lateral head displacement (ALH), average path velocity (VAP), viability, sperm concentration, and percentage of deformed or dead sperm, are some of the crucial parameters strongly related with individual male Fertility (Tesfay et al., 2020). These parameters are usually used in the selection of roosters in artificial insemination programs.

Technological factors (temperature, humidity, density, light intensity, and nutrition) and some stress conditions may also affect rooster fecundity (Tudorache et al., 2018). As well, the male reproductive system is highly susceptible to noxious influences, such as inflammations, oxidative stress, diseases, and even drugs that can significantly affect sperm parameters and fertility (Martins et al., 2021). Antimicrobials, which are particularly misused, are one of the potential harmful factors that could affect fertility, in addition to bio-resistance and antibiotic residues that can have adverse impacts on human health (Ronquillo and Angeles Hernadez, 2016). Previous studies have demonstrated that antibiotics, including Tetracycline derivatives (Millsop et al., 2013), Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides (Khaki, 2015), Beta-lactams (El-Maddawy and Bogzil, 2015), and more, used in different species have detrimental effects on fertility (Nudell et al., 2002; Brezina et al., 2012; Samplaski and Nangia, 2015; Semet et al., 2017). They can affect spermatogenesis and sperm parameters in humans and animals (Khaki, 2015). Currently, their use as growth promoters and as a preventive antimicrobial measure is a widespread strategy to increase broiler breeder performances in Algeria and many other countries, despite its prohibition (Ashour et al., 2020).

In the last decade, antibiotic therapy has attracted much attention from research teams and great effort has been devoted to study their relation to male infertility. Serious negative effects of some quinolone members have been reported in different animal species with a significant alteration in sperm count, gametes motility and viability, and testicular activity (Yücel et al., 2021). Testis apoptosis, with a significant decrease in testicular weight and testosterone level are particularly reported (Abd-Allah et al., 2000; Khaki et al., 2008; Zobeiri et al., 2013). Similarly, Aral et al. (2008) reported that Enrofloxacin increases sperm cells abnormalities with a disruption of spermatogenesis and sperm motility in mice.

Aminoglycosides (Gentamycin, Neomycin, and Streptomycin) stand as a mainstay of antibacterial therapy against serious Gram-negative bacterial infections. Previous studies investigated their effects on sperm parameters and male reproductive tissue and showed that Gentamycin has more negative effects than Streptomycin. Gentamycin can induce oxidative stress in the male reproductive tract causing spermatogenesis damages. In rats, at high doses, it decreases sperm motility and increases sperm abnormality (Zahedi et al., 2010; Zahedi et al., 2012). Similarly, previous observations have demonstrated that Tetracycline and Doxycycline induce reproductive toxicity in male rats (Hargreaves et al., 1998; Farombi et al., 2008; Elzeinová et al., 2013). Administration of Tetracycline irreversibly reduces viability and sperm motility in vitro and in vivo. It causes a decrease in testicular and epididymal weight, sperm counts, and an increase in abnormal sperm morphology, as well as induction of oxidative stress. Elzeinová et al. (2013) argues that in addition to the well-known immediate effect of Tetracycline on the reproductive system in mammals, some deleterious effects may persist long after the antibiotic exposure.

Concerning avian species, to the best of our knowledge, no previous studies are reporting the potential effects of antibiotics on rooster sperm parameters to understand the potential harmful impacts on the reproductive system. Although they represent only 10% of the breeding herd, roosters represent 50% of the genetic load, progeny, and fertility outputs (Triques et al., 2019). Hence, this current work aimed to investigate in vivo effects of commonly prescribed antibiotics, Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Colistin, and Sulfonamide on breeding rooster sperm quality using CASA system, known to generate objective parameters.

The present study is consistent with the international guidelines of animal care and use in research and teaching (NRC, 2011). Animals were carefully manipulated during the sperm collection, carried out by abdominal massage.

1. Drugs

The tested antibiotics are Ampicillin at 30 mg/kg (Neoampiclline P® 20%, VETOPHARM PRO, Algeria), Enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg (Baytril®, MED VET, Algeria), Colistin 75000 UI/kg (Colistin ACTi coli®, VETOPHARM PRO, Algeria). Sulfonamides (sulphaquinoxaline sodium 150mg, sulphamethazine sodium 70mg, sulphadiazine sodium 70mg per liter) at 1g/liter of drinking water (Coccidiopan®, AVICO ANIMAL HEALTH, Algeria). The four experimental groups received treatments in drinking water for nine consecutive days (9 days). The treatments were prepared every day just before administration. Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Colistin, and Sulfonamides were provided to groups G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively. The drug selection was based on the most popular antibiotics used in poultry production.

2. Animals

Twenty COBB 500 reproductive roosters (n=20) weighing 5-6 kg were used in the current study. The sexually mature males (45 weeks old) were provided by S.A.R.L Group SALEM Avicole, Biskra Algeria. Animals were housed in cleaned, disinfected, and equipped large cages under a 16L/8D photoperiod (light intensity = 60 Lux) with adequate ventilation and humidity. A standard commercial breeder diet, that met nutrient requirements (corn 55%, T. soy 10%, bran 30%, Ca 2%, P 1.2%, soya oil 0.5%, salt 0.25%, Na bicarbonate 0.15%, VMS1%) was provided at 140 g/day/animal, and water was allowed ad libitum.

3. In Vivo experiment

Animals were randomly divided into four groups each consisting of five roosters that were selected and identified according to their response to the dorso-abdominal massage. Semen donors were maintained at a strictly controlled temperature (20± 1°C). Each group was subjected to three semen collections carried out by the same operators and under the same conditions to minimise animal stress (Touazi et al., 2018), just before treatment (T0), after 3 days (T3), and after 9 days of treatment (T9).

3.1. Fresh Semen Evaluation

Sperm was collected by abdominal massage as described by (Burrows and Quinn, 1937). The conventional semen quality traits were performed immediately (volume, pH, color, and viscosity). The volume was measured by direct assessment in a collecting graduating vial. A tape test was used to analyse sperm pH according to the color scale. Viscosity and color were subjectively observed. An optical microscope was used to estimate agglutination. Sperm viability was determined by eosin-nigrosine staining (5% eosin, 10% nigrosine).

3.2 Kinematic Parameters Assessment

Various sperm motility parameters were assessed by a Computer-Aided Sperm Analyser (Sperm class analyser, SCA Microptic, S.L., Version 3.2.0, Barcelona, Spain) at 10X field using a phase-contrast microscope (Benberkane et al., 2019). Aliquots were diluted (1/16 ratio) to facilitate image capture and to avoid overlapping of spermatozoa cells, 3 video fields were considered at each analysis.

The measured parameters were: sperm concentration, total motility (TM%), progressive motility (PM%), curvilinear velocity (VCL μm/s), straight-line velocity (VSL μm/s), average path velocity (VAP μm/s), amplitude of the lateral head displacement (ALH μm), linearity (%) [LIN = (VSL / VCL) x 100] and frequency to which the sperm head crosses the mean trajectory (beat-cross frequency [BCF]/Hz).

4. Statistical analysis

The results are expressed as mean ± SEM. The data were analysed using Statview 4.02 software (Abacus Concepts Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA). Differences in parameters were determined using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Fisher’s test. Values were considered significant when P < 0.05.

1. Fresh Semen Traits

There was no significant difference between the pre-treatment samples (T0) and those of T3 and T9 concerning sperm color, pH (8 ± 0.5), seminal fluid, viscosity, and agglutination.

As shown in Figure 1a, after three days of treatment (T3), Colistin and Enrofloxacin decreased significantly sperm volume (0.167±0.08 ml, 0.400±0.10 ml, respectively) when compared to day 0 (T0) (0.267±0.12 ml, 0.433±0.06 ml). Then the values lightly increased at T9, especially for Enrofloxacin (0.533±0.67 ml). Ampicillin showed no significant effect on sperm volume which remained relatively stable during the study period. Figure 1b shows that sperm count was adversely affected by all antibiotic treatments. Values were significantly lower at T9 compared to T0 except for Colistin, where after an initial decrease at T3, values raised at T9 to be closer to those of T0. Colistin and Enrofloxacin reduced significantly gametes viability after 3 days of treatment (T3) with Enrofloxacin affecting dramatically this parameter. On T9, gametes viability raised again to be similar to T0. Interestingly, as for sperm concentration, sulfonamides enhanced significantly spermatozoa viability to reach the highest values at T3 and T9 (Figure 1c).

2. Sperm Motility Parameters

The results showed that the tested antibiotics presented varying effects on sperm motility (Figure 2). Total motility (TM %) expressing the percentage of total moving spermatozoa regardless of the quality of the movement (Figure 2a) showed no significant effect with Ampicillin, whereas progressive motility (PM %), representing forward (Touazi et al., 2018) spermatozoa (Figure 2b), was slightly affected on T3 and T9. The lowest percentages for TM and PM were observed on T3 in Colistin (46.91% and 23%, respectively) and Enrofloxacin (54.95%, 31.24%, respectively) when compared to T0. Sulfonamides enhanced sperm motility with TM% increasing regularly during the study period.

3. Sperm Kinematic Parameters

The effects of tested antibiotics on sperm kinematic parameters are represented in Figures 3 and 4. For each group, they were evaluated at different times T0, T3, and T9. The results indicated that Ampicillin, Colistin, and Enrofloxacin deceased significantly all CASA motile variables including VSL, VCL, VAP, ALH, LIN, and BCF, with Colistin showing the most important adverse effects. The highest impact was observed on the third day of treatment (T3), and at day 9 values increased but remained lower than T0 (Figure 3).

No significant difference was observed in the AMP group concerning LIN (Figure 4a) and BCF (Figure 4b). However, the most spectacular amelioration was expressed in roosters treated by 1g/liter/D of Sulfonamide with a significant enhancement of all kinematic parameters including velocities (VSL, VCL, VAP), ALH, LIN, BCF on days 3 and 9 of treatment.

Extensive and inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to many health problems worldwide. Particularly, previous research reveals that antibiotics have harmful effects on males impairing negatively sperm parameters during the treatment period (Ahmadi et al., 2016). This exposure to different antibiotics could decline male fertility both in humans and animals with effects on spermatogenesis or sperm function. This has been demonstrated in different species including rams, peccaries, mice, and rats when investigating how antibiotics could affect sperm quality (Tanyildızi and Bozkurt, 2003a; Tanyildızi and Bozkurt, 2003b; El‐Harouny et al., 2010; Santos et al., 2021). However, the spermato-toxicity of antibiotics in breeding roosters is still unknown.

In the current investigation, we tested the effects on rooster sperm of Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Colistin, and both Sulfaquinoxaline, Sulfamethazine belonging respectively to Beta-lactams, Fluoroquinolones, Polymyxines (polypeptide), and Sulfonamides antibiotic families. These drugs are indicated for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative germs..

The present study showed that significant variations were found between the four groups. The average volume was slightly increased on the 3^rd day of treatment in Ampicillin group. The opposite effect was observed with Enrofloxacin and Colistin, which decreased sperm volume, particularly after 3 days of treatment. As the ejaculate volume for a large part is determined by the production of seminal fluid, this heterogeneity could be related to variable antibiotics effects on reproductive secretory glands (Vicari et al., 2016).

Three days after the antibiotic therapy, Enrofloxacin and Colistin showed a significant reduction in sperm count, viability and sperm motility. The results are in agreement with those reported by ElSawy et al. (2018) who showed that the administration of Enrofloxacin (18 mg/kg of body weight) to mature male rats causes a decrease in sperm motility and count and increases total sperm abnormalities with some histopathological alterations in the reproductive organs. This is also reported by Aral et al. (2008) who suggest that administration of Enrofloxacin to male mice at 150 mg//kg b.wt) would lead to a significant decrease both in sperm count and sperm motility with increased abnormal spermatozoa rate. Similar results are reported with Fluoroquinolones revealing negative effects on testis tissue, a significant decrease in sperm count, viability, motility, and increased apoptotic cells in male rats (Ebadimanas et al., 2018).

Regarding polypeptide antibiotics, it is showed previously that Colistin causes a variety of adverse effects, particularly in rats with decreased sperm motility and increased sperm abnormality, overexpression of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy expression in testis (Aksu et al., 2018; Aksu et al., 2020; Bouchicha et al., 2022). These negative effects associated with some antibiotics could be related to a decline in anti-oxidant enzymes through the production of reactive-oxygen-species, disorder in proliferation cells in the tubules, a toxic effect on sperm cell membranes and reproductive hormones (Drobnis and Nangia, 2017; Manas and Najafi, 2017). However, Qadeer et al. (2013) suggest that Colistin in combination with Penicillin does not deteriorate semen quality.

Ampicillin group showed a significant decrease in PM and gametes velocities and sperm count after 9 days of treatment. However, no significant effect was observed concerning sperm viability, TM, and LIN. Ampicillin presents fewer negative effects on sperm motility parameters in comparison with Enrofloxacin and Colistin. The effects of Ampicillin were previously reported by Gupta et al (2013), suggesting reversible infertility in male rats. Raji et al (2006), reported that Ampicillin caused a significant decrease in sperm counts, motility, and gametes viability. Additionally, there is a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the weight of the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate glands and a significant decrease in testosterone levels. The same results were found by ElSawy et al. (2018), who suggest that rats injected with Ampicillin at a dose of 40 mg/kg express reduced testes, epididymis, and accessory sex organs weights, with a negative change in sperm characters with decreased sperm count and motility, and increased sperm abnormalities. According to Gupta et al (2013) the reduction of sperm motility, count, and weight of sexual organs could be attributed to decreased fructose and proteins levels that affect glycoproteins secreted by the epididymis.

A wide variety of sulfonamides (Foote and Salisbuby, 1948) are used to treat bacterial infections and to prevent coccidiosis. Several sulfonamides are combined with trimethoprim to potentiate their effect and exhibit a broader antibacterial spectrum (Plumlee, 2004). In our study, sulfonamides affected positively sperm parameters. All sperm velocities have expressed the same tendency with a significant increase during the study period. A positive effect on TM, PM, and viability was also observed. However, a marked reduction in sperm volume and sperm count on the 9^th day of treatment was observed. This antibiotic was able to enhance sperm motility probably through the elevation of testosterone level as previously suggested by Tanyildızi and Bozkurt (2003b) who used a therapeutic dose of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in rams, and showed that the percentage of motile sperm is higher compared to the control group. Nevertheless, sperm concentration and total sperm count are significantly decreased similarly to the current results. In human, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim association improve men's semen quality with confirmed prostatisis (Drobnis and Nangia, 2017). However, Salarkia et al. (2017), reported that rats treated with a combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim showed a significant decrease in the percentage of sperm number, motility, viability and testes structural abnormalities at high doses. Other reports showed that some sulfonamide derivatives have a negative effect on ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, semen viscosity, and sperm motility in human (Hellstrom and Sikka, 2009). Similar results are reported in the rat by Schlegel et al. (1991) about a spermatotoxic effect of sulfasalazine on sperm quality. They showed particularly an overexpression of oxidative stress, which in turn might act as a possible mechanism of male-induced infertility (Alonso et al., 2009).

The results of the current study provide the first information on the potential effects of antibiotics on rooster sperm parameters. They showed that Ampicillin presented fewer negative effects when compared to Enrofloxacin and Colistin. These two antibiotics caused a significant decrease in sperm volume, count, viability, TM and PM as well as all CASA motile parameters. The results highlighted the effectiveness of Sulfonamides to enhance sperm motility but have a negative impact on sperm volume and concentration.

There is a lot to know about the interaction between sperm quality and different classes of antibiotics. The scarcity of information regarding the subject prompts us to carry out further investigations particularly concerning the effect on fertility outputs when using antibiotics in poultry breeding farms.

Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully acknowledge the biologists Hadjer, Sofiane, Amira, Fathi, and all the staff of Dr. OUAMANE Laboratory for their technical assistance and guidance in meta-analysis.

Funding: The present study was partially supported by DEDSPAZA research laboratory, University of Biskra.

Conflicts of interest/Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no conﬂict of interest.

Availability of data and material: Not applicable.

Code availability: Not applicable.

Authors’ contributions

The study’s conception and design were performed by MOHAMMEDI, MESSAÏ, IGUER-OUADA. Material preparation and analysis were performed by TOUAZI, BENCHARIF, and OUAMANE. The first draft of the manuscript was written by MOHAMMEDI, IGUER-OUADA, and MESSAÏ, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval

This study followed the international guidelines of animal care and use in research and teaching (NRC, 2011). The research theme has been validated by the specialists of the scientific committee of the department of agronomic sciences, university of Biskra.

Consent to participate: Not applicable.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

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In Vivo Effect of Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Colistin, and Sulfonamides on Sperm Parameters in Breeding Roosters

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